1) Traditionally, sports have been viewed as a hyper-masculine environment that reinforces traditional gender roles and heterosexuality. However, lesbian and gay athletes now participate openly in sports.
2) Lesbian athletes generally face more acceptance than gay athletes due to cultural perceptions of masculinity. However, both groups face stigma, discrimination, and lack role models in professional sports.
3) Psychological interventions for lesbian and gay athletes include addressing prejudice, promoting community, assisting with identity development, and empowering athletes to challenge heteronormative culture. Consideration of cultural identities is also important.
Cultivating Black Male Success: Turning the Plight of Perpetual Possibility i...Marques Dexter
Presentation at the 2018 UGA Global Conference on Sport for Social Change
The media has become a primary source for Black males to locate sources of self-representation outside their familial networks. Entertainers, collegiate, and professional athletes often become their role models. As a myriad of research informs, a result has been the misfortune of young Black males continuously becoming socialized to value athletics over academic endeavors (Beamon & Bell, 2006; Benson, 2000; Bimper & Harrison, 2011; Edwards, 2000; Fuller, Harrison, & Bukstein, 2016). With numerous problematic symbols of Black success, coupled with false narratives of deficiency, our young Black kings are at risk of embarking upon a destructive route to (assumed) prosperity and (perceived) upward mobility. Ultimately, they may fall victim to what I characterize as the plight of perpetual possibility. Utilizing previous research and personal experience this presentation seeks to unpack elements of the plight, concluding with recommendations for those who have a vested interest in Black male success to cultivate a more holistic scholar-athlete identity.
Black Males in the Media: Last Chance U and the Plight of Perpetual PossibilityMarques Dexter
M. Dexter's presentation at the 2017 North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS) Conference:
Black males in media discourse are considered deviant, unintelligent, who seek fame and material possession, and who come from low socioeconomic backgrounds. The media discourse instills negative and ambiguous self-representations of Black males' masculinity. The salient images of the black heterosexual body as seen in rappers, athletes, entertainment and film stars disseminates adverse depictions of black masculinity as incapable, hostile and oversexed. Such media representations coax black families to steer their adolescents away from diverse educational opportunities that would permit socioeconomic advancement in society, with the place of choice being athletics. The source of data for this study are derived from the Netflix docuseries 'Last Chance U.' Utilizing Dr. Harry Edwards' notion of the triple tragedy, this presentation seeks to critique ways in which the media and sport institutions both propagate and institutionalize heteronormative ideologies of Black male athletes. The authors intend to stimulate conversations on how the media replicates injurious tropes of perseverance in athletics, hindering young Blacks' from actualizing their future outside of athletics, and validate fragile conceptions of Black masculinity. Furthermore, this session also seeks to illuminate opportunities for both the media and sport institutions to provide constructive narratives of Black athletic success, ultimately steering young Blacks from the plight of perpetual possibility.
Cultivating Black Male Success: Turning the Plight of Perpetual Possibility i...Marques Dexter
Presentation at the 2018 UGA Global Conference on Sport for Social Change
The media has become a primary source for Black males to locate sources of self-representation outside their familial networks. Entertainers, collegiate, and professional athletes often become their role models. As a myriad of research informs, a result has been the misfortune of young Black males continuously becoming socialized to value athletics over academic endeavors (Beamon & Bell, 2006; Benson, 2000; Bimper & Harrison, 2011; Edwards, 2000; Fuller, Harrison, & Bukstein, 2016). With numerous problematic symbols of Black success, coupled with false narratives of deficiency, our young Black kings are at risk of embarking upon a destructive route to (assumed) prosperity and (perceived) upward mobility. Ultimately, they may fall victim to what I characterize as the plight of perpetual possibility. Utilizing previous research and personal experience this presentation seeks to unpack elements of the plight, concluding with recommendations for those who have a vested interest in Black male success to cultivate a more holistic scholar-athlete identity.
Black Males in the Media: Last Chance U and the Plight of Perpetual PossibilityMarques Dexter
M. Dexter's presentation at the 2017 North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS) Conference:
Black males in media discourse are considered deviant, unintelligent, who seek fame and material possession, and who come from low socioeconomic backgrounds. The media discourse instills negative and ambiguous self-representations of Black males' masculinity. The salient images of the black heterosexual body as seen in rappers, athletes, entertainment and film stars disseminates adverse depictions of black masculinity as incapable, hostile and oversexed. Such media representations coax black families to steer their adolescents away from diverse educational opportunities that would permit socioeconomic advancement in society, with the place of choice being athletics. The source of data for this study are derived from the Netflix docuseries 'Last Chance U.' Utilizing Dr. Harry Edwards' notion of the triple tragedy, this presentation seeks to critique ways in which the media and sport institutions both propagate and institutionalize heteronormative ideologies of Black male athletes. The authors intend to stimulate conversations on how the media replicates injurious tropes of perseverance in athletics, hindering young Blacks' from actualizing their future outside of athletics, and validate fragile conceptions of Black masculinity. Furthermore, this session also seeks to illuminate opportunities for both the media and sport institutions to provide constructive narratives of Black athletic success, ultimately steering young Blacks from the plight of perpetual possibility.
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Today, you all will be participating in a virtual training regarding Transgender Inclusion in Sports.
This training focuses on understanding the importance of inclusivity in sports, the misconceptions and perceptions of Transgender athletes, and human relations with Transgender athletes.
At the end of this training, you will learn what inclusivity is, how to enhance human relations with Transgender athletes, and what are the next steps in supporting Transgender athletes.
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a persons phys.docxadampcarr67227
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a person's physical appearance, such as skin color, eye color or even hair color. Ethnicity, on the other hand, relates to cultural factors such as nationality, culture, ancestry, language and beliefs.
How sport is both a positive and negative force for promoting racial and ethnic equality in society.Sports can help promote ethnic and racial equality in the society. This is because during these activities, people from different ethnic groups and races get to participate. In doing so, people get to see that they have the same potentials despite their differences. However, sports can also be negative forces for promotion of ethnic and racial equality. Emotions clearly run high in fast-paced competitive sport, such as football, but there needs to be an acknowledgement that using a person’s race, ethnicity or culture as a form of abuse is wrong. Racist behavior does not happen in isolation; it is a result of prejudices and/or lack of awareness
.Discuss the history of women's participation in sport before the 1850's. What were the barriers?In the 1800’s, participation of women in sports was discouraged or banned. In the cities, their passive involvement was always encouraged through attendance at horse races, regattas, cricket matches and other spectator sports. Women back then were seen as an inferior group. Sexism back then took control of all activities and this was all about the unfair treatment of women.
How Title IX affected women's sport participation. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, requires equal access for women in all facets of education, most notably athletics. It prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally-funded education.
How increased sport participation by females has affected contemporary society.Participation of women in sports has brought about issues like gender equality. Whatever facilities women get should be as good as those men are using. This is unlike the past society where there was no such thing as equality, women were the minority group while men the dominant one. How does social class affect access or present barriers to participation in sport? Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based on similar social factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. Social class plays a vital role in sports. It dictates who can participate in what sports and to what level of participation. The limiting factor associated with social class is money. Money is the means which to obtain the equipment and facilities necessary to partake in the sport, without money, one cannot perform organized sports.
Identify the different social classes in the U.S. and typical characteristics of each class. Discuss the opportunities for social mobility through sport.
In the United States, there are three main levels of classes that include the upper class, middle class and lower class. The upper-upper class includes those aristocratic and “.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
Today, you all will be participating in a virtual training regarding Transgender Inclusion in Sports.
This training focuses on understanding the importance of inclusivity in sports, the misconceptions and perceptions of Transgender athletes, and human relations with Transgender athletes.
At the end of this training, you will learn what inclusivity is, how to enhance human relations with Transgender athletes, and what are the next steps in supporting Transgender athletes.
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a persons phys.docxadampcarr67227
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a person's physical appearance, such as skin color, eye color or even hair color. Ethnicity, on the other hand, relates to cultural factors such as nationality, culture, ancestry, language and beliefs.
How sport is both a positive and negative force for promoting racial and ethnic equality in society.Sports can help promote ethnic and racial equality in the society. This is because during these activities, people from different ethnic groups and races get to participate. In doing so, people get to see that they have the same potentials despite their differences. However, sports can also be negative forces for promotion of ethnic and racial equality. Emotions clearly run high in fast-paced competitive sport, such as football, but there needs to be an acknowledgement that using a person’s race, ethnicity or culture as a form of abuse is wrong. Racist behavior does not happen in isolation; it is a result of prejudices and/or lack of awareness
.Discuss the history of women's participation in sport before the 1850's. What were the barriers?In the 1800’s, participation of women in sports was discouraged or banned. In the cities, their passive involvement was always encouraged through attendance at horse races, regattas, cricket matches and other spectator sports. Women back then were seen as an inferior group. Sexism back then took control of all activities and this was all about the unfair treatment of women.
How Title IX affected women's sport participation. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, requires equal access for women in all facets of education, most notably athletics. It prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally-funded education.
How increased sport participation by females has affected contemporary society.Participation of women in sports has brought about issues like gender equality. Whatever facilities women get should be as good as those men are using. This is unlike the past society where there was no such thing as equality, women were the minority group while men the dominant one. How does social class affect access or present barriers to participation in sport? Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based on similar social factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. Social class plays a vital role in sports. It dictates who can participate in what sports and to what level of participation. The limiting factor associated with social class is money. Money is the means which to obtain the equipment and facilities necessary to partake in the sport, without money, one cannot perform organized sports.
Identify the different social classes in the U.S. and typical characteristics of each class. Discuss the opportunities for social mobility through sport.
In the United States, there are three main levels of classes that include the upper class, middle class and lower class. The upper-upper class includes those aristocratic and “.
ReviewUnderstanding the under-representation of African Am.docxmalbert5
Review
Understanding the under-representation of African American coaches:
A multilevel perspective
George B. Cunningham *
Laboratory for Diversity in Sport, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, 4243 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
By most accounts, diversity represents one of the most important issues for managers of organizations for sport and
physical activity today (Cunningham & Fink, 2006; Taylor, Doherty, & McGraw, 2008; Thomas & Dyall, 1999). Within the US,
changing demographic trends, federal and local equal opportunity laws, and societal pressures have positively influenced
the demographic and deep-level diversity in the workplace. With the increased diversity also comes the hope and promise of
improved organizational processes and outcomes. Researchers have shown that, relative to their homogeneous
counterparts, diverse groups and organizations convey a greater sense of inclusivity (Doherty & Chelladurai, 1999),
experience decreased employment legislation (Robinson & Dechant, 1997), greater creativity (McLeod, Lobel, & Cox, 1996),
better decision making (Cunningham, 2008; Phillips, Mannix, Neale, & Gruenfeld, 2004), and performance gains
(Cunningham, 2009; Cunningham & Sagas, 2004a). Given these many benefits, it is hardly surprising to learn that sports
leagues around the world are engaging in various diversity initiatives aimed at increasing the diversity of their personnel,
players, and consumers (for overviews, see Cunningham, 2007; Taylor et al., 2008).
This increased attention, both among scholars and sport managers, to diversity might lead one to believe that sport is a
place where diversity and inclusion are the norm. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Rather, people who differ from the
typical majority – that is, people who are not White, able-bodied, heterosexual, Protestant males – are likely to face prejudice
and discrimination based on their personal demographic characteristics (Fink, Pastore, & Riemer, 2001), and this is certainly
the case for African American coaches of university athletic teams. Consider the case of National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA) football teams.1 Though African Americans represent the plurality of the players on these teams (DeHass,
Sport Management Review 13 (2010) 395–406
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 11 June 2009
Accepted 15 July 2009
Keywords:
Race
Coaching
Diversity
Racism
Prejudice
Discrimination
A B S T R A C T
The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive, multilevel framework for
understanding the under-representation of African Americans as head coaches of
university athletic teams. I argue that factors at the macro-level (i.e., institutionalized
practices, political climate, stakeholder expectations), meso-level (i.e., prejudice on the
part of decision makers, discrimination, leadership prototypes, organizational culture of
diversity), and micro-level (i.e., head coaching expectations an.
Is It Because I’m Black Microaggressive Experiences Against B.docxchristiandean12115
Is It Because I’m Black? Microaggressive Experiences Against Black
Professionals in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Leeja Carter and Carlos Davila
Long Island University–Brooklyn
Black sport and exercise psychology (SEP) practitioners represent a small but growing percentage of SEP
professionals. To date there has been no study that directly asks Black sport and exercise psychology
professionals about their professional experiences. To fill this gap in the literature, the researchers
explored Black SEP professionals’ racial microaggressive experiences: common and often unintentional
racial slights toward people of color (Sue et al., 2007). Using an online survey, 5 participants above the
age of 18 with a current professional membership in the Association for Applied Sport Psychology and/or
the American Psychological Association’s Division 47 (Society for Sport, Exercise, and Performance
Psychology) were surveyed regarding their microaggressive experiences. Findings provide a view of
Black professionals’ experiences and the context in which they were aggressed. Recommendations for
future research and support of Black professionals are provided.
Public Significance Statement
Findings highlight that the sport and exercise psychology (SEP) field is not immune to colorblind
ideology, racism, or discriminatory practices. Findings address the underlying themes of race and
racism that permeate various interactions for Black professionals in SEP, creating a necessary,
critical, and difficult dialogue about Black professionals’ (specifically) and professionals of color’s
(broadly) experiences in sport and SEP.
Keywords: race, racism, microaggression, sport psychology
Professional Black sport and exercise psychology (SEP) practi-
tioners represent a small portion of the SEP field, although the
percentage has increased. Most Black SEP professionals work as
university faculty within kinesiology or physical education pro-
grams, in independent practice, or for collegiate and professional
teams as sport psychology consultants or team psychologists.
Although growing in number and employment, statistically
Black people are still underrepresented in positions most closely
related to SEP, with only 6% of full-time hires at postsecondary
degree– granting institutions being Black (U.S. Department of
Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2015), 5.3%
within the psychology workforce (American Psychological Asso-
ciation, 2015), and no data available specifically for SEP profes-
sionals. The lack of research and dialogue around Black profes-
sionals’ experiences further marginalizes Black people in SEP,
with this study being the first to report on the racial experiences of
Black SEP professionals. For the remainder of this article, the term
Black is used to describe individuals of African descent born in the
United States as well as those whose country of origin is outside
the United States (Rastogi, Johnson, Hoeffel, & Drewery, 2011).
Colorblind .
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Boletin de la I Copa Panamericana de Voleibol Femenino U17 Guatemala 2024Judith Chuquipul
holaesungusto.- Boletín final de la I Copa Panamericana de Voleibol Femenino U17 - Ciudad de Guatemala 2024 que se realizó del 27 de mayo al 01 de julio, en el Domo Polideportivo Zona 13.
Fuente: norceca.net
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Narrated Business Proposal for the Philadelphia Eaglescamrynascott12
Slide 1:
Welcome, and thank you for joining me today. We will explore a strategic proposal to enhance parking and traffic management at Lincoln Financial Field, aiming to improve the overall fan experience and operational efficiency. This comprehensive plan addresses existing challenges and leverages innovative solutions to create a smoother and more enjoyable experience for our fans.
Slide 2:
Picture this: It’s a crisp fall afternoon, driving towards Lincoln Financial Field. The atmosphere is electric—tailgaters grilling, fans in Eagles jerseys creating a sea of green and white. The air buzzes with camaraderie and anticipation. You park, join the throng, and make your way to your seat. The stadium roars as the Eagles take the field, sending chills down your spine. Each play is a thrilling dance of strategy and skill. This is what being an Eagles fan is all about—the joy, the pride, and the shared experience.
Slide 3:
But now, the day is marred by frustration. The excitement wanes as you struggle to find a parking spot. The congestion is overwhelming, and tempers flare. The delays mean you miss the pre-game excitement, the tailgate camaraderie, and even the opening kick-off. After the game, the joy of victory or the shared solace of defeat is overshadowed by the stress of navigating out of the parking lot. The gridlock, honking horns, and endless waiting drain the energy and joy from what should have been an unforgettable experience.
Our proposal aims to eliminate these frustrations, ensuring that from arrival to departure, your experience is extraordinary. Efficient parking and smooth traffic flow are key to maintaining the high spirits and excitement that make game days special.
Slide 4:
The Philadelphia Eagles are not just a premier NFL team; they are an integral part of the community, hosting games, concerts, and various events at Lincoln Financial Field. Our state-of-the-art stadium is designed to provide a world-class experience for every attendee. Whether it's the thrill of game day, the excitement of a live concert, or the camaraderie of community events, we pride ourselves on delivering a fan-first experience and maintaining operational excellence across all our activities. Our commitment to our fans and community is unwavering, and we continuously strive to enhance every aspect of their experience, ensuring they leave with unforgettable memories.
Slide 5:
Recent trends show an increasing demand for efficient event logistics. Our customer feedback has consistently highlighted frustrations with parking and traffic. Surveys indicate that a significant number of fans are dissatisfied with the current parking situation. Comparisons with other venues like Citizens Bank Park and Wells Fargo Center reveal that we lag in terms of parking efficiency and convenience. These insights underscore the urgent need for innovation to meet and exceed fan expectations.
Slide 6:
As we delve into the intricacies of our operations, one glaring issue emer
2. Athletic Environment
Traditionally, the athletic environment is thought of as a male dominated heterosexual
arena where men could showcase their masculinity. In other words a place where “men”
could be “men.”
The sports community has expectations of traditional gender roles and expression of
athletes (Sartore & Cunningham, 2008).
The athletic world/environment is an “arena” for acting out sexuality (Eng, 2008).
Women who participate in sports are commonly referred to as “mannish” or “masculine.”
Women who play sports are a direct challenge to what it means to be “feminine” (Roper &
Halloran, 2007)
Participation in athletics is commonly perceived to validate a man as heterosexual (Roper
& Halloran, 2007).
Sport has long been identified as a phenomenon organized by heterosexuality and
hegemonic masculinity, with ideas of the typical masculine athletes as being
powerful, strong, and assumed heterosexual (Sartore & Cunnignham, 2008).
3. LG’s in the Athletic Environment
There are currently no “out” professional
athletes, however there are more “out” collegiate and
high school athletes.
Roper & Halloran (2007) stated that lesbians have
received more acceptance as sexual minority athletes
than gay athletes.
Difference’s between gay and lesbian athletes and the
athletic environment…
Some research has stated that sport has influenced the formation of
lesbian identity. For example, sport “attracts” lesbians, thus sports
would offer lesbians social support, acceptance, and s sense of
community (Ravel & Rail, 2008).
Gay athletes have been more discriminated against and stigmatized
in the sports community, due the culture being hyper-masculine.
4. LG’s in the Athletic Environment
The “Gay Games” has served as a new framework for
LGBT athletes to compete in sport similar to the
“Olympics.”
5. Specific Issues Gay/Lesbian Athletes Face
Lesbian and gay athletes face stigma, stereotypes, and
discrimination in the athletic community. It has been
salient through the following: (a) verbal discrimination
(b) social isolation (c) homophobic harassment (d)
discrimination in team selection, and (e) negative media
attention/portrayals (Roper & Halloran, 2007).
The aforementioned issue that lesbian and gay athletes
face have many detrimental consequences.
There have been documented hate crimes / suicides
regarding lesbian and gay athletes.
Justin Fashinu – English soccer player who committed suicide.
Locker room culture
Extremely anxiety provoking for many lesbian and gay athletes.
6. Attitudes
In the general population:
Men more than women typically tend to hold more negative attitudes
towards LGBT individuals (Hinrichs & Rosenberg, 2002;
Herek, 1988).
Catholics and individuals with no religious affiliation tend to have
more positive views towards LGB’s than there counterparts (Willis &
Crawford, 2000).
Individuals with higher education levels tend to have more favorable
attitudes towards sexual minority people than individuals who have
less education (Ensign et al. 2011).
Research also highlights that people who tend to have more contact
with LGBT individuals tend to have more favorable views than
people who have little or no contact (Ensign et al. 2011; Hinrichs &
Rosenberg, 2002; Herek, 2002).
7. Attitudes Cont.
In the sports community: (Little research on attitudes towards LGBT athletes)
Study 1:
Ensign et al. examined 964 athletic trainers (AT’s) in the NCAA and
their attitudes towards LGB student athletes.
Results:
Positive or somewhat positive attitudes were held by 86.4% of AT’s in
this study.
Men still tended to hold less favorable views than their female
counterparts.
Catholics and non religious affiliated AT’s held more favorable results
towards LGB student athletes than did Protestant and Mormon AT’s.
AT’s who had more contact with sexual minorities had more positive
attitudes towards LGB student athletes than trainers that reported
having little or no contact with sexual minorities (Ensign et al. 2011).
8. Attitudes Cont.
Study 2: Campbell et al. (2011) Sports Fans’ Impressions of Gay Male Athletes
This study examined female (n = 167) and male (n = 109) college students
attitudes/impressions towards gay athletes.
Study background/design: Researchers used a 2(orientation) x 2(distracting
athlete) factorial design.
Orientation = Gay or Heterosexual
Distracting Athlete = Yes or No
Results:
Females held more favorable impressions/attitudes than males towards
gay athletes.
Males did not show a significant difference between how they rated the
heterosexual and gay athlete or whether the athlete was distracting or not.
What does this mean? It means that the men in this study were unaffected
by sexual orientation of the athlete or whether the athlete was distracting
or not.
This may show that the sports community or the way lesbian/gay athletes
are being viewed in society is slowly changing…
9. Politics
NCAA Constitution 2.6 (the Principle of
Nondiscrimination) founded in 1993.
Amended in 2000 to include reference to sexual
orientation.
The “bylaw states that the Association shall promote an atmosphere
of respect for and sensitivity to the dignity of every person and shall
refrain from discriminating in its activities, including on the basis of
age, color, disability, sex, national origin, race, religion, creed or
sexual orientation (National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2009).”
The NCAA also became an endorsing organization of “It
Takes a Team! Education Campaign.”
This outreach campaign is aimed at eliminating homophobia as a
barrier to males/females in sport, so that the sports community can
be made/considered safe and open to all (Griffin et al, 2002)
10. Politics Cont.
Title IX (for schools and colleges that receive federal financial
assistance)
“Title IX of the Education Amendment Acts of 1972 prohibits discrimination based on sex in
education programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance, this includes
athletic programs. Although Title IX does not prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual
orientation, sexual harassment directed at an LGBT student is prohibited by Title IX if it is
sufficiently severe and pervasive that it results in denial or limitation of the victims ability to
participate in or benefit from the program. Title IX also prohibits gender-based
harassment, including harassment on the basis of a students failure to conform to
stereotyped notions of masculinity and femininity (Griffin, Perrotti, Priest, & Muska, 2002).
Example: This would include such things as discrimination against a female wrestler
because she is perceived to be too masculine or discrimination of a male figure skater
because he is perceived to be too feminine.
Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
“All athletes and staff have a federal constitutional right to equal protection
under the law. This means that schools have a duty to protect
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) athletes and staff from
harassment/discrimination on an equal basis with all other athletes and staff
(Griffin, Perrotti, Priest, & Muska, 2002).”
11. Professional Athletes
Currently there are no professional athletes “out” in America only “out” retired athletes.
Professional Athletes can have many positive and negative effects on LG athletes and youth, as well as
heterosexual athletes and youth.
Unfortunately, anti-gay slurs by professional athletes and coaches have been ever so prevalent…
Kobe Bryant (Basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers). Incident happen April, 2011 during a game in front of
thousands of fans. Kobe Bryant called the referee a F***** F***ot (Medina, 2011).
Joakim Noah (Basketball player for the Chicago Bulls). This anti-gay slur occurred May 2011 where Mr. Noah called
a bantering fan a F***ing F***ot after being call for his second foul by the referee ("Another professional athlete,"
2011).
De’sean Jackson (Football player for the Philadelphia Eagles). Mr. Jackson was on a radio show and received a call
from a fan who decided to insult him, Mr. Jackson responded by calling him a gay a** F***ot (Mandell, 2011). This
event occurred July, 2011.
Tim Hardaway (Former basketball player for the Miami Heat). Mr. Hardaway blatantly said “ I hate gay people, so I
let it be known. "I don't like gay people and I don't like to be around gay people. I am homophobic. I don't like it. It
shouldn't be in the world or in the United States.” Additionally he said And second of all, if he was on my team, I
would, you know, really distance myself from him because, uh, I don't think that's right. And you know I don't think
he should be in the locker room while we're in the locker room. I wouldn't even be a part of that("Retired nba star,"
2007)." This event happened in 2007.
Roger McDowell (Coach of the Atlanta Braves Baseball team). Mr. McDowell asked a group of male fans, "Are you a
homo couple or a threesome?" and "Are you three giving it to each other in the a**.” Mr. McDowell also supposedly
used the bat he was carrying to simulate gay sex. A father with children present confronted Mr. McDowell from the
stands about his behavior, he responded by saying: "Kids don't [blanking] belong at the baseball park" ... and then
approached him with a baseball bat, saying, "How much are your teeth worth (Brown, 2011)?” This event happened
April, 2011.
12. Professional Athletes Cont.
It is well known that athletes have been role models for
children and especially youth athletes.
This is why it is so unfortunate that there are no current out
athletes. However, some retired professional and collegiate
athletes have been activist for LGBT athletes and youth.
Ex. Martina Navratilova, Austin Hendrix, & Hudson Taylor
It is crucial for LGBT pro athletes to come out and be the
catalyst for change in the athletic world and serve as role
models for youth LGBT athletes. This will also be the first
major step in combating the heterosexist and homophobic
athletic community.
13. Activism in the Sports World
Project Fearless / Fearless campus Tour
Fearlesscampustour.com
“It Takes A Team!”
“It Gets Better”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzxYUbMTkn4 (1:07)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce-PB9mWEYQ (1:14)
The “Gay Games”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3JHARCnUOA (Intro to 2010 Gay
Games 2:06)
Gay and Lesbian Athletics Foundation (GLAF)
Glaf.org
Pat Griffin Blog (Pat Griffin is a pioneer in the realm of LGBT athletes)
ittakesateam.blogspot.com
14. Project Fearless / Fearless Campus Tour
Jeff Shang: Project Fearless:
Creator of Project Fearless Displays pictures of “out”
and the Fearless Campus high school and college
Tour. athletes.
Photographer for Project Is an activist project
Fearless aimed at showcasing the
LGBT Activist adverse effects of
Former Athlete
homophobia in sports.
Harvard Graduate Fearless Campus Tour:
Displays Jeff Shang’s
photographs at different
university and college
campuses to heighten
awareness.
16. Psychological Interventions
Dealing with the prejudice and stigma in the athletic community:
As clinicians: We can explore with our clients the sometimes superficial
acceptance and discrimination towards Lesbian and gay athletes in the sports
community and help our clients acknowledge this phenomenon and possibly
reject it, by engaging in dialogues with peers who engage in such behaviors
(Gough, 2007).
Isolation in the sports community:
As clinicians: Give resources to our clients to seek dedicated support groups and
websites for lesbian and gay athletes. This would help foster self-esteem and a
sense of belonging. It may also be beneficial for our clients to get in to contact (if
applicable) with other lesbian/gay athletes in the community to help our clients
become more aware of heterosexism and homophobia, as well as a possible
prompt for our client to have a collective and a possible means to create a
political campaign (Gough, 2007).
17. Psychological Interventions
Coming out to the team:
Coming out to the team may create intense feelings of anxiety and fear for lesbian and gay athletes.
As clinicians: We can assist our clients by giving them psychoeducation surrounding the coming
out process as it relates to the team/sports environment.
It has been recognized in the literature that even though coming out to the team may initially create
intense feelings of fear and anxiety, in many cases once the individual comes out he/she reports that it
was a positive/liberating experience (Gough, 2007; Ravel & Rail, 2008 ).
Identity:
It is important to be cognizant that our clients may dealing with identity issues; not just in the
sports community, but possibly the familial and social communities simultaneously.
As clinicians: We need to take an affirmative stance when working with these clients and offer
deconstructive readings of sport and sexuality. Additionally, we can help our clients shift away
from the homophobic lens and dichotomous conceptualization of sexuality, and attempt to
highlight how positive embraces of identity and saliency not only empower but compel social
transformation (King, 2009).
Using Queer Theory :
As clinicians we can use the core tenets of queer theory to help our clients deconstruct and
challenge the heteronormative ideals and a way to combat homophobia and heterosexism in the
sports community (Eng, 2008).
18. Other Considerations for Psychological Interventions
Clinicians also need to be aware of our clients cultural, racial, and ethnic
backgrounds. It is important not to dismiss double or even triple minorities. For
example, when working with lesbian and gay athletes who come from another
minority group (e.g. African American, Hispanic, and women) it is crucial for
therapists to be cognizant that their client may be in the process of forming multiple
identities (Ritter & Turndrup, 2002).
Resolving Cultural Conflict:
As clinicians: Identify where our clients are within the framework of
cultural conflict (Ritter & Turndrup, 2002)…tailor the stages so it
applies to lesbian and gay athletes.
Stage 1: Denial of Conflicts
Stage 2: Bisexual vs Gay or Lesbian
Stage 3: Conflicts in Allegiances
Stage 4: Establishing Priorities in Allegiances
Stage 5: Integrating the Various Communities
***For further detail on the stages of cultural conflict see Ritter & Turndrup pages 197-198***
19. Additional Resources for Therapists’
Books
Strong Women, Deep Closets (Pat Griffin)
In the Game: Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity (Eric Anderson)
Sport, Sexualities and Queer Theory
+ many more books available
Websites
Pat Griffin’s blog
ittakesateam.blogspot.com
Hudson Taylors
athleteally.com
Itgetsbetter.org
Changing the Game: The Glsen Sports Project
Sports.glsen.org
Foundations
Gay & Lesbian Athletics Foundation (GLAF)
The Gene & John Athletic Fund of Stonewall
21. Questions for the Class..?
What research is needed to further asses the current situation
as it relates to LG athletes?
What can we as mental health practitioners do to help
eliminate the taboo of being labeled LG, which causes many
athletes to remain closeted?
With the hostile athletic community in mind and since
“coming out” to the team is extremely anxiety provoking, how
can gay and lesbian athletes begin to think about “coming
out?” What and how would you as a clinician go about
working with this client?
What are some of your reactions to the video clips?
22. References:
Another professional athlete hurls anti-gay slur. (2011, May 23). Retrieved from
http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/another-professional-athlete-hurls-anti-gay-slur1
Brown, D. (2011, April 27). Braves coach mcdowell apologizes after threat, gay slur accusation. Retrieved from
http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/blog/big_league_stew/post/Braves-coach-McDowell-apologizes-after-
threat-g?urn=mlb-wp4652
Campbell, J., Cothren, D., Rogers, R., Kistler, L., Osowski, A., Greenauer, N., & End, C. (2011). Sport fans'
impressions of gay male athletes.Journal of Homosexuality, 58(5), 597-607.
Eng, H. (2008). Doing sexuality in sport. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(1-2), 103-123. doi:
10.1080/00918360801951996
Ensign, K. A., Yiamouyiannis, A., White, K. M., & Ridpath, D. (2011). Athletic trainers' attitudes toward
lesbian, gay, and bisexual national collegiate athletic association student-athletes. Journal of Athletic
Training, 46(1), 69-75.
Gough, B. (2007). Coming out in the heterosexist world of sports: a qualitative analysis of web postings by gay
athletes. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 11(1-2), 153-174. doi: 10.1300/j236v11n01_11
23. References Cont.
Herek, G.M. (1988). Heterosexuals’ attitudes towards lesbian and gay men: correlates and gender differences.
Journal of Sex Research, 25(4), 451-477.
Herek, G.M. (2002) Heterosexuals’ attitudes towards bisexual men and women in the United States. Journal of
Sex Research 39(4), 264-274.
Hinrichs, D. W., & Rosenberg, P. J. (2002). Attitudes towards gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons among
heterosexual liberal arts college students . Journal of Homosexuality, 43(1), 61-84.
King, S. (2009). Virtually normal: mark bingham, the war on terror, and the sexual politics of sport. Journal of
Sport & Social Issues, 33(1), 5-24. doi: 10.1177/0193723508328631
Mandell, N. (2011, July 08). Desean jackson makes gay slur during radio show appearance: report. New York
Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/desean-jackson-gay-slur-
radio-show-appearance-report-article-1.158079
Medina, M. (2011, April 14). Kobe bryant's anti-gay slur is indefensible; afterward is a nonapology, then
reconciliation. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
http://lakersblog.latimes.com/lakersblog/2011/04/kobe-bryants-anti-gay-slur-is-indefensible-and-he-
handles-the-aftermath-with-mixed-results.html?cid=6a00d8341c506253ef014e87cbe576970d
24. References Cont.
Ravel, B., & Rail, G. (2008). From straight to gaie? quebec sportswomen's discursive constructions of sexuality
and destabilization of the linear coming out process. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 32(1), 4-23. doi:
10.1177/0193723507312022
Retired nba star hardaway says he hates "gay people". (2007, February 16). Retrieved from
http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2766213
Ritter, K. & Terndrup, A. (2002) Chapter 10: Sexual Minorities within Other Minority Populations. Handbook of
Affirmative Psychotherapy with Lesbians and Gay men. (pp. 11-24). New York, NY: Guilford Press
Roper, E. A., & Halloran, E. (2007). Attitudes towards gay men and lesbians among heterosexual male and
female student-athletes. Sex Roles, 57, 919-928. doi: 10.1007/s1119-007-9323-0
Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2009). Gender, sexual prejudice and sport participation: implications for
sexual minorities. Sex Roles, 60, 100-113. doi: 10.1007/s1119-008-9502-7
Willis, G., & Crawford R. (2000). Attitudes towards homosexuality in Shreveport Bossier City, Louisiana.
Journal of Homosexuality 38(3), 97-116.