1) Dr. Wright provides an overview of her line of research examining barriers to girls' sport participation in urban areas through qualitative methods. Her research includes focus groups with adolescent girls and interviews with recreational sport program directors.
2) Her studies have identified personal, social, and structural barriers reported by girls and directors, such as concerns about appearance and femininity ("girly girl"), lack of resources, and cultural views. Directors also discussed strategies for engaging more girls, like female coaches and accommodating multiple interests.
3) Dr. Wright's future research includes developing a quantitative instrument to assess psychosocial concerns influencing girls' sport involvement based on her qualitative findings. She aims to examine differences across race and school location and
1Running head MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE MEDIA INFLUEN.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE
MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE
8
Media's influence on body image
Janet Hernandez
Introduction
The media and body image advertisement are two close concepts specifically; the body image advertising displays affects our body image. Despite other elements like parenting, education, intimate relationship influencing body image, media has the greatest impact. According to Diedrichs, (2012) Americans spends 250billion hours watching TV annually. Also, advertising occupies 30 % of all television airtime. Normal child watches 20,000 televisions commercial annually. In the print media, some magazines are filled with ads. In addition, social media has the highest of users compared to any other media globally. Anything seen for many hours influence us. As a result, media and body images are closely interrelated due to the numerous image we see in the media.
Wykes, M., & Gunter, B. (2015). The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill. doi:10.4135/9781446215395
This article fits in the research topic because it covers the influence of advertisement in girls’ looks. It pinpoints that girls who like magazines, TVs are more likely to change and look like the persons in the magazines.
The article further discusses that the available applications have made it easy for persons to edit photos. This includes clearing blemishes, whitening of teeth, even to shaving off few pounds. For some users especially ladies, there is real problem in their body image. Additionally, this article postulates that notable percentage of people are changing their body images to match the ones in the media (Wykes & Gunter, 2015).
Levine, M. (2012). Media Influences on Female Body Image. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 540-546. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384925-0.00085-7
As the title alludes, the article perfectly fits in this topic. This is because it covers how the female body image has been significantly influenced by the media. Also, it addresses how the females’ models have altered their body image. It provides an example where normal American woman is 5feet and 4inches and 166 pounds .In disparity, most model women are 5 feet and 11 inches in the media. The major question is how this disparity emerges. According to an interview conducted the major factor that influences this changes is the social media. This different stature and size is seen in the social media (Levine, 2012) .
Tiggemann, M. (2014). The Status of Media Effects on Body Image Research: Commentary on Articles in the Themed Issue on Body Image and Media. Media Psychology, 17(2), 127-133. doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.891822
This article is relevant as it pinpoints the media effects on body image. Again, it covers the how media has influenced the persons in different ways. One of the most notable topic covered in the article is the how girls in Fiji are affected by media. One survey in Fiji has shown that one in every ten girls have reported to have ...
Essay On Social Issues | Social Issues Essay for Students and Children .... Essay On Social Issues for Students and Children | 500 Words Essay. Social Issue Essays - Saint Joseph High School. 015 Social Issues Essay Topics P1 ~ Thatsnotus. Essay about society problems. Outstanding Social Issues Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Examples of Social Issues for your Essays | Meaning, Pros and Cons .... Social problems essay | 1008CCJ - Understanding Social Problems .... 001 Social Issues Essay Topics ~ Thatsnotus. 388 Social Issues Topics: Ideas for a Research Paper & Essay + Writing .... Descriptive essay: Social issue essay example. Social Issues Essay Topics for Student 2021 See Latest Examples ....
Benefits of playing sports for girls are discussed supported by research findings. A few suggestions to parents, teachers, authorities are provided to encourage girls to participate in sports.
1Running head MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE MEDIA INFLUEN.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE
MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE
8
Media's influence on body image
Janet Hernandez
Introduction
The media and body image advertisement are two close concepts specifically; the body image advertising displays affects our body image. Despite other elements like parenting, education, intimate relationship influencing body image, media has the greatest impact. According to Diedrichs, (2012) Americans spends 250billion hours watching TV annually. Also, advertising occupies 30 % of all television airtime. Normal child watches 20,000 televisions commercial annually. In the print media, some magazines are filled with ads. In addition, social media has the highest of users compared to any other media globally. Anything seen for many hours influence us. As a result, media and body images are closely interrelated due to the numerous image we see in the media.
Wykes, M., & Gunter, B. (2015). The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill. doi:10.4135/9781446215395
This article fits in the research topic because it covers the influence of advertisement in girls’ looks. It pinpoints that girls who like magazines, TVs are more likely to change and look like the persons in the magazines.
The article further discusses that the available applications have made it easy for persons to edit photos. This includes clearing blemishes, whitening of teeth, even to shaving off few pounds. For some users especially ladies, there is real problem in their body image. Additionally, this article postulates that notable percentage of people are changing their body images to match the ones in the media (Wykes & Gunter, 2015).
Levine, M. (2012). Media Influences on Female Body Image. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 540-546. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384925-0.00085-7
As the title alludes, the article perfectly fits in this topic. This is because it covers how the female body image has been significantly influenced by the media. Also, it addresses how the females’ models have altered their body image. It provides an example where normal American woman is 5feet and 4inches and 166 pounds .In disparity, most model women are 5 feet and 11 inches in the media. The major question is how this disparity emerges. According to an interview conducted the major factor that influences this changes is the social media. This different stature and size is seen in the social media (Levine, 2012) .
Tiggemann, M. (2014). The Status of Media Effects on Body Image Research: Commentary on Articles in the Themed Issue on Body Image and Media. Media Psychology, 17(2), 127-133. doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.891822
This article is relevant as it pinpoints the media effects on body image. Again, it covers the how media has influenced the persons in different ways. One of the most notable topic covered in the article is the how girls in Fiji are affected by media. One survey in Fiji has shown that one in every ten girls have reported to have ...
Essay On Social Issues | Social Issues Essay for Students and Children .... Essay On Social Issues for Students and Children | 500 Words Essay. Social Issue Essays - Saint Joseph High School. 015 Social Issues Essay Topics P1 ~ Thatsnotus. Essay about society problems. Outstanding Social Issues Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Examples of Social Issues for your Essays | Meaning, Pros and Cons .... Social problems essay | 1008CCJ - Understanding Social Problems .... 001 Social Issues Essay Topics ~ Thatsnotus. 388 Social Issues Topics: Ideas for a Research Paper & Essay + Writing .... Descriptive essay: Social issue essay example. Social Issues Essay Topics for Student 2021 See Latest Examples ....
Benefits of playing sports for girls are discussed supported by research findings. A few suggestions to parents, teachers, authorities are provided to encourage girls to participate in sports.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. The Purpose
Drives the
Methods: A
Kinesiology
Researchers' Path
in Examining Girls'
Barriers with Sport
Participation in
Urban Areas
Dr. E. Missy Wright
Assistant
Professor, Kinesiology
2. Objectives for today…
1.
Provide overview of line of research
1.
2.
2.
Methodology
Results
7 Helpful tips for being a student
researcher
4. What do we know…
Benefits
of youth sport
Positive
youth development, increased
competence
Great
benefit in particular for girls in sport &
PA
Decreases
in substance abuse and chance of
pregnancy, better mental health (Staurowsky et al., 2009)
5. What do we know…
Large
gender gap in youth sport
participation
Boys 59% vs. Girls 41%
Boys 66% vs. Girls 34%
(NFHS, 2012)
(NCYS, 2008)
Girls
start later, dropout earlier, and
overall participate at lower rates than
boys (Sabo & Veliz, 2008; Vilhjalmsson & Kristjansdottir, 2003)
Girls of color and girls in low-income urban
areas lowest participators (Sabo & Veliz, 2008)
6. What do we know…
Numerous
PA-focused studies with girls
of color (Dwyer, 2006; Grieser et al., 2006; Kimm et al.,
2002; Motl et al., 2004; Taylor, W., et al., 1999)
Fewer
sport-focused
(Slater & Tiggemann, 2010;
Stewart & Taylor, 2000; Taylor, T. et al., 1999; Wilson Sporting Good
Co., 1988)
Rural
Many
US communities, Australia
youths’ PA is in the form of sport
(Weiss, 2008)
7. Line of Research
1.
2010 – Qualitative Examination of
Girls’ Sport Participation in an Urban
Environment
8. Line of Research
1.
2.
2010 – Qualitative Examination of
Girls’ Sport Participation in an Urban
Environment
2011 – Urban Recreational Sport
Program Directors’ Perceptions of
Girls’ Sport Participation
9. Why Qualitative?
Process
Research
How & Why vs. What/When/Where/Who
Knowledge of Experts
Exploratory Research
The key is to obtain “rich, thick narrative description”
10. Line of Research
1.
2.
3.
2010 – Qualitative Examination of
Girls’ Sport Participation in an Urban
Environment
2011 – Urban Recreational Sport
Program Directors’ Perception of
Girls’ Sport Participation
2013 – Gender Role Conflict and
Psychosocial Concerns across Race
and School Location as Influences on
Adolescent Girls’ Sport Participation
and Withdrawal
11. Purpose of Study #1
To
examine in-depth the participation
of adolescent girls in Detroit to gain a
better understanding of aspects
affecting their sport involvement
Area
1: Barriers and Benefits
Area 2: Social Support (role of coaches,
family, peers)
Area 3: Reasons Affecting Participation
15. 3 Groupings, 11 General Dimensions
1. Personal
Challenges
Physical
Health &
Safety (34)
Motivation Concerns
(10)
Aversion to Sport (20)
Image Concerns (14)
Cosmetic Concerns (25)
Physical Challenges
(16)
2. External Barriers
Lack
of Available
Resources (29)
Lack of Support (6)
Negative Role of Others
(20)
3. Other Demands
Time
Constraints (26)
Academic Issues (18)
16. 3 Groupings, 11 General Dimensions
1. Personal
Challenges
Physical
Health &
Safety (34)
Motivation Concerns
(10)
Aversion to Sport (20)
Image Concerns (14)
Cosmetic Concerns (25)
Physical Challenges
(16)
2. External Barriers
Lack
of Available
Resources (29)
Lack of Support (6)
Negative Role of Others
(20)
3. Other Demands
Time
Constraints (26)
Academic Issues (18)
17. Image/Cosmetic Concerns
a lot of them, they just like you say,
girly girl and don’t wanna, you know,
really participate. All they care about is
their hair or their nails, their makeup.
All that stuff.” (Older, Non-Participant, P1)
“Like they (girls) kinda feel that it’s
kinda boyish to even play a sport, even if
it’s like something, cheerleading.” (Older,
“But
Participant, P4)
18. Where To From Here…
Follow
up study
Triangulation
Gate
keepers
Psychosocial
“Girly
Girl”
concerns
19. Study #2 Sport Program Directors
in Urban Areas
1.
Examine their perceptions of
girls’ sport experiences and
barriers girls face
1.
2.
3.
Girly Girl
Barriers PD’s face getting girls
involved
Strategies PD’s use
20. Study #2 Sport Program Directors
in Urban Areas
1.
Examine their perceptions of
girls’ sport experiences and
barriers girls face
1.
2.
3.
Girly Girl
Barriers PD’s face getting girls
involved
Strategies PD’s use
21. Perceived Barriers to Participation
1.
Urban area barriers
3.
Cost
Safety
Transportation
Social barriers
2.
Programmatic/structu
ral barriers
Lack of female coaches
Lack of other participating
girls
4.
Cultural views
Role of others
Social pressures
Image concerns
Personal barriers
Intensity/demand of
sport
Health/safety/injury
issues
Nervous/not confident
22. Perceived Barriers to Participation
1.
Urban area barriers
3.
Cost
Safety
Transportation
Social barriers
2.
Programmatic/structu
ral barriers
Lack of female coaches
Lack of other participating
girls
4.
Cultural views
Role of others
Social pressures
Image concerns
Personal barriers
Intensity/demand of
sport
Health/safety/injury
issues
Nervous/not confident
23. Cultural Views
girls, you know I think maybe
cultural-wise they’re taught not to
participate in programs where they have
to be physical.” PD 1b (Male)
“Some
it’s culturally, stereotypically,
uh, you know, some of the girls don’t feel
comfortable or their parents, you know,
are traditional families; they don’t feel
that girls should be playing sports.” PD 4
“Whether
(Male)
24. Role of Others
opt not to come to practice if
they can hang out with their boyfriend.”
“They’ll
PD 1b (Female)
the time they’re 12 and 13
they might now have to take care of a
family of their own (emphasis) in a way
because mom and dad, they’re either not
around or they’re working three jobs and
so they don’t have time to do things
after school.” PD 7 (Female)
“By
25. Social Pressures
our community it’s not always cool
for a young lady to be playing sports.”
“In
PD 3 (Male)
to fit in. You know, there
aren’t a lot of girls that do play, so
wanting to hang out, just be more
socially active, I think kinda keeps
them away from committing to a
sport team.” PD 2 (Male)
“Trying
26. Image Concerns
if I just got my hair done no I’m
not going in there to play in the gym.”
“So
PD 13 (Female)
I going to be teased about
sweating? And not only teased but I
think just the mind set; I don’t want
to play softball because it’s dirty.” PD 12
“Am
(Male)
27. Thoughts on Girly Girl Mentality
you encountered Girly Girl
mind frame in your program”
“Have
Yes = 9
No, but…
No = 1
“Any
=5
differences across race/ethnicity”
Mixed
findings
28. 1. Impact of Society
biggest thing is like…like it’s one of things that
we, we have the least control over…like I could
eventually raise a whole lot of money and then I
could take that money and I could start spending it
on girls’ programming, but, you know that money I
can’t buy the social stigma away. You know once the
money’s gone, the stigma will always be there you
know?” PD 10 (Female)
“The
29. 2. Impact of Media
stuff that happens in the media. You know
you don’t typically see um a strong female
figure in the media whenever there’s some sort
of advertisement. You know usually it’s a pretty
girl who’s using their sexuality to get
something.” PD 5 (Male)
“It’s
30. 3. Lesbian stereotype
that was her main thing. “I’m not playing
basketball. I’m not trying to get stereotyped.” So
she looks at basketball as that…” PD 9 (Female)
“So
31. 1. Girls navigate both girly girl and
athletic roles
this fine line they walk between wanting to
feel like they’re pretty and people seeing them
that way and being an athlete.” PD 6 (Female)
“It’s
32. 2. PD’s accommodate blend of sport and
girly girl
don’t have to be two different people, you
can simply be you wherever you’re at. You know
and if you want to wear makeup when you play,
then wear makeup when you play, like there’s no
rule that says you can’t.” PD 6 (Female)
“You
33. Putting it together…
Many
similar barriers
With
PA studies
E.g. safety, cost, self-consciousness with
boys (Dwyer et al., 2006; Leslie et al., 1999)
Between Girls and PD’s
E.g. safety concerns, sport intensity, role
of others (Leaper & Brown, 2008; Taylor, T. et al., 1999)
Programmatic
Girls-only programming, female coaches
& Taylor, 2000)
(Stewart
34. Girly
Girl - “Balancing act”
(Adams et al., 2006; Krane et
al., 2004)
Seems
critical that PD’s support this
Differences
Hair,
across race
sweating, “beauty cost” (Boyington et al., 2008;
Dwyer et al., 1999; Taylor, W. et al., 1999)
Not
“cool” or feminine, fear of muscles,
butch sports (Slater & Tiggemann, 2010; Taylor, T., et al., 1999)
37. Construction
of Girls’ Psychosocial
Concerns with Sport (PSC) instrument
for use in dissertation
Differences on PSC across race and
school type
If
their scores predict their current
sport involvement
40. Helpful tips with being a
student researcher
1. Take advantage of available resources
Ask questions
Get involved
41. Helpful tips with being a
student researcher
2. Find what you're interested in
Won’t feel like “work”
* Consider influence of your biases and
knowledge
42. Helpful tips with being a
student researcher
3. Get involved with a research group!
43. Benefits of a research group
Do
more with more
Collaborate on projects
Accountability!
Timelines and goals
Valuable
feedback
Various backgrounds/knowledge of
literature
Objective viewpoints
44. Helpful tips with being a
student researcher
4. Keep a research “notebook”
Helps keep track of research ideas
45. Helpful tips with being a
student researcher
5. Develop a method for recording/using
the literature
46. Helpful tips with being a
student researcher
6. Attend conferences and be an active
attendee
Take notes
Make connections
47. Helpful tips with being a
student researcher
7. Understand becoming a good
researcher is a process
Put yourself “out there”
Attain feedback
Always look to improve