NUR2300 Evidence-based Nursing Practice Assignment Sample

NUR2300 Evidence-based Nursing Practice Assignment Sample
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Introduction
Obesity is a medical condition in which there is accumulation of too much fat in your body.
Obesity occurs after a while when you consume more calories than are broken or used by
the body (Bray & Bouchard, 2014). At this point, it becomes hard for the body to strike a
balance between calories in and calories out, leading to accumulation of fat deposits on
one’s body. When a person is considered as obese, it basically means that their body weight
is considered as past the healthy weight levels. When someone is suffering from obesity, the
individual is most likely to develop health problems that are related to the weight (Keating et
al., 2013). An obese person is at risk of some of the majorly recognised chronic diseases in
the world today: heart complications such as strokes and attacks, diabetes (Diabetes type 1
or Diabetes type 2), arthritis, bone and joint diseases, hypertension, commonly referred to as
high blood pressure and in some cases, cancer (Huxley, 2014). It also causes premature
deaths for pregnant women and has led to high mortality rates. Like most diseases, obesity
is easily preventable, through practices such as proper nutrient intake, regular exercise, and
avoiding excessive consumption of high-calorie foods. However, this may not always be the
case, because diabetes can be hereditary, and if it is passed from one generation to the
next, it becomes even more challenging to help put an end to it, since it is already encoded
in the genetic makeup of an individual.
Clinical Question Using the PICO Framework
Obesity is a medical condition in which there is accumulation of too much fat in your body.
Obesity occurs after a while when you consume more calories than are broken or used by
the body (Bray & Bouchard, 2014). At this point, it becomes hard for the body to strike a
balance between calories in and calories out, leading to accumulation of fat deposits on
one’s body. When a person is considered as obese, it basically means that their body weight
is considered as past the healthy weight levels. When someone is suffering from obesity, the
individual is most likely to develop health problems that are related to the weight (Keating et
al., 2013). An obese person is at risk of some of the majorly recognised chronic diseases in
the world today: heart complications such as strokes and attacks, diabetes (Diabetes type 1
or Diabetes type 2), arthritis, bone and joint diseases, hypertension, commonly referred to as
high blood pressure and in some cases, cancer (Huxley, 2014). It also causes premature
deaths for pregnant women and has led to high mortality rates. Like most diseases, obesity
is easily preventable, through practices such as proper nutrient intake, regular exercise, and
avoiding excessive consumption of high-calorie foods. However, this may not always be the
case, because diabetes can be hereditary, and if it is passed from one generation to the
next, it becomes even more challenging to help put an end to it, since it is already encoded
in the genetic makeup of an individual.

Clinical Question Using the PICO Framework
There has been an increase in reports over the past twenty years which indicate that
obesity has become one of the seven leading causes of death in Australia, including
high blood pressure and diabetes, among others. It is estimated that 1.9 million
deaths were as a result of obesity in the year 2014 (Bray & Bouchard, 2014).
Obesity has been found to be prevalent in the developing countries, accounting for
nearly 70% of all the diagnosed cases globally. What therefore, is obesity, what are
the causes, and effects of the disease? The following report seeks to unfold what
exactly is Obesity (Problem), complications (Interventions), causes (Comparison)
and the success that the medical world has achieved in fighting the disease
(Outcome) in Australia.
Methods of Data Collection
In order to be conversant with the topic in question, data and all relevant information
regarding the topic is very important to have at hand. Therefore, a few methods of
data collection were identified and used to gather information on obesity. These
methods are as follows:
Literature Review
For the literature review, articles and medical journals about obesity were used.
These articles and journals have been published in the past five years. The articles
had statistical data collected from different parts of the world; they enable the reader
to gain a better understanding in regard to the prevalence of the disease globally.
Most of the articles found have been written by professors and doctors who have
studied the disease for a long period of time, and can identify particular patterns that
the disease takes. The research involved terminologies such as body fat, calories,
energy, body metabolism, physical activity, body image, weight and diabetes. These
terms are directly and indirectly related to the disease, and they enable the
researcher to have an easier time tracking down the relevant information.

Community Involvement
A number of volunteers were asked to participate in the activity in order to acquire
results that would act as a representation of an estimate of statistics of obesity in the
different chosen areas. The results would indicate the number of participating
individuals, those affected and the individuals are already seeking medical attention.
A total of 200 people per region were chosen to participate in the activity that lasted
for five days in five different towns. Data such as weight, age, height, and medical
history was recorded. This would help identify any possible trends that might have
contributed to the rise of obesity and overweight cases. Affected individuals were at
a better advantage since they got an opportunity to interact with the medical officers
that were conducting the exercise. Additionally, questionnaires were handed out to
be filled by people. The questionnaires would be a good source of gaining additional
information because it was realised that some people were not very expressive
verbally. Therefore, they were handed a set of questions, which not only helps
researchers determine the level of knowledge and understanding that the public has,
but also gave them an opportunity to be comfortable and share the little or much that
they know concerning obesity as a disease in general. The questionnaires had a
maximum of seven questions, which were easy to articulate to most of the people.
Clinical Data
Hospital records that contain information on statistical data on the reported cases of
obesity over a specified number of years were collected from different national
institutions. Comparisons were made for the reported cases that had been recorded,
and case studies that had been carried out in the past four consecutive years. The
case studies mainly talked about what was the cause of the changing numbers of
patients with the disease, from those suffering from overweight and those suffering

from obesity. All in all, this was the greatest asset that enabled me to learn more
about obesity and its changing trends, not only in Australia but the world in general.
Findings
The figure and table below are a representation, summary, and analysis of the materials I
used to collect my information that I have based my research on.
Authors/Date Objectives Ethical
considerations
Data search
strategy
Commissioned
(× no) (?yes)

Brennan et al.
(2014)
To determine
the impact of
obesity and
overweight
issues on the
psychological
wellbeing of an
adolescent
(not described) Literature
review
?
Farhat,
Iannotti,
Caccavale
(2013)
To examine
whether body
image mediates
the association
between
obesity/overweig
ht and health
practices related
to chronic
diseases
(not
described)
Literature review ?
Grantham et
al. (2013)
To determine the
relationship
between dairy
food intake and
the incidence of
obesity and
diabetes
(not
described)
Literature review plus
case study reviews
?
Keating et al.
(2013)
To determine the
effects of obesity
and overweight
on the general
well-being of an
individual
(not
described)
Literature review ?
Kendall et al.
(2015)
To determine the
association
between cancer
and overweight
and obesity
(not
described)
Synthesis of findings
?

Ng et al.
(2014)
To determine the
prevalence rates
of
obesity/overweig
ht among young
adults and small
children
(not
described)
a clinical case study
?
Rahman &
Harding (2013
To determine
causes and
consequences of
overweight and
obesity
(not
described)
Literature review ?
Swinburn &
Wood (2013)
To determine the
progress on the
prevention of
obesity
(not
described)
documentary data
analysis and case
study
?
Valery et al.
(2012)
To determine the
relationship
between proper
diet, physical
activity and
obesity among
the youth
(not
described)
Literature review ?
Walls et al.
(2012)
To determine the
progression of
obesity rates in
Australia
(not
described)
synthesis of findings
?
Discussion
The most common assumption about obesity is that it is the same thing as being
overweight. However, the two are very different. As earlier defined, obesity is the
accumulation of excessive fats in the body, while being overweight has to do with the
weight from muscle, body water and bones (Huxley, 2014). These two are however
linked together since the excessiveness of each factor in the body is believed to
bring about negative effects in a person’s general health and well being. Obesity is

recognised as Australia’s fastest growing health condition affecting children and the
middle aged (Ng et al., 2014). Prevalence of the age in children is mostly between
the ages of 6-16 while in the young and middle-aged adults, it ranges from 19-35
years. Statistics indicate that 1 in every 10 children has obesity or weight issues
while 1 out of every 13 adults is suffering from the condition (Keating et al., 2013).
With children and adolescents being the largest age group being affected, the
number of diagnosed patients with the disease is expected to rise from 1.6 million in
2015 to 3.9 million by the year 2030. This age group of children (6-16), accounts for
38% of all diagnosed cases, while adults follow close behind with a prevalence rate
of 33% (Rahman & Harding, 2013).
Obesity is a medical condition that is cursed by several factors. The condition is caused
when there is an imbalance between the energy in and energy out, and the balance is what
helps us maintain a healthy weight (Grimes et al., 2013). Other causes include an inactive
lifestyle, where it is very rare for an individual to engage in physical activities, exercise or
co-curricular activities. Spending many hours watching television, playing video games or
simply idling around puts one at risk of overweight and obesity (Nasreddine et al., 2014).
Lack of participation in physical activity results to weight gain because no calories are
broken down by the body. Additionally, the over-reliance on cars to cover short distances
and the use of elevators offers limited options of partaking in physical activity. People are
advised to walk for at least twenty minutes per day, and to take stairs whenever going to top
stories of a building. Without straining, theses few physical activities burn a considerable
amount of calories stored in the body and reduce the risk of being obese (Swinburn &
Wood, 2013). Secondly, the environment in which one lives in could be a contributing factor
to excess weight gain. The environments are mainly attributed by our lifestyles, which
include long working hours which restricts one from getting involved in physical activities,
large servings of food, especially junk foods which contain a lot of calories as well as sugars
(Grantham et al., 2013). Moreover, access to healthy foods such as fresh fruits and
vegetables has become a rare commodity because they are either unavailable or very
expensive. Additionally, the congested neighbourhoods do not have sidewalks or
recreational facilities such as parks, fields or swimming areas where people can do exercise.
Thirdly, obesity, just like diabetes, can be hereditary and passed down generations (Keating
et al., 2013). Although one can take part in proper dieting and regular physical activity, they

are still likely to get diabetes, that is if one parent has been diagnosed with the condition.
This is because genes affect the amount of fat that is stored in the body and also, the places
on your body where the fat is stored. For most people, the fat deposits on the body are the
neck area, the waist, thighs, upper arms, face and legs. Another contributing factor to
obesity is medical conditions and the resulting medication (Walls et al., 2012). Conditions
such as hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome slow down body metabolism and in turn
cause weight gain. Medicine such as antidepressants slows down calorie breakdown, cause
water retention in the body as well as increased appetite, hence gain in weight. Pregnancy
also causes weight gain and more often than not, leads to obesity. The average pregnant
woman gains up to 10 kilograms during her pregnancy. The weight gained is used to aid in
the growth and development of the baby (Valery et al., 2012). The weight can be lost after
the baby is born, but this becomes a challenge for some, especially for the women who had
gotten accustomed to eating every now and then while pregnant. Ageing can also cause
obesity, due to reduced body metabolism. Ageing comes with the loss of muscle, hence
reduced ability to take part in rigorous physical activities. However, older people can prevent
obesity through reduction of intake of foods high in calories. Other factors such as lack of
sleep, age, emotional distress and smoking also put one at risk of overweight and obesity,
and should be avoided at all cost (Grimes et al., 2013).
Unfortunately, most of these secondary complications, such as cancer, do not have
permanent cures and are very hard to operate (Huxley, 2014). Additionally, they impose
great burdens on both the affected individual and the family members. Such burdens include
financial support, social support and most importantly, psychological support. Family
members are advised to be there for their loved one because this helps them cope and
adapt easily to their present conditions (Buchmueller & Johar, 2015). Most affected
individuals will have esteem issues, and at times, depression. This can further be
accelerated when family members, relatives and friends begin avoiding them. Being obese
and overweight has been a major challenge, and the psychological effects can be very
devastating, especially for teenagers (Brennan et al., 2014). At this point in their lives,
teenagers are at the point where image means everything, and any factor that will make the
feel out of what is mostly considered as a ‘normal range’ will always plant feelings of doubt,
self-worth, and they become more body and image conscious (Farhat, Iannotti, &
Caccavale, 2013). Understandably, the need and feeling to fit in as a teenager is beyond
human control, and this has been the biggest challenge for most adolescents that have had
overweight issues ever since they were infants. Once feelings of rejection and self-pity
begin, depression sets in, and suicidal thoughts are not too far-fetched. Women suffering
from obesity are at a high chance of suffering from breast, gall bladder, colon and uterine
cancers, while obese men are at a risk of prostrate and colon cancers (Kendall et al., 2015).

Obesity is a progressive disease associated with a wide range of serious complications
which result in reduced quality of life on the individual. The good news is that it is easily
preventable. Early diagnosis and treatment of the disease is a vital stage in control of the
complications associated with overweight and obesity (Lobstein et al., 2015). Simple lifestyle
measures have proven to be effective in preventing or delaying the occurrence of the
disease. People are encouraged to acquaint themselves with the relevant information about
obesity and are encouraged to learn about the risks and warning signs associated with the
condition. Knowledge on this leads to earlier diagnosis hence earlier treatment which may
save a life or two.
Conclusion
World Health Organisation regards obesity as among the most rigorous health
issues facing the world today. The good news is that occurrence of obesity can be
minimised significantly by welcoming a few adjustments in certain aspects of daily
routines. A selection of certain foods as well as regular physical or co-curricular
activities can go a great deal in reducing the amount of fat deposition in the body as
storage. Each and every person in the society has a part to play in preventing the
occurrence of obesity, starting from parents, representatives from the concerned
educational institutions as well as clinicians.
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