Nuclear Chemistry
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Nuclear chemistry deals with radioactive atoms and nuclear reactions. Some key terms are radioactivity, the process by which unstable atoms emit radiation, and radioisotopes, unstable isotopes that undergo nuclear decay. Radioactivity was discovered in 1895 by Roentgen in his work with x-rays. Becquerel, the Curies, and Rutherford further developed the field and established that there are three main types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Nuclear reactions include fission, fusion, and radioactive decay. Radioisotopes have many uses including medical diagnostics and treatment.
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This document discusses measurement, units, accuracy, precision, and density. It contains examples of measuring length in meters, centimeters, and millimeters. It defines accuracy as closeness to a known value and precision as closeness between repeated measurements. Significant figures refer to the digits measured plus one estimated digit used in calculations and rounding. The metric system base units and prefixes like kilo and centi are presented. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and examples show how it can be used to solve problems by setting up ratios or using it as a conversion factor.
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Matter
Matter is made up of elements and compounds. Elements are the simplest form of matter and have unique properties, with 92 occurring naturally. Elements are represented by one or two letter symbols, with the first letter capitalized. Compounds are formed when elements chemically combine. A chemical reaction involves rearranging atoms to form new products. Physical properties can be observed without changing the chemical makeup, while chemical properties involve a chemical change. Density is a physical property that describes how tightly packed matter is and can be used to identify substances or solve problems.
Introduction to Chemistry
This document provides an introduction to chemistry. It discusses that chemistry is the study of matter and the changes matter undergoes. Energy is involved in these changes and transformations. Chemistry can be divided into five traditional areas: analytical, biochemical, inorganic, organic, and physical. Applied chemistry aims to solve practical problems, while pure chemistry pursues knowledge for its own sake. The scientific method involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions. Laws describe observable patterns in nature, while theories are explanatory frameworks. The document emphasizes that collaboration and communication are important for scientific progress.
The periodic table
This document provides an overview of the periodic table for an honors chemistry class. It discusses the development of the periodic table by John Newlands and others and how elements are organized into periods and groups with similar properties. The document explains how to read information in the periodic table blocks and describes the characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Students are assigned objectives, lessons, and practice activities to learn about the periodic table.
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Nuclear Chemistry
- 1. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY CREATING AND DESTROYING ATOMS
- 2. A FEW VOCABULARY TERMS •Radioactivity- the process of giving off “rays” •Radiation- the penetrating rays •Radioisotopes- unstable isotopes that under go nuclear change
- 3. DISCOVERING RADIOACTIVITY • Wilhelm Roetgen noted a florescence on a screen when collegues were using a cathode ray 1895. • Investigation led to discovering x-rays. • By1896, x-rays were being used in medical exams • 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics • Donated prize money and took no patent
- 4. RADIOACTIVITY Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre and Marie Curie The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”
- 5. AND EARNEST RUTHERFORD • Developed the language and concepts of alpha, beta and protons. • Developed the equation used for nuclear decay explaining U decay into thorium. • Award the 1908 Nobel prize for these • (Gold Foil was 1909) • Created oxygen from nitrogen • “Father of nuclear chemistry”
- 6. ISOTOPE SHORTHAND REVIEW Mass number- A x Atomic number-Z
- 7. WHY ARE SOME ISOTOPES RADIOACTIVE? • http://www.hydroisotop.de/en/isotopes-valuable-carriers-of-information •The ratio of protons to neutrons determine stability. (1 – 1.5) •The ratio determines the type of decay that will take place.
- 8. BAND OF STABILITY • https://youtu.be/_fhBGGGbzzw
- 9. VIDEOS • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFdR_yMKOCw Bozeman Science • Pause at 7:08
- 11. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RADIATION? Property Alpha Radiation Beta Radiation Gamma Radiation Composition Symbols Charge Mass Penetration Power Sheilding
- 12. TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACITONS • Fision • Fusion • Transmutation • Alpha, beta, gamma • Emmission or absorption
- 13. EXAMPLE OF DECAY REACTIONS •66Cu 60Zn + 0e •226Ra 222Rn + 4He 59Ni + 0e 59Co 37Ar + 0e 37Cl •14N + 4He 18F 17O + 1H
- 14. USING LAW OF CONSERVATION TO COMPLETE EQUATIONS 1. 239Pu + _____ 242 ____ + 1n 2. 8B 8Be + _____ 3. 232Th 228Ra + _______
- 15. NOW YOUR TURN FILL IN AND FIND THE TYPE 1. 15O 14N+ _____ 2. 232Th 228___ + 4He 3. _____+ 0e 37Cl 4. 9Be + ____ 12C + 1n
- 16. WHAT IS HALF-LIFE? AND HOW DO YOU SOLVE HALF LIFE PROBLEMS? •Half-life is the amount of time that it takes for ½ of a sample to under go nuclear decay. Half-life is unique to an isotope: Beryllium-8 has 8.2 x 10^-19 Tin-126 has a half-life of 10,000 yrs
- 17. THE HALF-LIFE OF COBALT-60 IS 5 YEARS. IF YOU HAVE 10 GRAMS OF CO-60, HOW MUCH DO YOU HAVE AFTER 15 YEARS # half-lives time Size of Sample 0 0 10 1 5 2 10 3 15
- 18. AMERICIUM-242 HAS A HALF-LIFE OF 6 HOURS. IF YOU STARTED WITH 24 G AND YOU NOW HAVE 3 G, HOW MUCH TIME HAS PASSED? # half-lives Time (by 6 hrs) Sample size 0 0 24 3
- 19. FISSION AND FUSION • nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei). The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma rays and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.
- 20. • nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus. During this process, matter is not conserved because some of the matter of the fusing nuclei is converted to photons (energy). Fusion is the process that powers active or "main sequence" stars. • Example form pg 17
- 21. WHAT ARE THE USES OF RADIOISOTOPES? http://youtu.be/4p79UjkEObI