Nuclear Deterrence Defense

Nuclear Deterrence is the Best Defense Against Nuclear...
Nuclear Deterrence is the Best Defense Against Nuclear War
In 1945, a great technological innovation was dropped over Japan, the atomic bomb. Ever since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world
has faced the threat of nuclear attack. In reaction to this, world governments have been forced to find a defense against nuclear attack. One solution to
the danger of nuclear attack is the use of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear deterrence is the possession and launching of nuclear weapons for the sole purpose
of defense and retaliation against a nuclear attack from another country. Nuclear deterrence is the best answer to the danger of nuclear war, resulting in
world security and the prevention of nuclear war. However, some people believe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a huge expense in maintaining and building the nuclear arms that we use for deterrence. Nuclear information is secret, taking great amounts of
money and time, to research and keep it confidential. Power is gained from the research and development, which is definitely worth the expense. The
great amounts of money spent on nuclear technology help ensure the security of the people of the United States. It takes huge amounts of money to
have the edge in nuclear technology. However, nuclear deterrence is even cheaper than war. The cost of building, operating, and maintaining nuclear
weapons is only $26.7 billion per year (Hellman). "This is significantly less than the cost of the 1991 [Persian Gulf] war, which came to nearly $80
billion" (Dobbs). Deterrence is economically and politically intelligent.
The Cold War is over and some people believe that we do not need nuclear deterrence anymore. The U.S.S.R has fallen and Russia poses little threat to
launch a nuclear attack on the United States. Because of this, Russia and the United States have begun disarming their nuclear weapons. The United
States has reduced its nuclear stockpile of warheads from 31,265 in 1965 to about 10,455 in 2002, enough to use for deterrence ("Table of . . . "). This
disarming agreement is only between these two countries and they will continue to keep a minimum number of these nuclear warheads to deter other
countries. They realize that they are not a threat to each other,
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The Threat Of Nuclear Deterrence
Historically the strategy of Nuclear Deterrence appears to have been an effective one. There have been no major conflicts involving the global super
powers since World War Two. As Ward Wilson states 'it has often been asserted as fact that nuclear deterrence works, that it kept us safe for fifty years
during the Cold War, and that because of the peculiar characteristics of mutual assured destruction, it provides unique stability in a crisis."
However whether this was down to effective nuclear deterrence or other factors such as war weariness or economic concerns, is difficult to
determine. In addition, the sheer destructive power of nuclear weapons makes nuclear deterrence a risky strategy. One that not only effects a single
nation state, but the world as a whole and global population at large. While on closer inspection the effectiveness of the strategy of nuclear deterrence
is not as clear cut or as easy to assess as it may first appear.
As a military theory nuclear deterrence gained increasing prominence during the Cold War. As economist and professor of nuclear strategy Thomas
Shelling stated, deterrence "is a threat ... intended to keep and adversary from doing something." While Kenneth Waltz described deterrence as
"achieved not through the ability to defend but through the ability to punish", it is a coercive strategy. You avert an attack on yourself through
possession of the very weapons you fear an attack from. Waltz also went on to say, "the message of a

The Effectiveness of Nuclear Weapons for Deterrence Essay...
Warfare, has been used throughout the centuries by kings, emperors, and rulers to protect their land and more so their people. There are two types of
warfare, one being that of traditional warfare which generally, consists of leaders using mass armies to conquer the opposing side, however, changes in
technologies and weapons meant that leaders had to rethink the way in which they fought battles. The use of gunpowder weapons changed the way in
which battles were fought dating back as early as the late 13th century with the introduction of the bronze–barrelled cannon (Rietbergen, 1998). Bacon
argues that with the introduction of the new technology, the way in which the state observes the rest of the world has changed. That is, trade routes...
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It will be concluded that the notion of 'more may be better' does not necessarily prevent conflicts using nuclear weapons from occurring. To
understand the causes of war and the transformation between traditional warfare into modern warfare, key concepts that allowed this to occur need to
be explained. Carl von Clausewitz famous for writing On The Nature Of War in 1832 in which he argued that war is a part of social life involving
conflicts of interests between states which can only be settled by bloodshed (Clausewitz, 2005). The state is responsible for maintaining what
Clausewitz referred to as 'social conditions' in that it is the responsibility of the state to defeat the enemy by disarming them through force or place the
enemy into a position of submission through deterrence (Clausewitz, 2005). Jean–Jacques Rousseau famous for writing Social Contract in 1762 argued
that in order for the state to protect the weak from oppression, certain personally liberties have to be sacrificed in order to preserve the other liberties
citizens have (Rousseau, 1978). Both definitions are helpful in understanding the need for a state to obtain nuclear arms as a way of protection.
Warfare has been a factor with the development of many political policies it can be seen that development in this field has helped with the obtainment
and growth of military

Essay on Rogue Trader
eBARING BANKS
THE MOST SHOCKING ALARM BELL ABOUT FRAUDULENT
Introduction On February 26, 1995, the oldest British Bank's declared bankruptcy due to fraud caused the warning bells for many other
organizations about the level of danger fraud can cause. Nick Lesson, a guy who comes from a background of the working class, had been working for
Royal Bank Coutts, Morgan Stanley for a couple of years until he finally joined the Barings. He was assigned a job in Barings (Jakarta) to sort out a
back–office mess that involves about ВЈ100 million in share certificate. After successfully completing his job assignment, Nick was transferred to
Barings in Singapore to work as a derivative trader for both Singapore and Japan. Nick caused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Management reaction: Manager didn't react properly when receiving bad news from subordinates for example when Simon Jones received letter
from SIMEX that Nick has violated the rule by prohibit member financing from trading margin of that customer. However, after Nick explained to
Ron that it was only a customer account number and he will need to take a look at it later, Ron didn't investigate the case any deeper.
7. Report of noncompliance: when instances of noncompliance are reported, board members and senior executives didn't take appropriate action and
ensure effective action through testing. For example, Simon Jones didn't take into consideration some suspicious problem that he found out from
Nick's activities such as the 88888 account number and the missing of 7.89 billion yen. He believed everything Nick said without doing any check–up
on him. Besides, all they care about is the bottom–line profit, so as long as Nick presented to them a huge amount of profit, then they were satisfied.
8. Internal and external information: board members and senior executives didn't receive internal and external information from accounting and other
information system to make informed and timely decisions. Internal auditor was asked to investigate on Nick's case but she didn't get

Deterrence And Organizational Theory : Nuclear Proliferation
Said Abdikarim
Political Science 4315
Professor Gelpi
Deterrence/Organizational Theory
Nuclear Proliferation The subject of nuclear development has been very sensitive in world politics among nations that have vested interest. As some
countries steered towards the development of such sophisticated weapons, they were met with heavy criticism, from those who already possess them.
Those countries that already developed nuclear weapons worked towards minimizing and safety securing such weapons. Different interest groups
pushed the agenda for their perspective states to mounting towards nuclear capability. In the field of nuclear proliferation it is politically motivated with
different key players advocating for the need to proliferate. The development for nuclear capability has been echoed as being the basis for bringing
peace and stability to such countries. Scholarly minds have jumped into the notion that being nuclear arm can bring peace and stability among those
states that have nuclear weapons. However as every argument is met with skepticism, there are those scholars that suggest being nuclear arm is a bad
idea waiting to explode. This research will locate the case between the two nuclear arm states of Pakistan and Indian and the conflict that brews between
them. The analysis and assumptions between these two states will be based on the theories of deterrence and organizational theory. These states
present an interesting point of view due to their

The 's Debts And Obligation Essay
Shkreli's debts and obligation. They were able to defrauded Retrophin by manipulating shares of Retrophin and defrauding investors as an alternative
means to settle liabilities (U.S. Attorney's office, 2015). The fraud scheme started to become undone when external auditors extended their
investigation (Mangan, 2016). Investigators started questioning the activity of the agreements that were made and discovered that Retrophin had
insufficient funds to cover the transactions that took place (Mangan, 2016). More red flags starting appearing causing a huge domino effect when
Retrophin entered into four sham agreements and money were being paid out from more faulty agreements (Mangan, 2016).
This case was unique because it had numerous funds being transferred between numerous accounts and for an extended period of time, demonstrating a
pattern of classical securities and wire fraud. The fact that it involved vital medications price gouging to the public further made this investigation
notorious (U.S. Attorney's office, 2015).
It became crucial to study each transaction in order to connect the sources of the funds, as Shkreli was accused of medication price gouging, repeated
losing investor's money and falsifying report, and then illegally taking funds from other companies to pay off investors (U.S. Attorney's office, 2015).
If we were to take on the case, we would have definitely made sure to analyze all portfolios from all the businesses Shkreli had access to. The unique
part

Various Types Of Occupational Fraud
Types of Fraud
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners displays what is known as the Fraud Tree. It is a representation of the three major types of occupational
fraud (www.acfe.com). Occupational fraud is any scheme that involves employees taking cash, resources, or misapplies assets of the business for their
personal gain (www.smartceo.com).
Type I: Corruption
Corruption is an intentional, dishonest act where an employee abuses their position in the company for personal gain (www.curtin.edu.au). It can
take many forms. Bribery is a form of corruption. This is receiving or paying for illegal advantages. An example of bribery is a company official
paying a public official to gain advantage over competitors. Embezzlement is another form of corruption. This is when someone has legal access, but
not ownership of assets, that steals them for personal gain. For example, the treasurer of the local PTA may decide to take PTA funds to buy her
daughter's prom dress. Conflict of interest is another form of corruption. If the purchasing manager sits on the board of his wife's company and then
awards contracts to her company, that is a conflict of interest.
Type II: Asset Misappropriation
This is the most common form of occupational fraud and accounts for over 85% of fraud cases. It also usually has the lowest cost of loss. Asset
misappropriation is the intentional, illegal use of the company's assets for one's personal use (Mohlenhoff & Uhl, 2014). An example would

Loss Prevention
Shanta Martin
AIU
CRJS270
Week 5 IP
Internal controls prevent errors and irregularities from happening. If errors or irregularities do happen to occur internal controls will help ensure that
they are detected in a timely manner. Internal controls also encourage adherence to prescribe policies and procedures. Internal control are also put into
place in order to protect employees by outlining tasks and responsibilities, providing checks and balances, and also from being accused of
misappropriations, errors and irregularities. There are several procedures that should be considered when implementing internal controls for your
business. There should be a segregation of duties between different individuals to lessen the threat of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Virus detection software must be updated on a regular basis to help protect honesty of systems. Hardware and passwords have to be changed
sporadically and carefully to protect from unapproved access to database, computer systems, etc. Distinctive physical and software controls should be
established for systems having delicate and/or confidential information. With accurate execution, anti–fraud hotlines can be very helpful in preventing
and detecting fraud and removing inadequacies in your business. It prompts your employees that even though management is not everywhere,
employees and stakeholders function as the eyes and ears of management, giving your company an added layer of protection. The first step to
implementing a fraud hotline is marketing. When marketing the hotline first one needs to sit down with employees to discuss the prpgram. Employees
do not want to feel like someone is out to get them. Using posters with the hotline number can be very helpful. Employees should be reminded of the
purpose of the hotline and when they should call. The second step is stress confidentiality. It is very important to let employees know that the
information given to the hotline will remain confidential. The hotline should be staffed with live operators who have been trained in these types of calls.

Dangerous Offenders Legislation Essay
The new Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act (2003) In Queensland permits prisoners to be kept in prison beyond their release date where a
court finds that there is a 'high degree of probability' that they represent a 'serious danger to the community'. Other jurisdictions have enacted similar
legislation to restrict the release of prisoners assessed to be dangerous. Do you think that dangerousness legislation of this sort is justified or unjustified?
Several states across the Country have enacted or attempted to enact legislation which can enable detention of a prisoner past his/her release date. This
type of legislation's general purpose is to provide a mechanism whereby prisoners who, if released pose an unacceptable risk of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of legislation provides a framework whereas an application can be made to further detain a prisoner who is due to release as they are deemed
to be an unacceptable risk of further offending and their further detention will protect the community (Field, 2003).
Whilst it is generally accepted that the community broadly welcomes such imposing and punitive legislation, it is imperative that our disgust for these
offences/offenders does not prevent us from finding the injustice on an ethical and moral basis (Wortley and Smallbone, 2003).
One of the fundamental principles of the Criminal Law System is the presumption of innocence until proven guilty (McSherry, 2003). By enacting
punitive legislation such as the examples given above, it has been said that it is removing this Common law right from the individual (Greig, 1995). It
has also been said that it creates an exception to the general principle of law that no person shall be imprisoned unless a court comprised of Judge/Jury
is convinced, beyond reasonable doubt that the person committed a very serious offence. Thereby effectively allowing people to be detained without the
burden of proving guilt (Keon–Cohen, 1992).
Whilst it is appreciated that the offenders who will be subject to such legislation are in

Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Deterrence
Nuclear deterrence was the lynchpin of United States national security policy during the Cold War. This strategy was particularly successful in
containing the Soviet Union and offsetting its conventional military advantages in Europe. For many analysts, nuclear deterrence was directly
responsible for keeping the Cold War "cold" by preventing World War III. Nuclear deterrence theory itself rests on several basic assumptions. First,
deterrence can be used to prevent an international actor from pursuing a particular course of action by threatening significant harm if/when said actor
follows through with an undesirable military course of action. Another critical supposition is that the actor(s) attempting to deter another could survive
long ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet, the relegation of nuclear deterrence to the dustbin of history can be a contentious and highly–debated issue within the foreign policy sphere. Many
contend that both the expansion and changing nature of security threats at the systemic, state, and societal levels all point to a diminished role for
nuclear weapons. The range of methods state and non–state actors (NSA) can employ to achieve their objectives have diversified with the advent of
the Information Age. With respect to the former class of threats, Russia has demonstrated a remarkable ability to employ hybrid warfare to achieve
political and military goals. This innovative style of warfare leaves little room for nuclear threats as a Western countermeasure. China has also
propagated a new way of thinking about war with the publication of Unrestricted Warfare in 1999 by two People's Liberation Army Colonels. This
book argues that numerous other types of "warfare" can be employed to achieve national objectives by weaker foes, particularly against a Western
adversary that views war conventionally and technologically–driven (Barno and Bensahel; Ricks). Similarly, NSAs such as global terrorist groups and
criminal networks are also naturally resistant to the threat of nuclear weapons. Their decentralized nature, remarkable ability to adapt and innovate, and
relative lack of targetable assets,

Challenges Faced By The World Today
CONCLUSION
Security is one of the major challenges that is being faced by the world today, as seen by continuous revelations about breaches and incidents. On this
note of insecurity and unpredictability, banking industry is keen to redefine its approach to security thereby making an attempt to balance three critical
factors i.e. cost, innovation and risk. On parallel grounds, the domain of internal security is undergoing drastic changes that mandates banking
institutions to embrace new set of skills and practices. Fraud can be categorized as a business risk – it is like a sword of Damocles over a bank's future.
This must change for the good. The rapid pace with which the technology is changing, like the recent explosion of cellular customers, is often entailed
by necessary evils. An unstoppable tsunami is engulfing banks with their employees and clients carrying their private electronic gadgets to work.
Similarly, applicants for BYOD has surged and simultaneously it accelerates the rate of security threats, both ethically and technologically. Online
banking proves to be the antithesis of all the innovations of security professionals due to their identifiable features such as their mobility, richness in
data and susceptibility to theft.
Threat modelling and vulnerability assessment offers new insights that facilitates a more pro–active approach to security, provided organizations pay
equal focus to the ever–growing market of potential threats. It should be acknowledged that

How to Incorporate the Fraud Triangle Theory
The term of "fraud triangle" was developed by Dr. Donald Cressey, a criminologist who studied embezzlers. The three basic elements of fraud triangle
include perceived pressure, perceived opportunity, and the ability to rationalize. It explains the nature of many fraud offenders and also become a tool
to assess the risk of fraud. It is important to companies to incorporate the fraud triangle theory in order to reduce the risk of fraud within their
organization. From my standpoint, companies should incorporate the fraud triangle from the following aspects.
First, companies should perform background investigation in order to uncover the perceived pressure. The factors that create pressure include personal
financial pressure (high levels of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While some employees feel they are underpaid and deserve more money. A strong ethical culture and could be helpful in preventing rationalization,
since the employees may not regards fraud is morally acceptable in good corporate culture. Attractive employee benefit also helps company reduce the
risk. Once everyone is treated as a family member and satisfied with what they get from the company, they will not commit fraud definitely. Although it
is impossible to satisfy every employee, attractive benefit should reduce the risk a lot.
In conclusion, I believe the fraud triangle is significant to a corporation. It is necessary to companies to prevent fraud by incorporating the fraud
triangle theory. After all, companies cannot only rely on the external auditors or the fraud examiners. They have the responsibility to reduce the risk of
fraud by themselves. Probably, they can avoid some further costs as well. References
Bliss, G. (2012, Jul 06). Commentary: Fraud facts: The fraud triangle – a tool to assess risk of fraud. Daily Record, pp. n/a. Retrieved from http:/
/search.proquest.com/docview/1024613161?accountid=37385
Dorminey, J. W., Fleming, A. S., Kranacher, M., & Riley,Richard A.,,Jr. (2010). Beyond the fraud triangle. The CPA Journal, 80(7), 17
–23,3. Retrieved
from

Case Study 1 Fraud Essay
Case Study1: And the Fraud Continues
A business can not work out without an account system, which includes internal. Internal controls are used by companies to make sure financial
information is accurate and valid. Strong internal controls are signs of a financially healthy company and protect the company's integrity. Strong
internal controls can also increase a company's profitability. There are several types of internal controls that companies used to protect themselves such
as: Segregation of duties, asset purchases, supervisor review, internal audits and adequate documents and records. This paper will discuss several
topics from a case study about And the Fraud ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Placeholder credits this trick was used when customers were contacted regarding their overdue accounts receivable and MCI was informed that a
payment would be sent in. MCI would then credit their receivables before receiving the cash; this trick was used by Pavlo was manipulation be he
know what the system would all him to do in order to stall tactics, to recognize bad debt and uncollectible receivables that would have to be expensed
on the income statement.
If I suspected fraudulent activity within n organization where I work, I would use a professional skepticism approach. This can be broken down into
there attributes:
1.Recognition 2.Questioning min and a critical assessment of the evidence and 3.Commitment to persuasive evidence
Professional skepticism practices as neutral but discipline approach to detection and investigation. Per SAS No. 1 it suggests that an auditor neither
assumers that management is dishonest or assumes unquestionable honesty. Professional skepticism requires fraud examiners to "pull on thread" in
which means Red flags are warning signal or something that demands attention or provokes an irate reaction. Red Flag symptoms of fraud may be
divided into at least six categories: unexplained accounting anomalies, exploited internal control weaknesses, identified analytical anomalies where non

The Theory Of Rehabilitating Fender Shifted Into Focus More
As the range of fields that study crime grew, the theory of rehabilitating the offender shifted into focus more prevalently. The aim of the theory of
rehabilitation is to reform the offender, that is to say, rid them of their criminal ways. Cohen sees this task to be outside the capabilities of the justice
system. The myriad of components that lead an individual to crime whether they are economic, psychological or otherwise, is too complex for the
justice system to be able to grok fully. Cohen equates this project to the reconstructing of society as a whole. In order to truly be able to rehabilitate a
single offender society itself might have to adjust in order to prevent this particular criminal from reoffending. Critics of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rehabilitation is arguably the most paternalistic of the three approaches. The state is declaring the self that the criminal has created is unfit for society
and thus he needs to change. Humans have rights as autonomous agents to self–rule, that is determine the person they wish to be. When the state
endeavors to rehabilitate, it is attempting to mold the individual to conform to the general morals of society. The three philosophical approaches to the
justification of punishment have each shown to have merit as well as flaws. I will now move on to providing my proposed resolution to the issue of
punishment. The overarching theme amongst these three theories is that each attempts to safeguard society. Retribution attempts to achieve this by
appealing to the general call of the community as a whole. This is to say that it expresses in the most natural way the community's condemnation for
the crime committed. Cohen outlines that pure retribution, an eye for an eye literally, would not be a just practice due to it neglecting to acknowledge
the two important facets of punishment, deterrence and rehabilitation. If a driver was driving negligently and crashed his vehicle inadvertently killing
a pedestrian, it would do no good to have this driver crushed by a vehicle as well. For this would aid in providing minimally more future deterrence
than a just sentence; let alone be cruel

Ethics And Prevention Of Financial Fraud
The Defining Ethics and Prevention of Financial Fraud in the Work Place
Ta'Nishia Johnson
Savannah State University
Abstract
This research primarily focuses on ways of preventing financial fraud in the work place as well as defining the proper ethics to follow. It elaborates on
the ways to deter fraud and what ethics should be taught during training for the job given to an employee. In order to understand the best way to stop
people from committing fraud, we must learn what stipulations are already set in place for the crime. Company guidelines for fraud detection and
prevention should be set in place in order avert fraud. To better understand why people commit fraud, the study for this research will pay close
attention on ethical associations and ethics that are taking place in the workplace. Ethics plays a major role in the business workplace by providing
guidelines and contouring people's behaviors while working. This research paper will disclose the following questions:
What procedures are already in place to deal with fraud?
How can fraud be prevented?
Can new measures and guidelines be set in place to better detect fraud?
How to detect fraud in time to prevent major damage?
Keywords: financial fraud, workplace ethics, detection, prevention, implementation
Defining Ethics and Prevention of Financial Fraud in the Work Place
Multiple studies have been conducted on the topics dealing with financial fraud. The same can be said about business ethics and

Sentencing Of Sentencing And Sentencing Guidelines
Sentencing is a complicated, and sometimes extremely harsh set of rules. It has very deterrence, and retribution based set of rules for the most part.
Which is indicative of the society we as americans live in. Through this paper i will explain each type of sentencing guideline. They are Intermediate,
Determinate, Mandatory, Concurrent, and consecutive. Also we will talk about how in some states mandatory guidelines actually can lower the total
prison population. But how in states that are not resource drive, incapacitation is on the rise. Finally i will convey my thoughts on sentencing. How it is
a flawed and ,mostly broken system.
Sentencing types: The text describes the five main types of sentencing. The first of which is intermediate sentencing. This type of sentencing is
considered to be more in tune with rehabilitation than other sentencing. This is because the sentence a person serves is not simply based on how many
years a person serves. The book gives a great example to help clarify, "the person shall not be imprisoned for less than 2 or 3 years to 10
years"(Stohr 73). What this means is that the person does not necessarily have to serve the maximum of ten years. With good behavior, and by
showing that they have changed they may be released in as little as 2 years. Next there determinate sentencing. This essentially serve as the opposite of
indeterminate. Meaning that the prisoner must serve a fixed number of years before release. In the

Pros And Cons Of The Nuclear Deterrence Theory
In today's world, the way a nation reigns superior above all other nations can be traced back to their nuclear stockpile. The possession of nuclear arms
has become a notable problem amongst global powers and small, undeveloped nations because of the potential arms race that could ignite, raising
significant concern in national security. Furthermore, countless arguments have been made by researchers suggesting that the injection and possession
of nuclear weapons has had a beneficial impact on the nature of society because it keeps nations from challenging one another. One of these arguments
being the Nuclear deterrence theory which "constitutes a potent argument in favor of maintaining existing nuclear arsenals (that is, deterrence
contributing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They uphold to this belief by falling back on the nuclear deterrence theory and the impact it has had in preventing wars. In short, the deterrence theory
"constitutes a potent argument in favor of maintaining existing nuclear arsenals (that is, deterrence contributing to the prevention of major wars,
provides legitimacy to nuclear weapons" (Delpech,29) (add a sentence). Furthermore, it can be argued that the nuclear deterrence theory has justified
the possession of nuclear arms because the deterrence theory prevented the Soviet Union and the United States from ensuing into a large–scale war as
well as the fact that nuclear weapons have not been discharged since the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. However, for all the good the
nuclear deterrence theory has been labeled to be, nuclear deterrence is not what it is all sought out to be because even a rational government would
choose nuclear war despite the irrationality of the decision. According to researcher Kevin Kennedy, Governments do not always act rationally, but at
times succumb to dangerously irrational behavior. "The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is frequently cited as one instance when a country fell
victim to irrationality" (Kennedy, 45). This irrationality being the United States action to drop thousands of tons of explosives on Japanese citizens
instead of fleets embodying the Japanese army. Now, according to the nuclear deterrence theory, countries stock up arms in hopes to avoid a
catastrophic war. However, the bombings of the Japanese cities in 1945 proved otherwise. The United States had to act in an irrational form in the
face of intolerable military action displayed by the Japanese, this intolerable military action being the bombing of Pearl Harbor

The Classical Nuclear Deterrence Strategy During The Cold War
The classical nuclear deterrence strategy used during the Cold War would require some modifications in order to be effective against non–state actors
in the 21st century. The United States and the Soviet Union had enough nuclear weapons between the two superpowers that deterred both from using.
This was because it would not be beneficial socially or economically for either in the long–term. Non–state actors are not equal in most respects to state
actors and sometimes considered "not deterrable" , so therefore a modified approach may prove more effective. The basic definition of deterrence is
the concept of providing the enemy with enough evidence that any attempt to attack would result in far greater consequences for the aggressor. General

Criminal Justice Outline
Dawn Drinovsky
Capstone Project One
Nov. 22, 2011
Trial a. Interrogation and Arraignment– Guidelines and Process of Law b. Trial– Judge and Supreme court roles c. Sentencing – 3 types
Sentencing
a. Determinate– pros and cons b. Indeterminate– pros and cons c. Mandatory– pros and cons d. Specific or general deterrence
Determinate sentencing a. Time– Each punishment is set person to person regardless b. Punishment– does not discriminate c. Community– deter people
from committing it again
Indeterminate Sentencing a. Courts and judges role in helping the offender b. Community outlooks c. Fines and minimums
Mandatory sentencing a. Maximum fines and set prison sentences b. No judge discretion, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being an illegal immigrant would put a hold on somebody who was not a US citizen until he had an immigration bond, where they wait for his case to
finish and then proceed with deportation proceedings. (Roberson and Stucky 2007) For those whose sentence is prison, a parole board determines the
amount of time each inmate serves under correctional supervision.
Indeterminate sentencing is the courts way to try and help those that are worth helping. In states with indeterminate sentencing, parole boards can
release inmates once they have served the minimum part of their sentences. The indeterminate sentence laws further reduce the amount of time
served when a person is in prison and looks positively at life and is on good behavior daily. They have a chance of getting out before the bad guy
next to them who is trouble daily. That guy will more than likely spend full time allowed by the judge behind bars. For instance, one case involved a
male offender over 40 with a prior record consisting of six other arrest, three convictions, and two incarcerations, who was found guilty of nine counts
of extortionate credit transactions, and related to income tax violations leaving this man to face anywhere from 3 years in prison with no fine to 20
years in prison with a $65,000.00 fine. (Rubuck, 2001)
The more people they can get on good behavior the less crowding we will

The Cold War: Nuclear Deterrence In History
The Cold War was the greatest example of Nuclear Deterrence in history. The U.S. and Russia, had threatened nuclear war as a deterrence for
almost fifty years. Next, we will evaluate logical fallacies, inform what it means to be a Strategic Airmen as well as how this course maintains my
strategic focus in the conclusion. First, being a strategic Airmen means executing daily mission goals within acceptable levels of risk and safety that
supports Air Force doctrines and National Security policies as developed by senior leaders with the fewest resources possible. Airmen at all levels of
leadership (e.g. tactical, operational, and strategic) must continuously be afforded the right to design and plan strategies about how operations will...
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safety, security, changing economy, and universal values especially as it pertains to nuclear weapons) leaders face to assess planning risk, as well as
adapt and overcome the changing operational environments both stateside and overseas. For example, I better understand the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) role in the combat against terror as well as how the U.S. will use NATO to form coalitions to defeat ISIS and protect U.S.
interests. Additionally, the course introduced the Presidents National Security Strategy on mobilizing and leading Global efforts with reason to lead
with purpose, strength, by example, as well as with capable partners using all instruments of power that affect long–term global economy and rapid
technological changes. This course empathizes the value of every Airmen role as well as reinforces mine in the importance of cybersecurity of our
critical infrastructures, the use of deterrence, and how other nations might threaten the U.S. Finally, there are DoD level plans that I was unaware and
this helped me understand our leaders plans to carry out military actions swiftly (e.g. deterrence using nuclear operations) to execute their missions
within the Congressional budget

Kayla V. Patrice: The Elements Of Murder
Patrice had inventions on murdering her mother–in–law, Kayla, so she went behind a building and waited for her to get off the bus. After Kayla got
off the bus, Patrice shot at her with her rifle, yet missed and executed Angela, who was behind her. Patrice made a second attempt to shoot again at
Kayla, however her rifle jammed and Patrice ran away. Patrice's lawyer moved to release the charge of the attempted murder of her mother–in–law,
Kayla on the grounds that Patrice couldn't have murdered Kayla because of the malfunctioning of the rifle. The court granted the motion. This essay
will discuss whether or not the court's decision was valid, the elements of murder and ethical concerns with this case. Inchoate crimes arrange that
individuals... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Storm, 2016) The criminal's intent involves malice aforethought, and the criminal act is the conduct that causes the victims death. In order to charge
an individual with attempted murder, the prosecution must demonstrate through the men's rea of the attempt that the defendant, Patrice intentionally
aimed and engaged towards the acts of shoot the rifle and was undertaken with the intent to kill the mother–in–law Kayla. (Lippman, 2015) The actus
reus of attempt involves the objective approach, which is an act that comes close to the commission of the crime and subjective approach deals with an
individual's intent rather than their acts. The attempt to commit a crime can be divided between a complete attempt and incomplete attempt. A
complete attempt is when the individual takes all the acts required to commit a crime and fails to execute the crime. (Lippman, 2015) While on the
other hand, an incomplete attempt is when the individual is prevented from completing the crime due to circumstances outside their control. In this
case, Patrice's attempt to kill her mother was a complete attempt because she took every action to commit the crime of killing her mother–in–law but
failed to execute the crime because she missed and the second time gun

The Bible & Accounting Fraud
The Bible & Accounting Fraud Liberty University
Abstract
Accounting is an information and measurement system used by mainly all businesses and organizations to provide relevant, reliable and comparable
information about its business activities, (Wild, & Shaw, & Chiappetta, 2011, p.272). Accounting Information Systems is a fundamental part
of determining the success of an organization. An effective information system provides Internal controls which consist in policies and procedures
implemented by a company to allow managers to monitor and control business activities. The Bible could be compared to an organization's Internal
Controls in the sense that it is the Holy and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the time came for the manager to be confronted and give an account, he could not come up with a single response to deny the accusations and
rather went to the debtors and negotiated a debt settlement with them looking for favor in the eyes of his master and friendship with the debtors
through dishonest negotiations. "He called in each one of his master's debtors and asked, how much do you owe my master? Nine hundred gallons of
oil replied the debtor. The manager told him, take you bill, sit down quickly and make it four hundred and fifty" (Luke, 16:5–6). We can see how
clever this manager acted in dealing with his past due collection responsibilities and still he was commended by his master for his clever approach in
doing so. Nothing in the parable implies that the manager repented of his reckless behavior and dishonest actions neither that his job was restituted in
spite of his managerial approach. His negligence in dealing with timely collection of outstanding receivables jeopardized his job and constituted a loss
of assets to his master. We can see how this rich man had the need for implementing higher standards or Internal controls in the management of his
riches. The apostle Paul warns us in Galatians 5: 19–21, about the condition of the human heart or flesh, "The acts of the flesh are obvious: sexual
immorality, impurity and debauchery; idolatry and witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage,

Nuclear Weapons : Danger Or Deterrence?
Nuclear Weapons: Danger or Deterrence?
Nuclear weapons. The connotations involved in these two words include many grim concepts such as death, war, and complete destruction. Nuclear
weapons are an explosive device which can destroy a whole country with long–term disastrous effects, while killing thousands of people in the process.
Despite these weapons only being used twice during warfare during the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the use of them had tremendous
effects on the world and became an event that shaped history for many years, influencing the fear and awareness of these weapons through out the
world. Even today, the threat of nuclear destruction still looms over the world with ever growing tension between the United States and North Korea.
However, there is still an estimated total of 16,000 to 22,000 nuclear weapons all over the world, with the most belonging to the United States. Which
leads to an important question; are nuclear weapons a useful deterrent that discourages war or a dangerous explosive that are only a plague to society?
One of the main arguments to defend the ownership of nuclear weapons is that they work as a deterrence towards war. A country with nuclear
weapons of their own are less likely to be attacked by another due to the fear of retaliation which results in war. If both countries have nuclear weapons,
tension between them can quickly be red of since both will attempt to avoid the threat from each other. In addition, the citizens of a country may feel
more safe and protected with the knowledge that they have this deterrent.
However, a disadvantage to nuclear weapons is that they take a great deal of money to make and also maintain. It can be difficult to make a rough
estimation since all countries are different but a controversial nuclear weapon named the F–35 which is still in development in the United States is said
to cost between 144 to 142 million dollars per unit. The high cost can create a negative response from the public which results in political criticism,
since the priorities of a countries investment can be second–guessed. It's rare for a nation that invests in these weapons to also stay wealthy at the same
time, and money used can no longer be

Viability of Non-Nuclear Deterrence Strategies
Near the end of World War II, the United States (U.S.) atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated that nuclear weapons can technically
be used as a strategic imperative [1]. Nuclear capability, thereafter, was much sought after by states as the basis for deterrence and thus fuelled the
nuclear arms race during the Cold War, especially between the U.S. and the Soviet Union [2]. However, several literatures [3] [4] [5] have debated that
nuclear deterrence and utilisation of nuclear weapons are morally and ethically unacceptable. Several others [6] [7] argued that nuclear capability is not
the be–all and end–all of deterrence. In addition, the existence of Nuclear Non–proliferation Treaty (NPT) measures, theoretically, makes it difficult for
non–nuclear states to acquire the capabilities to produce nuclear weapons and to do so without being detected [8]. Hence, this essay seeks to examine
the viability of non–nuclear deterrence strategies, particularly to address the question – Who are the potential adversaries of non–nuclear states and
what are the deterrence strategies that are viable?
Setting the Context
The potential adversaries that non–nuclear states may face will be generalised into three types for the purpose of this discussion. These are nuclear
state actors, non–nuclear state actors, and non–state actors (NSAs). 'Nuclear state actors' includes the five nuclear–weapon states under the NPT, as
well as the three non–NPT and one undeclared nuclear powers [9].

Nuclear Deterrence And The Soviet Union
Nuclear deterrence was first identified in you during the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. The United States and the Soviet
Union both assembled a huge stockpile of nuclear weapons. Beforehand the United States had the upper hand with nuclear weapons, but the Soviet
Union quickly emerged. It used this threat of "massive retaliation" as a means to deter Soviet hostility. The Soviet Union insinuated that there was in
fact leeway or a chance that a probable nuclear war could be fought and won. At this moment the United States decided to adopt the idea of nuclear
deterrence. To be more threatening and convincing to the Soviet Union, the United States began to develop and deploy several different types of
systems or strategies that could be used to attack the Soviet Union.
During 1960s the United States had by then developed three systems as a basis of strategic deterrence. These three strategies were long range manned
aircraft that carried nuclear bombs, land–based large–scale ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads, and nuclear powered submarines on with nuclear
ballistic missiles. This new system became known as the Strategic Triad. Because of how powerful the three strategies are, it will be almost
impossible to destroy all three at once, so the strategic triad was impervious.
In 1968 the non–proliferation treaty was made–up the objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons technology nuclear disarmament in general
and complete

Implementing A Comprehensive Audit Plan Essay
Abstract
This paper will discuss the hot topics in emerging issues that was discussed in previous assignments. Several companies can benefit from finding ways
to implement a comprehensive audit plan to reduce the likelihood of fraud occurring. Ideas associated with the SDLC and how to create phases that
will fall in line with this execution are also detailed in this assignment. The SDLC assists in reducing fraud and cannot be applied lightly; this plan
makes the process of fraud prevention and detection easier to succumb. Updating policies and procedures is an ongoing process that cannot go unkempt.
Establishing a Comprehensive Audit Plan
The acronym SDLC is explained as a software development lifecycle. The phases of the SDLC include analysis and definition phases, where the
purpose should be determined, the goals that need to be accomplished, and a set of definite requirements. Establishing a comprehensive audit plan is
integral in fulfilling the successful and quality financials for a business. This should be done at the inception of creating the company as well as
routinely checked on a consistent basis. This used in accordance with the Sarbanes–Oxley Act will guarantee that the company has a sure way to
mitigate the fraud opportunity that may occur during the time of day–to–day operations (Strayer University 2013).
A fraud detection plan will provide the blueprint for a healthy environment in the aspect of protecting the company and its assets. The plan will give a

Why Do Nuclear Weapons Change Our Approach Towards...
What new elements did the development of Nuclear Weapons add to our strategic calculations (that were not present before)? How did the presence
of an "absolute weapon" change our approach towards security, war, "deterrence"? Why do nuclear weapons possess such a special position in
post–WWII strategic thinking?
The presence and development of nuclear weapons dictated a necessary shift to our strategic thinking. There was a necessity for a broader
understanding in terms of security, war and deterrence with the rise of new technologies capable to put at risk human safety. The presence of new
elements at the time to analyze and direct our strategies, became a clear evidence that our traditional conceptions had change and there was an
increasing necessity for new ones to be put in place. The theories of Carl Von Clausewitz's and his views on war such as "a continuation of policy by
other means" was no longer our most effective tool, as that absolute war characteristic of previous conflicts such as World War I and World War II,
will now represent total destruction. The development of this "absolute weapon" came to redesign our views on war, security and deterrence. The arrival
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They US and the USSR knew the capabilities of each other and both felt threaten by the consequences of a nuclear war between them. Therefore,
instead of waging total war against each other, another strategy was used, deterrence. As explained by Austin Long in the article "Deterrence fromCold
War to Long War," "...deterrence refers to the manipulation of an adversary's estimation of the cost/benefit calculation of taking a given

How Technology Has Changed Our New Set Of Skills And...
Security is one of the major challenges that is being faced by the world today, as seen by continuous revelations about breaches and incidents. On this
note of insecurity and unpredictability, banking industry is keen to redefine its approach to security thereby making an attempt to balance three critical
factors i.e. cost, innovation and risk. On parallel grounds, the domain of internal security is undergoing drastic changes that mandates banking
institutions to embrace new set of skills and practices. Fraud can be categorized as a business risk – it is like a sword of Damocles over a bank's future.
This must change for the good. The rapid pace with which the technology is changing, like the recent explosion of cellular customers, is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time, developers can make this process arduous with enhanced security layers thereby increasing the response–time to such incidents by
the organizations as well as it improvises the ability to intercept such intrusions before their impact proves to be substantive. Security should be one of
the most elementary fiber of any organization, both in behavior – providing people secure alternatives – as well as in technology – incorporating
security as part of the design process. Deploying the factor of awareness or fear as a defense tool is an obsolete practice. Our approach should be to
make security as the strength of organizational link.
As the fraud universe in banking institutions is very susceptible and expansive, the banking activities require full compliance of the standards and best
practices in risk management and internal controls. Full compliance to Bank's requirements in terms of fraud risk management is vital in ensuring fraud
risk in the banking institutions is minimized. It calls for strategized efforts from all levels of staff, which include those of front–liners and senior
management levels. Fraud occurs due to loopholes in the controls of banking activities, hence, concerted efforts to address the weaknesses in the
internal control systems should be enhanced to include advancement of information technology applications, for instance by

Fraud Detection : The Value Of Internal Control
EMPIRE STATE COLLEGE
OF THE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
AUDITING FINAL PAPER
FRAUD DETECTION: THE VALUE OF INTERNAL CONTROL
by
OLUIMI AKINDEINDE
2012 Abstract Fraud is present in all aspect of life. It is very common in business environment. Business organizations try to do their best to ensure that
fraudulent practices do not put them out of business. Case study is used to establish the value of internal anti–fraud control and to point out that a small
business can implement it with common sense and solid auditor's advice.
Introduction
Occupational fraud poses a large threat to small businesses (ACFE, 2012). Research data suggests that the smallest organizations suffered
disproportionately the largest median ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Victim organizations that had implemented any of sixteen common anti–fraud controls experienced considerably lower losses and time–to–detection
than organizations lacking these controls. Nearly half of victim organizations do not recover any losses that they suffer due to fraud. As of the time of
the survey, forty–nine percent of victims had not recovered any of the perpetrator's takings.
The report further showed that seventy–seven percent of all frauds in the study were committed by individuals working in one of six departments:
accounting, operations, sales, executive/upper management, customer service and purchasing. Most perpetrators of occupational fraud are first–time
offenders with clean employment histories. Approximately 87% of the perpetrators had never been charged or convicted of a fraud–related offense,
and 84% had never been punished or terminated by an employer for fraud–related conduct. In eighty–one percent of cases, the perpetrators displayed at
least one behavioral red flag among behaviors that are often associated with fraudulent conduct–living beyond their means, financial difficulties,

unusually close association with vendors or customers, and excessive control issues were the most common behavioral warning signs addressed in the

Fraud Triangle And Red Flags
Option #1 – Fraud Triangle and Red Flags
Plutonium entered the Internet start–up boom in 1988. It experienced rapid growth that resulted in a haphazard information technology (IT) system in
which pieces of technology were implemented quickly leaving poor integration and data integrity. To strengthen data integrity and create an integrated
IT system, the organization installed a billing system, Gateway, which required testing utilizing an imitation yet livecredit card number to test the
software and integration.
Several months after integration, a piracy incident involving a member of the integration team was detected. The incident was resolved with assistance
from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with the Operations team employee, Chris, warned and suspended with a formal warning letter to be
completed. Due to a conversation between the employee and his manager, Jonathan, the letter was not written and months later the behavior of the
employee raised suspicions with Jonathan indicating potential fraud.
Potential Fraud Indicators – The Fraud Triangle
To enable fraudulent activities, three elements comprised of the fraud triangle must exist: perceived pressure, perceived opportunity, and rationalization
of the fraudulent activities. In the case of Plutonium, the elements of the fraud triangle were present and several factors increased the opportunities for
fraudulent activities. Though several types of fraud can be committed within an organization, the

The Impact Of ISS Adequacy
It is found that an alternate way to deal with measuring ISS adequacy was produced by Crossler, et al (2013) to upgrade the execution of information
system within the associations. Furthermore, their instrument analysed the part that discouragement and counteractive action played on ISS adequacy.
Their exploration noted that ISS viability was emphatically identified with obstruction and preventive endeavours, both segments of GDT. Moreover,
the ISS adequacy develop is utilised as a part of request to decide the level of security to an association's benefits (equipment, programming, PC
administrations, and information) and the viability countermeasures utilised by an association. However, as operationalised by Bulgurcu, et al (2010),
serves as a noteworthy centre of this exploration, which tries to expand and develop by including appraisals of location and cure endeavours too.
Furthermore, the ISS adequacy develops is an appraisal of the risk management process, which is itself an evaluation of the risks confronted by a firm,
a company's assets, the probability of misfortune, and the extent of damage that might take place.
It is noted that the system of IS resources by including misuse to equipment, programming, PC administrations, and information in their ISS viability
build. These speak to the principal parts, which an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, similarly as with the individual contrast variables, there are various logical attributes, for example, worker position, chances of the position,
and qualities of the work that could possibly direct the deterrence theory connections. In light of accessible hypothetical and observational
confirmation, an individual might recognise virtual status and representative position as two logical variables that are important to assess the
significance of IS deterrence

How Sandia Played A Nuclear Deterrence Capabilities During...
In an instant Grandpa's face turned serious, and he proceeded to explain how, when he and Jay had gotten chosen and sent to Sandia, it had been for
specific purposes and training. He told me how Sandia Base, named after the nearby Sandia Mountains, was the principal nuclear weapons installation
of the United States, and how–for twenty–five years–this top–secret base and its secondary installation (Man–z–a–no Base) had conducted atomic
weapons research, development, design, testing, and training which had gotten started under the Manhattan Project during World War II, and that
production, assembly, and storage of nuclear weapons got done there as well. Jay also explained how Sandia played a key role in our country's nuclear
deterrence capabilities during the Cold War and that, although there was a lot of public speculation on what actually was going on at Sandia, the
military had designated that the activities at Sandia Base were secret under the Atomic Energy Act.
Grandpa and Jay received level–32 security clearance status, which was the absolute highest level of security clearance available. That kind of
clearance gets limited to only those persons who need access to classified information for mission accomplishment, and is also called "TOP SECRET"
clearance involving matters of national security. I also learned that, even after they have left the military, periodic investigations get conducted every
five years of people who have gotten given "TOP SECRET" clearance

How The Three Elements Of The Fraud Triangle Were Present...
1.Like fuel, air and heat come together to make fire, like the likelihood of fraud increases when the three elements of the fraud triangle come together.
Analyze how the three elements of the fraud triangle are important and how all three elements were present in Helen's case.
The three elements of the fraud triangle are Motivation or Pressure, Opportunity and Rationalization. After reading the case, it was revealed that all of
the three elements are present the Helen's fraudulent activities.
Motivation: This is a reason for why the fraudsters commit frauds. It provides the basis for the individual to commit the unethical act. It is found that
most times greed relates to the fraud motives. The perception of a need or pressure is a key factor which caused the fraudsters to commit a fraud. In
Helen's case, it was found that Helen had family problems. Her husband was a substance abuser; her children were suffering from health and
behavioral issues. Helen had also unpaid medical bill. These are the factors that motivated Helen to commit a fraud. Although, Juan was aware about
Helen's problems and that she needed extra money, but he did not take any control measures to prevent Helen's motivation to commit a crime.
Opportunity: It is one of the elements of the fraud triangle. It may be defined as an environment of favorable condition that allows the fraud to be
committed (Tessier, n.d.). In the Helen's case, it was found that she had this opportunity which helped her to

The Utility of Deterrence as a Central Nuclear Security...
Understanding what role exists for nuclear weapons in the post–Cold War world requires an appreciation for the strategic concepts that defined Cold
War nuclear strategy, as well as the applicability of those concepts to the contemporary world. Cold War nuclear strategy was almost entirely concerned
with the bilateral relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union, and thus the central strategic concept to arise from this period was the
notion of deterrence. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ongoing proliferation of nuclear weapons, the utility of deterrence as a central
nuclear security strategy is in question, even as the threat posed by the mere existence of nuclear weapons increases. By 1997, at least ten countries
had missiles capable of delivering nuclear payloads over 500 kilometers, and nearly every country without intercontinental capability is working on it
(Stanley & Payne 1997, p. 133). Furthermore, some countries with nuclear capabilities, such as Pakistan, are seeing a serious threat to internal security,
increasing the likelihood that nuclear weapons will find their way into the hands of transnational terrorist organizations and other actors far less
susceptible to strategies of deterrence. By examining both the state of nuclear security during the Cold War and the concept of deterrence in general in
the context of contemporary security issues, it becomes clear that there is no secure place for nuclear weapons in the post–Cold

Nuclear Deterrence Research Paper
To understand nuclear deterrence at first we need to understand that what actually deterrence is. Deterrence is something which actually deters
someone of conducting certain things. Deterrence can be understood by two terms. One is threat of punishment and another one is denial. Threat of
punishment requires punishment and says that if anyone does something which goes against my interest he or she will have to pay the price and
whatever benefit he gets I will make sure that the cost which he will have to pay that will be greater than the benefit. Denial states that I will deny
that persons full objective. Whatever he is intended to achieve I will deter him and he will not be able to achieve his full objective and again the cost
will be greater than the benefit. I am deterring someone from attacking me.
The idea of deterrence has been reshaped with the development of nuclear weapons. The destructive power of nuclear deterrence changed the idea of
deterrence. The concept of nuclear deterrence is mainly the threats that states not to use nuclear weapons and also restricts other sorts of military
action that will ultimately create a situation like nuclear war. It also deters one not to attack the other one and if it attacks then it will have to pay the
cost and the other one will retaliate with all its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And nuclear weapons made that threat credible. Here deterrence was used as the threat of punishment. So we can say that during the cold war nuclear
deterrence was one of the main components and played a vital role and deterred the USA and the USSR from engaging themselves in a nuclear

Nuclear Deterrence Research Paper
Nuclear Deterrence Nuclear weapons are a threat that the world has been facing since they were created in 1945. There were arguments then and
they continue to this day about whether it is smart or even possible to rid the world of nuclear weapons. There are countries that are still pursuing
nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are a growing trend and there are countries such as North Korea that continue to strive for them today despite the
dangers that the weapons pose to the world. There are many pros and cons to developing and maintain nuclear weapons. However there are few
alternatives that guarantee the level of safety that they provide. Therefore they are a necessary evil. Nuclear weapons are the only deterrence that have
proven to be... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nuclear non–proliferation treaty has greatly limited many countries from gaining nuclear capabilities (Q&A). When it was first made there were
five nuclear powers. Their goal was to not transfer nuclear weapons or assist non–nuclear countries in making nuclear weapons (Q&A). There are
countries who have given up their nuclear arsenals at least partially because of NPT. South Africa and Ukraine have both given up their nuclear
weapons (Q&A). These countries and others have proven that a country does not need nuclear weapons to be influential to the world. Other countries
such as Germany and Spain have never developed nuclear weapons and have remained their global influence. (Allport pg.

Justification And Justification Of The Penal System
Punishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is
not asked for. Because justification of punishment, in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishment)
that can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state. However, nobody enquires of the justification of
legal system or of law in general. It is meaningful to ask, 'Can this rule be justified? 'Or 'Are not those laws justifiable? ' But it is not worthwhile
rather it is absurd to ask, "Can law (in general) be justified?" Similarly, punishment in general or penal system requires no ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Retribution assigns a punishment that is appropriate to the crime, which is ideal in punishing criminals whereas general deterrence works to persuade
society to obey the law, and specific deterrence work. From the variety of utilitarian justifications of punishment, retribution is the most convincing as
its theoretical goals are sustained through societies, whereas general and specific deterrence cannot be justified on their own, as they do not match with
retribution.
For retributionists, punishment is backward looking, justified by the crime that has been committed and carried out to atone for the damage already
done. Retributivism covers all theories that justify punishment because the offender deserves it. This is interpreted in two ways, either a person must
be punished because they deserve it (deserving is a sufficient reason for punishment), or a person must not be punished unless they deserve it (deserving
is a necessary but not sufficient condition for punishment). There are two distinct types of retributive justice. The classical definition embraces the idea
that the amount of punishment must be proportionate to the amount of harm caused by the offence. Many strands of retrivbutism including Lex
Talionis which seeks to restore the balance between offender and victim. The third is in accordance with the grievance principle; that

Wgu Corporate Governance
through the proper channels (Cascarino, Richard E., 2012, pg. 10). Most company's experience an issue with fraud at one point in its operations. It is
very unusual to find an entity that has never had to handle fraud in any aspect. Regulatory challenges in "controlling fraud goes beyond giving the
appearance" of attacking the issue by combating with some of the fundamental causes (Cascarino, 2012, pg. 130). It is very important to try and have
controls set to deter fraud to the very minimal amount, however it is imperative to continue theses controls well into the future to ward of any other
fraudulent attacks (Cascarino, 2012, pg. 130).
By having proper equipment and competent employees to combat the possibility of sensitive information being ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is just a fact that fraud cannot be eliminated, but simply deterred instead. It is recommended to have a response action plan in case of an assault.
This will provide confirmation for investors that the company is reliable and has proper protection where it concerns its sensitive information. By
being able to provide shareholders that there are industry meeting controls and a response plan in case of a possible compromisation with the
companies information, shareholders will be more willing to invest with the entity.
As society grows in knowledge and fraudsters become just as educated in how to perform criminal acts against individuals and financial institutions
companies control should increase its awareness as well. This will attempt to decrease the number of fraud cases that get reported every year.
Progressing with time, with application and urgency targeted toward company control, there should be a visible decrease in corporate fraud. The best
strategy taken to decrease the occurrences of fraudulent cases being reported is to become insupportable of these types of

Nuclear Deterrence Defense

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