This document introduces various number types in Python including integers, floating-point numbers, complex numbers, binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers. It discusses using the type() and isinstance() functions to check variable types. Decimal numbers can be used for financial applications and controlling precision. Python also supports fractional numbers through its fractions module and basic mathematical functions through its math module.

1. INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

2. NUMBERS IN PYTHON
• Python supports integers, floating-point numbers and complex
numbers. They are defined as int,float and complex classes in
Python.
• Example:
o5 is an integer
o5.0 is a floating point
o5+4i is a complex number
• While integers can be of any length, a floating-point number is
accurate only up to 15 decimal places (the 16th place is
inaccurate).
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3. TYPE() AND ISINSTANCE()
• We can use the type() function to know which class a variable or
a value belongs to and isinstance() function to check if it
belongs to a particular class.
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4. DECIMAL : BINARY,OCTAL,HEXADECIMAL
• The numbers we deal with every day are of the decimal (base 10)
number system. But computer programmers (generally embedded
programmers) need to work with binary (base 2), hexadecimal (base
16) and octal (base 8) number systems.
• In Python, we can represent these numbers by appropriately placing
a prefix before that number.
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Number System Prefix
Binary ‘0b’ or ‘0B’
Octal ‘0o’ or ‘0O’
Hexadecimal ‘’0x’ or ‘0X’

5. DECIMAL
• decimal module is used when we want to carry out decimal
calculations.
• While floating-point numbers have precision up to 15 decimal
places, the decimal module has user-settable precision.
• We generally use Decimal in the following cases.
• When we are making financial applications that need exact
decimal representation.
• When we want to control the level of precision required.
• When we want to implement the notion of significant decimal
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6. FRACTIONS
• Python provides operations involving fractional numbers
through its fractions module.
• A fraction has a numerator and a denominator, both of which
are integers. This module has support for rational number
arithmetic.
• Fractions allows us to instantiate with string as well. This is the
preferred option when using decimal numbers.
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7. PYTHON MATHEMATICS
• Python math module is defined as the most famous
mathematical functions, which includes trigonometric
functions, representation functions, logarithmic functions, etc.
• Furthermore, it also defines two mathematical constants, i.e.,
Pie and Euler number etc.
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