Notes of life processes class 10 pdf Download

PRECIS
Life Process
Process required for
maintenance of life
Definite
Clearly Define
Indefinite
Not Clearly
Define
Nutrition Mode of uptake of
nutrients
Transportation
Mainly by blood
Respiration Process that
release energy from food
Metabolism Sum total of all
chemical reactions in body
Self consciousness i.e.
Response to stimuli
Internal Growth
Excretion i.e. biological
removal of nitrogenous waste
Molecular movements are
essential for repair and
maintenance
Visible
movement- not
seen in plants
but they are
livings
Reproduction
Many living
things do not
reproduce but
they can not be
classified as
non livings on
this basis
VAVA CLASSES/BIO/10TH
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LIFE PROCESS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Some Characteristic of living organisms
(i) Cellular organization
All organisms are made up of cells
(ii) Sensitivity: Giving response to stimuli (Stimulus = change in
environment) (Response = visible effect because of stimulus)
Consciousness is one of the most important definite life feature.
eg. Plants grows towards light, pupil dilate in dark etc.
(iii) Respiration & Energy utilization: Respiration is the process in
which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell. Energy
produced during respiration is used to performmany kinds of works
with in the body.
(iv) Internal growth:It is characteristic feature of livings.
(v) Homeostasis: All organism maintain relatively constant internal
conditions in different environments, known as homeostasis.
(vi) Regulation: All organism have neural or chemical regulatory
mechanism that co-ordinate internal processes.
(vii) Reproduction: It is a process of producing young ones of their
own kinds. Heredity character are passed from parent to the
offspring’s during reproduction.
What are life processes?
All the living organisms including humans perform a number of
activities such as nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth &
reproduction. These activities are characteristics of living organism
& help in maintenance of life.
These maintenance functions of living organisms are known as
life processes.
Metabolism: The sum total of all the chemical & physical changes
that are constantly taking place in living organisms & are necessary
for life.
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nutrition
1.3 Respiration
1.4 Transportation
1.5 Excretion

Types of metabolic pathways
(i) Anabolic pathways: Biosynthetic pathways, in which complex substances are synthesized from simpler
ones. Ex: Photosynthesis (Endothermic reaction – energy is used)
(ii) Catabolic pathways:- Break down of complex organic substances into simpler ones. Ex: Respiration.
(Exothermic – energy released)
Question based on basic knowledge required to understand this chapter
1. From where does CO2 comes, when we exhale?
(A) from air that we breathe in (B) from water
(C) from dead cells of our body (D) from oxidation of food
2. Photosynthesis take place in
(A) green stem of desert plant (B) Roots of eucalyptus
(C) Stamen of mustard (D) All of the above
3. Excretion is a function of
(A) Intestine (B) Kidney (C) Stomach (D) None
4. Respiration in plants take place in
(A) Day time (B) Night time (C) Both (a) & (b) (D) None
5. Chemical found in stomach is
(A) H2SO4 (B) HCl (C) CH3COOH (D) HNO3
6. Air contain CO2 and O2, while inspiration
(A) CO2 come in and O2 out (B) O2 come in CO2 out
(C) CO2 and O2 both come out (D) CO2 and O2 both comes in
7. Energy is produced by the process of
(A) Digestion (B)Assimilation (C) Respiration (D) Excretion
8. Disease caused due to excess of sugar in blood?
(A) Diabetes (B) Hepatitis (C) TB (D) BP
9. Crocodile have ______number of chambers of heart in comparison to human.
(A) more (B) less (C) equal (D) none
10. The end product of carbohydrate digestion is
(A) Maltose (B) Sucrose (C) Glucose (D) Lactose
1.2 NUTRITION
Nutrients
Micro nutrients
Macro nutrients
Carbohydrate Proteins Vitamins Minerals
Fats

Mode of Nutrition
Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic
eg : green plants eg. sulphur bacteria
Prepare food by
using solar energy
Prepare food by
using chemical energy
Parasitic Saprophytic Holozoic
Derives food Derive food Feeds on
from living from dead solid food
tissues of host & decaying eg.
matter
eg.
Amoeba,
Plasmodium man
Cuscuta, Leech Fungi
bacteria
eg.
1.2.1 Nutrition in Plants
Plant perform photosynthesis [Photo (light) and synthesis (Build up)]
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars,
using sunlight in presence of chlorophyll. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species of
bacteria.
It is represented by:
6CO2
+ 12H2
O + Sunlight C6
H12
O6
+ 6O2  + 6H2
O
It takes place in every green part of plant mainly in the green leaves. Plants stores food in the form of
Starch.
[Different from animals which stores food in the form of Glycogen]
Starch test: Requirement for photosynthesis can be test by reaction between starch and iodine
Starch + I2
 Blue Black Colour
Steps of starch Test
1. Heat some water to boiling point in a beaker .
2. Use forceps to dip a leaf in the hot water for about 30 seconds. This kills the cytoplasm, denatures the
enzymes and makes the leaf more permeable to iodine solution.
3. Push the leaf to the bottom of a test tube and cover it with alcohol . Place the tube in the hot water
(water bath). The alcohol will boil and dissolve out most of the chlorophyll.
4. Remove the leaf and dip it once into the hot water to soften it.
5. Spread the decolorized leaf flat on a white tile and drop iodine solution onto it. The parts containing
starch will turn blue; parts without starch will stain brown or yellow with iodine.tturn out the Bun
Condition Necessary for Photosynthesis:
1. Sunlight V I B G Y O R
Red/Orange  Maximum Photosynthesis
Blue/violet  Second Maximum Photosynthesis
Green  No Photosynthesis
 Cover part of leaf with black paper (Black is best absorber of light)
 Perform starch test(Mentioned above)

 Covered part will show Brown/Yellow while uncovered part will show blue black colour
 This proves light is essntial for photosynthesis
2. Carbon di-oxide: Take a test tube.
 Put some KOH(KOH absorbs CO2
) inside the tube. Cover its mouth with perforated cork
 Insert half part of leaf inside tube (Inner portion is devoid of CO2
while outer part receive CO2
)
 Make assembly air tight with help of vaseline.
 Perform starch test.
 Inner part will remain Brown/Yellow while outer part will show blue black colour.
.
 This proves CO2
is essential for photosynthesis

It can also be performed by Bell-Jars experiment.
3. Chlorophyll : Take a variegated (multi colour) leaf like Crotons. Mark green and non green areas.
 Perform starch test.
 Non green part will show Brown/Yellow while green part will show blue black colour.
.
 This proves chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
SITE OF PHOTOSYNETHESIS The actual site of photosynthesis is chloroplast (cell organelle)
Leaf  Mesophyll tissue  Palisade / Spongy parenchyma Chloroplast  Chlorophyll
Green colour of plants appears because out of the seven colour of the white visible light, chlorophyll
absorb all excepts green colour. Green is totally reflected back. Hence, leaves look green in colour.

Factor affecting rate of photosynthesis:
(i) Light: Photosynthesis depends on both quality(Maximum in Red) and duration (16 hrs light : 8 hrs
dark)of light.
(ii) CO2
: Increase in amount of CO2
increases rate of photosynthesis initially and then it become constant.
(iii) H2
O: Needed for maintaining turgidity to open stomata and also as source of oxygen (in photolysis).
(iv) Temperature: Initially increases rate of photosynthesis which finally become constant.
(v) Amount of chlorophyll: Younger leaves with more chlorophyll show more photosynthesis.
General Steps in Photosynthesis
Phases of photosynthesis
Light dependent Light independent or Dark phase
(i) Occurs in presence of light in thylakoid. (i) Occurs in stroma or matrix.
Use products of light reaction.
(ii) Excitation of chlorophyll by light. (ii) RUBP* acts as acceptor of CO2
(iii) Electron moves in cytochrome system. (iii) Using ATP and *NADPH2
, CO2
is reduced
to carbohydrate.
(iv) Light energy in converted into
chemical energy (ATP).
(v) Photolysis of water (O2
is released).
(vi) ATP, NADPH2
, O2
are the main end
products of light reaction.
Overall Reaction of Dark Phase
12RUBP + 6CO2
+ 12NADPH + 18ATP + 12H+
 12RUBP + C6
H12
O6
+ 18ADP + 18ip + 12NADP
Desert plants are exception. They open stomata in night to absorb CO2
and form intermediate compound
i.e. malate. Which is stored in vacuole and during day it is converted into sugar.

Structure of Stomata
These are tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves, which are guarded by guard cells, having
nucleus, chloroplast etc. Guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomata. When guard cells absorb
water from surrounding cells than they swells up (or become turgid) and stomata get open. When these
cells losses water and become flaccid than stomata get close. In plants, stomata helps in gaseous
exchange and transpiration.
* RUBP=RibuloseBi Phosphate
* NADP= NicotinamideAdenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
* ip = Inorganic phosphate
1.2.2 Nutrition in Animals
Animals (on the basis of food habits)
Steps of Nutrition:
(a) Ingestion: Intake of food.
(b) Digestion: Large insoluble molecules are broken into small, water soluble molecules
(c) Absorption: Digested food nutrients are absorbed by villi in small intestine & passes through the
intestinal wall into blood stream.
(d) Assimilation: Absorbed food is utilized by body cells and used for energy production, growth &
repair.
(e) Egestion : – Process of removing undigested food from the body.

Nutrition in Amoeba: Holozoic, Phagocytosis (cell feeding)
Steps of Nutrition
(i) Ingestion: Food taken in with help of pseudopodia
(ii) Digestion: Intracellular with help of enzymes present in lysosomes.
(iii) Absorption andAssimilation
(iv) Egestion: Undigested food thrown out
Nutrition in Human Being
Human Digestive System
Alimentary canal Associated Glands
– Salivary glands
– Liver
– Pancreas
Mouth – Anus
MouthPharynxOesophagusStomachDuodenumJejunumIleumCeacumColonRectumAnus

Transverse
Ascending
Descending
Colon
Rectum
Caecum
Large Intestine
Human teeths are thecodont, diphyodont and heterodont. Following types of teeths are present in
humans:
Various Steps of Nutrition in humans
(i) Ingestion: Intake of food (in mouth).
(ii) Digestion: Break down of food components into simpler form, starts from mouth.
(a) In Mouth
• Physical digestion with help of teeth.
• Chemical digestion with help of salivary glands which secrete saliva, containing salivary amylase
(Ptyalin) enzyme.
Carbohydrate Maltose
Saliva
(Ptyalin enzyme)
• Saliva also helps in killing bacteria etc (as it contains lysozyme).
(b) In Pharynx and Oesophagus: No digestion of food. Food moves down by peristaltic
movement(contraction and relaxation).

(c) In Stomach –– gastric juice ––Pepsin enzyme
Conc. HCl
Mucus
Protein
pepsin
Acidic
Peptones + Proteoses
• Due to churning of food, a semi solid food chyme is formed.
• HCl helps in killing germs and provide acidic medium for action of gastric juice.
(d) Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum receives the secretion of two glands i.e. Liver & Pancreas.
Liver: Produce alkaline bile juice which is stored in gall bladder. It do not contain any enzyme. It helps
in emulsification of fat (conversion of large molecule of fats into smaller molecules to increase surface
area). So that lipase enzyme can work easily.
HCO3
–
ions make the medium alkaline.
Pancreas: Produce pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice contains:
(A) Pancreatic Amylase (B) Pancreatic Lipase (C) Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
Then food enter into ileum. Ultimate digestion of food occurs in Ileum.
Peptones
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
Amino acid
Maltose Pancreatic amylase
Fat Bile Juice Emulsification
Pancreatic lipase
Fatty acid+Glycerol
Glucose
Absorption: Villi present in ileum helps in absorption of digested food and thus, food passes into the
blood stream.
Assimilation: It is utilized by cell for the purpose of growth, repair and development of the body.
Egestion: Removal of undigested food.
(e) Large Intestine: It has following parts:
Ceacum: Along with appendix it is regarded as vestigial in humans.
Colon: Absorb water from undigested food.
Rectum: Stores undigested food.
Anus: Undigested food passes out through it.
Sphincter Muscle: Present at the Junction of stomach and small intestine and also present at the
opening of anus. Sphincters controls movement of food and opening and closing of particular organ.
Some diseases
1. Peptic Ulcer: A lesion on the inner membrane of the stomach, because of higher acidity of gastric
juice.
2. Dental Caries: Gradual softening of enamel and dentine. Bacteria acts on sugars and produce acid

which demineralises the enamel.
Masses of bacterial cells together with food particles stick to the teeth to form dental plaque.
Try yourself
1. Oxygen evolved during photosynthesis comes from
(A) CO2 (B) H2O (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
2. The atmosphere contains CO2 by volume
(A) 0.1% (B) 0.5% (C) 0.03% (D) 0.3%
3. A cell that lacks chloroplast does not
(A) Evolve carbon dioxide (B) Liberate oxygen
(C) Require water (D) Utilize carbohydrates
4. Rate of photosynthesis is independent of
(A) Quality of light (B) NO2 (C) Light duration (D) CO2
5. Most effective wavelength of light for photosynthesis is
(A) Red (B)Yellow (C) Green (D) Violet
6. Photolysis of water takes place in
(A) Calvin cycle (B) Glycolysis (C) Light phase (D) Dark Phase
7. Man needs carbohydrates as a source of energy and he can get this energy from
(A) Cellulose (B) Starch (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
8. Trypsin converts
(A) Fats into fatty acids (B) Starch and glycogen into maltose
(C) Proteins into peptones (D) Sucrose into glucose and fructose
9. Liver cells secrete
(A) Lipase (B) Bile and no enzyme (C) Trypsin (D) Amylase
10. Glycogen is stored in
(A) Liver and muscles (B) Liver only (C) Pancreas (D) Muscles only
11. Gastric juice contains
(A) HCl (B) Renin (C) Pepsin (D)All of these
12. Saliva contains
(A) Ptyalin (B) Renin (C) Trypsin (D) All of these
13. Human digestive juices lack
(A) Lactase (B) Cellulase (C) Amylase (D) Lipase
14. In alimentary canal maximum absorption of water occurs in
(A) Rectum (B) Small intestine (C)Appendix (D) Stomach
15. The appendix in man is
(A) Vestigial (B) Involved in bile storage
(C) Similar to stomach in shape (D) Involved in digestion of vegetable
1.3 RESPIRATION
Respiration refers to process by which energy is released by oxidation of food. Various organisms have
evolved diverse ways to break down glucose (respiratory substrate). It is a catabolic process.
Typical equation of respiration is
Energy
O
H
CO
O
O
H
C 


 2
2
2
6
12
6 6
6
6

The end product i.e. CO2
can be tested by reaction with lime water. Lime water becomes milky in
presence of CO2
.
CO2
+ Ca (OH) 2
or Lime Water CaCO3
(Milky) + H2
O
1.3.1 Types of Respiration
Depending upon presence or absence of oxygen, the process of respiration can be aerobic or
anaerobic
1.3.2 Steps of cellular respiration
(i) Glycolsis: Formation of pyruvate (3C) compound from glucose (6C) compound in cytoplasm. It
is universal reaction (common in aerobic & anaerobic pathway) and occurs is cytoplasm of cell.
(ii) Kreb’s cycle: Occurs in presence of oxygen in matrix of mitochondria. Pyruvate is broken
down to CO2
and energy rich compound (FADH*2
, NADH2
).
(iii) Electron transport system: ETS* is present in oxysome of mitochondria .FADH2
and NADH2
are reduced and electrons are released. These electrons are transferred by series of electron
acceptors (final acceptor is oxygen) during this process H2
O and ATP molecules are produced.
* FADH*2
= Flavin Adenine Dinucluotide dihydrogen
* ETS = Electron transport system

1.3.3 Various Pathways of Glucose Break down
The various pathways by which glucose can be broken down are
Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvate
Presence of O CO + HO + energy
2 2 2
Less supply of O CHOH + CO + energy
2 2 5 2
Lack of O Lactic acid + energy
2
Yeast
Muscles
Important Information
(i) Lactic acid produced in muscles during insufficient oxygen supply cause cramps in muscles.
(ii) Energy produced at end of respiration is used in synthesis of high energy bond in ATP
(Adenosine tri phosphate). ATP is energy currency of cell. Cleavage of terminal phosphate bond
of ATP releases 30.5 Kj/ mol of energy.
Energy thus produced is used to derive various activities of cell such as muscle contraction,
protein synthesis etc.
1.3.4 Supply of Oxygen
–Aerobic respiration depends on Oxygen supply.
–Plants obtained oxygen and other gases by diffusion (Diffusion is movement of substance from
higher to lower concentration).
Plants are multi-cellular but still they can ensure gaseous exchange by diffusion because of
following reasons.
(A) Presence of Large inter-cellular spaces so all cells are in contact with air.
(B) All parts of plant respire independently of each other.
Direction of diffusion of gases in plants is not fixed and it changes according to environment
(Day/Night) and requirement of plants.
During Day During Night
- CO2 is used in photosynthesis
- Oxygen released as by product
- No photosynthesis
- CO2 produced in respiration is eliminated
1.3.5 Gaseous Exchange in Plants
(i) Exchange of gases in roots takes place by diffusion.
O2
diffuse into root hair while CO2
diffuse out in soil.
Root hairs present in plants increases surface area for gaseous exchange.
(ii) In woody plants, a protective covering (bark) is present that is impervious to gases. Lenticels
are present in bark that helps in gaseous exchange.
(iii) Leaves have tiny pores known as stomata for gaseous exchange.
Opening and closing of stomata are regulated by guard cell.
Concentration of water in guard cell helps in opening and closing of stomata.
Water logged conditions
Over irrigation results in removal of air from the pore of soil and these are filled by water. It generated

anaerobic conditoins in soil. Plants die because of production of alcohol inAnaerobic respiration.
1.3.6. Gaseous exchange in animals
Animals inhale air rich in oxygen and release air rich in CO2
. They have evolved different organs for
gaseous exchanges as shown below:
Aquatic animals like fish, prawn - Gills (Brachial respiration)
Terrestrial animals - Lungs (bird, mammals, and frog),
(Pulmonary respiration)
Insects - Air tubes or trachea (Tracheal respiration)
Earth worm, Frog - Skin (Cutaneous respiration)
1.3.7 Rate of breathing
Terrestrial organisms can breathe in oxygen present in the atmosphere while aquatic animals use oxygen
dissolved in water.
Amount of oxygen dissolved in water is fairly low as compared to atmosphere that’s why aquatic
animals breathe faster (18-22 times /min in fish) as compared to terrestrial animals (14-16 time/min in
humans). They have to do more muscular efforts and require more energy to perform respiration.
In fishes, gills are the main respiratory organs, which are richly supplied with blood capillaries. In fishes,
water is taken in by mouth and comes out by washing gills. During this, exchange of gases takes places
and O2
from water diffuse into blood and CO2
form blood diffuse into out going water.
1.3.8 Basic features of Respiratory organs
As already mentioned different organism have different type of organs for respiration but few features
are shared by most of respiratory organs. These include:
(i) Large surface area in contact to oxygen rich atmosphere.
(ii) Very fine and delicate membrane to facility diffusion.
(iii) Rich blood supply.
(iv) Pathway that carry air to membrane, since membrane is protected inside body.
1.3.9 Human Respiratory system
In human beings following pathway is followed by air:
(i) As we inhale, oxygen from the atmosphere enters the nostrils and passes through the nasal cavity,
where it undergoes, filtration, heating, moistening, etc.
(ii) From the nasal passage, the inhaled air passes to the pharynx, which is a common pathway for food as
well as air.
(iii) There is a flap-like structure called epiglottis that is located at the junction, where the pharynx meets
the trachea. The epiglottis covers glottis (the opening of trachea) during swallowing of food.
(iv) Voice box or larynx is situated at the junction between pharynx and trachea.Apart from protecting the
trachea, larynx is also responsible for sound production.
(v) Trachea or wind pipe is situated in front of the food pipe (Oesophagus) and can be felt through the
neck. Trachea is supported by C-shaped, incomplete rings of cartilage. So, it does not collapse.
(vi) Trachea divides into two branches that lead to left and right directions.These branches are called bronchi.
(vii) These tubes-like bronchi enter the spongy lungs. Inside the lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller and
smaller branches, called bronchioles. These tiny tubes or bronchioles do not contain any cartilage
rings and end in circular sacs called alveoli.
(viii) Alveoli are the basic functional units of the lungs and the primary function of alveoli is gaseous exchange.
There are some 300 million alveoli in two adult lungs. These balloon like structure facilitate gaseous

exchange as they have extremely thin-walled, covered with network of blood capillaries and have large
surface area of some 80 m2
.
1.3.10 Mechanism of Breathing
Breathing involves Inspiration (Inhalation of fresh air) and Expiration (Exhalation of foul air). Thus, it is
a simple process of intake and release of air, which occurs with the help of rib’s muscles and diaphragm.

During Exhalation During Inhalation
Ribs moves down Ribs moves up
Diaphragm moves up (arched) Diaphragm moves down (flat)
Chest cavity reduced. Air Pressure in
lungs increased.
Chest cavity increased. Air Pressure in
lungs decrease.
Air diffused out into atmosphere from
lungs.
Air diffuses into lungs from
atmosphere.
Diffusion is not sufficient in multicellular, large sized animals as:
 It is very slow process
 All cells are not in contact with environment
If humans were to rely on diffusion it would take 3 years for O2
to move from nose to toes
1.3.11 Transport of Gases
Alveoli are site for gaseous exchange in humans. The partial pressure* of oxygen in lung alveoli is
higher than in the deoxygenated blood in capillaries while the partial pressure of CO2
is higher in
deoxygenated blood than in lung alveoli. Therefore, O2
from alveoli diffuse into blood while CO2
from
blood diffuses into lung alveoli.
*Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by an individual gas in the atmosphere which is directly
proportional to percentage contribution of a specific gas.
Transport of O2
(i) As dissolved gas - 3 %
(ii)As oxyhaemoglobin - 97%
1 molecule of Hb transports 4 molecule of oxygen as Hb (O2
)4
.
100 ml of blood carries 20 ml of O2
.
Thus, maximum O2
transport occurs through Red Blood Cell as oxyhaemoglobin.
Transport of CO2
(i) 7% as dissolve gas in blood plasma.
(ii) 70% is absorbed by RBC and converted into HCO3
-
ions but transported to lungs as sodium
bicarbonate by plasma.
(iii) 25% of CO2
reacts with blood proteins and form carbamino compounds (carbamino
Haemoglobin).
Many substances like dust, pollen, pepper or even cold blasts of air etc. cause irritation in
mucous membrane of nasal cavity. To remove these irritant from respiratory path way sneezing
takes place. Thus, sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages.
Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary activity. There are many
causes of hiccups. The diaphragm may get irritated by many reasons like eating to fast etc.
Try yourself
16. Which one of the following does not contribute to the breathing movements in mammals?
(A) Diaphragm (B) Larynx (C)Abdominal muscles (D) Ribs
17. A person with high fever may breath faster than normal. This may be due to
(A) Additional requirement of O2
for the invaded germs
(B) High temperature of body
(C) Loss of appetite
(D) Mental worry of patient

18. A man respires about
(A) 40 times per minute (B) 72 times per minute
(C) 100 times per minute (D) 16–20 times per minutes
19. Tidal air in mammalian lungs is
(A) Total maximum air that can be drawn into lungs
(B) Air that normally goes in and comes out of lungs during breathing
(C) Air that is left in the lungs after normal expiration
(D) Air that can be expelled out from lungs forcibly after normal expiration.
20. The combination of haemoglobin with O2
in the blood is inhibited by
(A) Decreasing O2
concentration in blood (B) Increasing O2
concentration in blood
(C) Increasing CO2
concentration in blood (D) Introducing CO into blood
21. If a man from sea coast of Kerala goes to Mount everest.
(A) His breathing rate and heart beat will increase
(B) His breathing rate and heart beat will decrease
(C) His breathing rate will increase but heart beat will decrease
(D) His breathing rate will decrease but heart beat will increase
1.4 TRANSPORTATION
Transportation inAnimals
The transport system in animals is called the circulatory system. It helps in transported of material and
gases from one part of the body to another by a mass flow system. The animals, particularly the more
advanced forms, have a higher metabolic rate. This means that they require more nutrients and
oxygen at a faster rate.They also produce more wastes that have to be removed from the cells
in less time. The circulatory system collects the materials from the cells and transports them wherever
required.
Materials to be transported include digested food, respiratory gases, hormones, excretory products,
etc.
The digested food includes sugars like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives.
There are two circulatory systems in humans:
(i) Blood circulatory system (ii) Lymphatic circulatory system
1.4.1 Blood circulatory system in human beings
It comprises:
 Blood  Blood Vessels  Heart or Pumping organ

Blood
Blood is fluid connective tissue which comprise of
Plasma: Fluid part of blood in which corpuscles or cells are suspended. It contains water and
dissolved substances such as proteins, nutrients, nitrogenous waste etc. Plasma transport food,
carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste in dissolve from.
Cells: Blood contain
Erythrocytes/RBC (Red Blood Cell) having iron containing pigment haemoglobin for transport
of oxygen to various parts of body as oxyhaemoglobin.
Leukocytes/WBC or white blood cell helps in fighting against infections by showing
phagocytosis and producing antibodies against germs. So, WBCs are called natural solider of
human body. WBC may contain granules in their Cytoplasm (Granulocytes) or may be no
granules in cytoplasm. (Agranulocytes)
Platelets or blood dust are cell fragments that helps in blood clotting.
Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels are tubes in which blood flows. There are 3 types of blood vessels
Blood vessels
Arteries Veins Capillaries
Heart to
body parts
Body parts
to heart
Connects arteries
and veins
Arteries- are wide, thick wall and elastic; with narrow lumen and carry oxygenated blood away
from heart (pulmonary artery is an exception as it carries deoxygenated blood).
Vein-thin walled, with wide lumen and contain valves to prevent back ward flow of blood. .
Carry deoxygenated blood towards heart (pulmonary vein is an exception as it carries
oxygenated blood).
Capillaries-fine, thin wall branches that supplies to tissue and from these capillaries exchange
of materials, gases take place between blood and tissues.

Heart
Heart is muscular involuntary organ, which is as big as our fist. It is made up of cardiac muscles
which work rhythmically. Heart is situated in middle of chest cavity but it is tilted towards left.
Heart is divided into chambers. Number of chambers varies in different animals:
Fishes - 2 chambered heart (1 auricle, 1 ventricle)
Amphibian & most reptiles - 3 chambered heart (2 auricles, 1 ventricle)
Birds and mammals - 4 chambered heart (2 auricles, 2 ventricles)
Note: Crocodile (reptiles) is an exception, it posses 4 chambered heart
Heart receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the arteries. Interior of human heart is
divided into 4 chambers.
The Atria -Superior chamber of heart that receives blood. Right atrium receives deoxygenated
blood through superior and inferior vena cava while left atrium receives oxygenated blood
through pulmonary veins.
The Ventricle – Inferior chamber of heart, ventricles pump blood to various part of body so
there wall is thicker than atria. Right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood to lungs (for
purification) through pulmonary arteries while left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to whole
body through different arteries.

Valves in heart: Valves are muscular flaps present between auricle and ventricle that prevent
back flow of blood. Two type of valves are found in human heart:
Valves
Atrio-venticular Semi-Lunar
Separate atria & Ventricle Located in Aorta
Right side has tricuspid
(three flaps) and left side
has bicuspid (two flaps) valve
Pulmonary SLV* are present in right
side and Aortic SLV are in left side
* SLV = Semi Lunar Value
Flow of Blood
Vena cava brings de-oxygenated blood to right atrium.
When right atrium is filled with blood it contract causing tricuspid valve to open. Blood is pushed
into right ventricle.
When right ventricle is filled, it contract and push blood into pulmonary artery (Tricuspid close,
Pulmonary SLV open).
Pulmonary artery carry blood to lungs for oxygenation (Pulmonary SLV prevents back flow).
Oxygenated blood returns to heart by pulmonary vein.
Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood to left auricle.
Left auricle contract, blood passed to left ventricle (Bicuspid open).
Left ventricle put blood into aorta, the largest artery (bicuspid close, aortic SLV open) which
supplies to tissues.
Double circulation – Circulatory system of most terrestrial animals consists of two phase’s
.Blood passes from heart twice in one complete cycle, and it is called double circulation.
It involves (a) Pulmonary circulation (b) Systemic circulation. Former is related to right side of

heart and later related to left side of heart.Double Circulation prevents mixing of oxygenated
blood present in left side and deoxygenated blood present in right side of heart.It was first
discovered by William Harvey (1578-1657).
Right Side: Deoxygenated blood, Left side: Oxygenated blood
Fish have a single circulation system because they lack lungs and their heart has only two
chambers with deoxygenated blood.
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of arteries, and
is one of the principal vital signs. Contraction of heart called systole and relaxation called
diastole. During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum (systolic) when heart contracts
(120 mm Hg) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure when heart expands (80 mm Hg).
Blood Pressure is measured with help of SPHYGMOMANOMETER.

Figure: A Sphygmomanometer
Fig: Steps of Measurement of Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure: Constriction of arterioles, results in increased resistance to blood flow.
This cause high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension can cause rupture of an artery
and internal bleeding.
Maintenance System: Platelets helps in plugging the injured site and preventing excess blood
flow.
Platelets or blood dust keeps on circulating in blood. At injurey site, they come in contact with air
and release a chemical known as thromboplastin, which triggers following changes:

clot
Blood
Carpuscles
blood
Red
Fibrin
Insoluble
Fibrin
Soluble
Fibrinogen
Active
Thrombin
Inactive
n
Prothrombi
stin
Thrombopla
Release
platelets
Blood
Tissue
Injured
Thrombin
Ca
stin
Thrombopla
Ca












)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
1.4.2 Lymph circulatory system
It includes – lymph, lymph nodes and lymph vessels & capillaries
Lymph some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into intercellular space in the
tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. Lymph (Blood - RBC) is an extra cellular, colourless
fluid which moves in lymphatic system (Runs parallel to veins, towards heart).
Functions of Lymph
1. Carry digested and absorbed fat from intestine back into blood.
2. It contains lymphocytes which help in killing germs.
Lymph nodes are kidney shaped structure. They are rich in lymphocytes.
Lymph vessels and capillaries – Tubular structure in which lymph flows, these vessels open into
large veins of the body.
Transport in Plants
Plants transport system helps in movement of food energy stored in leaves and raw materials
from roots to various parts of plant. They perform conduction with help of vascular tissues
(xylem and phloem).
Xylem
Transportation of water + minerals
Phloem
Translocation of food & hormones
Transport in plant
Xylem is a complex permanent tissue that performs unidirectional transport and comprise of
following components:
Xylem
(unidirectional)
Tracheids
Vessels Dead
Xylem fibers
Xylem parenchyma Living
1.4.3 Ascent of Sap (upwards movement of water and mineral in Xylem from
root to various parts of plant)
Vessels and tracheids in xylem of root, stem and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous
system.
Root absorbs water from soil through root hairs.
There are various theories to explain movement of water from roots to upper parts of plant.
Most accepted theory of ascent of sap is cohesion tension theory.
Dixon and Jolly proposed that water is pulled up in plant by tension (negative pressure) from
above. This suction pressure is created by transpiration
Water is continually being lost from leaves by transpiration.

Loss of water in the leaves exerts a pull on the water in the xylem ducts and draws more water
into the leaf.
A water molecule clings to each other by hydrogen bond (cohesion) which maintains strength in
column.
Because of the critical role of cohesion, the transpiration-pull theory is also called the cohesion
theory.
The rate of ascent of water is 10-75 cm/min.
1.4.4 Translocation of food
Food synthesized mainly in leaves and hormones synthesized at tip of root and shoots are
transported by Phloem.
Phloem uses energy for bidirectional transfer. It comprise of
Phloem
(Bidirectional)
Sieve element
Companion cell Living
Phloem parenchyma
Phloem fibres dead
Translocation of Food is best explained by Munch hypothesis Food is produce in leaves
(source) and used by other parts like root (sink) .Sucrose is transferred into sieve tube of
phloem using ATP. This increase osmotic pressure of tissue causing water to move inside
phloem. In the phloem, there is a continuous input of solute from source tissues (high pressure)
and a continuous efflux at the sink (Low pressure). This input and output at the two ends will
maintain a pressure differential that will keep liquid flowing. Thus, the driving force for solute
transport is a pressure gradient between the source and sink regions. Speed of food
transport is 60 – 100 cm / hour.
Difference in Xylem and Phloem
Xylem Phloem
Mainly transport water and minerals Mainly translocate food
Most part is dead. Most part is living
Flow is unidirectional (Roots to Apex) Flow is Bidirectional(Leaves to all parts)
No energy required (Physical force
involved)
Energy is required
Located Superficially Located Deeply

Try yourself
22. Heart is incompletely 4 chambered in
(A) Fishes (B)Amphibians (C) Reptiles (D) Birds
23. Valves are not found in
(A) Veins (B) Arteries (C) Heart (D) All of these
24. A person exercising hard shows the following except
(A) Decrease in blood glucose (B) Increase in lactic acid
(C) Increase in glycogen (D) None of these
25. Circulatory system is open in
(A) Prawn (B) Toad (C) Lizard (D) Pigeon
26. Normal blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) is_______mm of Hg
(A) 120/80 (B) 160/80 (C) 120/60 (D) 180/80
27. Heart beat initiates from
(A) Sino auricular node (B) Bundle of his
(C) Purkinje fibers (D)Auriculo ventricular node
1.5. EXCRETION
Excretion: It is biological removal of harmful nitrogenous metabolic waste from body. Different
organisms have different modes of excretion. Unicellular organism removes waste by diffusion into
surrounding water while multicellular organism have specialized organs for excretion (Flame cell in
flat worm, kidney in mammals etc).
Excretory system of humans
Human excretory system consists of following parts:
Kidney: Paired, bean shaped kidneys composed of millions of nephron, which constantly filter about
170 to 200 litres of blood to produce about 1.5 to 2 litres of urine daily. Kidneys are located in the
abdomen, one on either side of the backbone. Kidney helps in removing nitrogenous waste such as urea
or uric acid from blood.
Renal Arteries: Paired renal arteries constantly transport blood to the kidneys.
Renal Veins: Paired renal veins return useful nutrients back into the bloodstream.
Ureters: Paired ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder: The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body. It is
muscular structure.
Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
The outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter.

1.5.1 Nephron
Nephron is the basic filtration and functional unit in the kidney. It comprise of:
(a) Malpighian Body (b) Tubular system (PCT, Loop of Henele, DCT and collecting tubule)
Malpighian
body
(PCT)
(DCT)
(i) Malpighian body: The Bowman’s capsule and Glomerulus together form a Malpighian body. It is part
of nephron where ultra filtration of blood takes place.

Malpighian body = Bowman’s capsule + Glomerulus
Fig: Formation of Ultra filtrate in Malpighian body
(ii) The Tubular System is related with re-absorption of useful substances from ultra filtrate. Waste
material left after selective re-absorption along with small amount of water is known as urine. The
process of urination is called as micturition.
1.5.2 Steps of Urine Formation
(i) Ultra filtration: Because of difference in diameter of renal arteries that comes in and out of bowman’s
capsule, pressure is created in Glomerulus and filtration of blood take place, result in the formation of
ultra filtrate.
(ii) Selective re-absorption: Glucose, amino acid, salt and most water is selectively reabsorbed by nephron
tubules.
(iii) Tubular Secretion: Tubules also secrets urea, many drugs, H+ etc(which are not absorbed by nephron
tubules).
1.5.3 Dialysis
If one kidney of a person fails the other kidney enlarges and takes over its function but if both kidneys
fail than Dialysis orArtificial Kidney is used to remove Nitrogenous wastes. It is periodic solution and
ultimate solution is kidney transplantation.

The machine acts as an artificial kidney and filters the blood. An opening is made in arm or leg of the
patient, which allows the blood to circulate through the hemodialyzer. The blood leaves the body via a
flexible tube in the veins. Semi-permeable filters, filter the blood and after filtration blood returns to the
body. It is usually performed three times a week and it takes 3-4 hours to complete the procedure.
Dialysis Solution = H2
O+Glucose+Salts. It lacks nitrogenous waste.
Nitrogenous waste move out of blood in the dialyzing fluid which is replaced by fresh fluid periodically.
Limitations
1. No re-absorption.
2. Blood cells may get damaged during this process.
Excretion in plants
Plant produces a number of waste products during their life processes including carbon dioxide, water
vapour and oxygen.
Plant gets rid of excess water by transpiration. (Via Stomata)
The gaseous waste of respiration and photosynthesis in plants (carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen)
are removed through the ‘stomata’ in leaves and ‘lenticels’ in stems. These wastes are then released
into the air.
Many plants waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles. (Storage House of cells)
Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off; other waste products are stored as resins and
gums.
Plants also excrete some waste substance into the soil around them.
Some of the substances considered as plant wastes are useful to humans. Few examples are – natural
rubber, gum, resins and essential oils like sandalwood oil.
Try yourself
28. Snake/animals living in desert are:
(A) Ureotelic (B) Uricotelic (C)Ammonotelic (D) Both (A) & (B)
29. Urinary bladder opens into:
(A) Uterus (B) Ureter (C) Urethra (D) None of these

30. Reabsorption of water in the kidney is under control of
(A) ADH (B) ACTH (C) LH (D) PSH
31. A normal adult excrete_____ urine per day
(A) 1-2 liters (B) 13–14 liters (C) 20-30liters (D) 12–15 liters
32. Structural and functional unit of kidney is
(A) Glomerular (B) Loop of Henle (C) Malpighian body (D) Nephron
*****

EXERCISE-I
1. What is the importance of HCl? From where it is secreted?
2. Where & how the acidic food turns alkaline?
3. Why fishes have single circulation?
4. Why right kidney is slightly lower in position?
5. Describe the step of respiration that take place in cytoplasm.
6. What is fermentation?
7. What is the significance of large inter-cellular spaces in the plants?
8. Why cramps relieve on treatment with hot water?
9. What is residual volume? How does it helps in exchange of oxygen.
10. What is the respiratory pigment in human? What is its function?
EXERCISE-II
1. Artifical removal of metabolic wastes from the body is called as –
(A)Ultra filteration (B)Dialysis (C)Osmoregulation (D) None of these
2. Human kidney resembles contractile vacuole of Amoeba in expelling out –
(A) Excess H2
O (B) Salts (C) Glucose (D) Urea
3. The units of a mammalian kidney are –
(A) Nephrons (B) Seminiferous tubules (C) Uriniferous tubules (D) Ureters
4. NH3
converted to urea in –
(A) Kidney (B) Liver (C) Spleen (D) Heart
5. Glomerular filtrate normally contain –
(A) Glucose (B) NaCl (C) Amino acids (D) All of these
6. Man is –
(A) Uricotelic (B) Ureotelic (C)Ammonotelic (D) None of these
7. Which is not excretory organ?
(A) Skin (B) Kidney (C) Liver (D) Pancreas
8. Special excretory organ is lacking in :
(A) Earthworm (B) Amoeba (C) Man (D) Insects
9. Which of the following is not a excretory product in plant –
(A) Terpentine oil (B) Latex
(C) Glucose produced during photosynthesis (D) Oxygen
10. Sweat is an excretory waste because it contains
(A) N2
waste (B) excess H2
O (C) Salts (D)All of the above
11. Urea cycle occur in
(A) Nephron (B) Spleen (C) Pancreas (D) Liver

12. Henle’s loop is short or absent in
(A) Fresh water fish (B) Birds (C) Mammals (D)All of the above
13. The white matter in a bird’s dropping is
(A) CaCO3
(B) CaSO4
(C) Uric acid (D) Urea
14. Identify the uricotelic animal
(A) Pisces (B)Amphibia (C) Man (D) Aves
15. Organic acids which may be poisnous to a plant are stored in –
(a) Vacuoles (B) Palisade cell (C) Mesophyll (D) Xylem vassels
16. The urinary bladder of a man empties outside by means of
(A) Ureter (B) Urethra (C) Vagina (D) Glands
17. Which of the following needs large amount of water for excretion?
(A) Urea (B)Ammonia (C) Uric acid (D) Amino acids
EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
1. Glucose is broken down to provide energy in the form of ________.
2. The circulatory system consist of the ________, ________ and ________.
3. Plant store waste in the form of ________ and ________.
4. ________ help in ultrafilteration in kidney.
• Multiple blanks
5 Double circulatory system of blood flow includes two distinct and separate systems. This distinction is
shared by most vertebrates including amphibians, _____ and mammals.In contrast, fish have a single
circulation system because they lacks_______.
(A)Birds, Lungs (B) Reptiles,lungs (C) Artropoda, Lungs (D)Birds, Gills
SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. Which among them is not correct equation of an anabolic process in plants
(A) C6
H12
O6
+ 6O2
 6CO2
+ 6H2
O (B) 6CO2
+ 6H2
O  C6
H12
O6
+ 6O2
(C) 6CO2
+ 12H2
O  C6
H12
O6
+ 6O2
+ 6H2
O (D) All of these
2. Organelle responsible for anabolic process of food production in plant.
(A) Mitochondria (B) Peroxisome (C) Ribosome (D) Plastids
3. A major metabolic process taking place in germinating seed to
(A) Photosynthesis (B) Absorption of water
(C) Absorption of mineral (D) Respiration
4. Catabolism is
(A) Anabolism first than metabolism (B) Breakdown of the product of anabolism
(C) Formation of the product in a cell (D) All of the above
5. Growth in a plant is because of

(A) More anabolism than catabolism (B) More catabolism than anabolism
(C) Equal amount of anabolism and catabolism (D) More energy consumption
6. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) represents the following range of wavelength
(A) 400 – 700 nm (B) 500 – 600 nm (C) 450 – 950 nm (D) 340–450 nm
7. In chlorophyll which metal is present?
(A) Mn (B) Mo (C) Mg (D) S
8. Photolysis of water take place in
(A) Absorption (B) Transpiration (C) Respiration (D) Photosynthesis
9. Photolysis is
(A) Another name for photosynthesis (B) Another name for respiration
(C) Breakdown of glucose (D) Breakdown of water
10. During light reactions the following molecules are formation
(A) ATP (B) ATP & NADPH (C) NADPH (D) None
11. Dark reaction of photosynthesis
(A) Takes place in dim light
(B) Takes place both in light and dark
(C) Is termed as dark reaction because it is inhibited by light
(D) Utilizes the assimilatory power formed in light reaction
12. In which form is food transported in plants
(A) Sucrose (B) Fructose (C) Glucose (D) Lactose
13. Some plant absorb CO2
at night. They are
(A) Water plant (B) Land plant (C) Desert plant (D) Both (A)&(B)
14. Magnesium is constituent of which pigment?
(A) Florigen (B) Chlorophyll (C) Haemoglobin (D) Enzyme
15. In photosynthesis
(A) CO2
is reduced while H2
O oxidized (B) CO2
is oxidized white H2
O reduced
(C) CO2
and H2
O are oxidized (D) CO2
& H2
O are reduced
16. In chloroplast, chlorophyll is present in the
(A) Stroma (B) Outer membrane (C) Inner membrane (D) Thylakoids
17. Phenomenon which converts light energy into chemical energy is
(A) Respiration (B) Photosynthesis (C) Transpiration (D) None of these
18. Chlorophyll in chloroplast is located in
(A) Grana (B) Pyrenoid (C) Stroma (D) None of these
19. Photosynthesis is maximum in which light
(A) Red light (B) Green light (C) Lowlight intensity
(D) High light intensity
20. Cell organelle associated with conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
(A) Chloroplast (B) Mitochondria (C) Ribosome (D) ER
21. Stomata of desert plant/succulant plant are
(A) always open
(B) open during the day and close during the night
(C) Open during the night and close during the day (D) Never open

SECTION-C
 Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
1. Which of them is a part of stomata
(A) Guard cell (B) Chloroplast (C) Stomatal pore (D) Germ pore
2. These are found in leaves
(A) Waxy cuticle (B) Palisade (C) Spongy Parenchyma (D) Midrib
3. Enzyme produced by pancreas.
(A) Cellulase (B) Polymerase (C) Amylase (D) Lipase
4. Pseudopodia helps in
(A) Respiration (B) Movement (C) Capturing Food (D) Egestion
5. End product of aerobic respiration
(A) CO2
(B) H2
O (C) Lactic acid (D) Ethanol
SECTION-D
 Assertion & Reason
Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
1. Assertion: Oxygen is absorbed by different organs in different organism.
Reason: All these organs have structure that increase surface area
2. Assertion: It would take 3 year for a molecule of oxygen to get to our toes from our lungs.
Reason: Diffusion is movement from high to low concentration
SECTION-E
 Match the following (one to one)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the some entries of column-
II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Bronchiole (P) Circulation
(B) Vena cava (Q)Absorption
(C) Glomerulus (R) Respiration
(D) Villi (S) Excretion
SECTION-F
 Comprehension
Photosynthesis is a process by which green plant make there own food in the presence of sunlight, water,
CO2
and chlorophyll. If we keep a water plant in a beaker, inverted by a funnel and a test tube placed over
having water than we can see bubble of gas accumulated at the bottom of the test tube. This gas down
ward displaces water.

1. Name the process by which this gas is produced
(A) Respiration (B) Transpiration (C) Photolysis (D) None
2. Which among them is not an aquatic plant?
(A) Hydrilla (B) Hydra (C) Vallisneria (D) Lotus
3. Gas that helps in formation of ozone comes out during.
(A) Respiration (B) Photosynthesis (C) Absorption (D) Translocation
SECTION-G
 Match the following (one to many)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the some entries
of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Lactic acid (P)Aerobic respiration
(B) Ethanol (Q)Anaerobic respiration
(C) CO2
(R) Photosynthesis
(D) O2
(S)Transpiration
******

Answers
Knowledge base questions
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B)
6. (D) 7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (C)
Try Yourself
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (A)
6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (A)
11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (A)
16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (D)
21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (A)
26. (A) 27. (A) 28. (B) 29. (C) 30. (A)
31. (A) 32. (D)
Exercise-II
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (D)
6. (B) 7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (D)
11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (A)
16. (B) 17. (B)
Exercise-III
Section-A
1. ATP 2. Heart, blood & blood vessel
3. gum and resin 4. Bowman capsule
5. A
Section-B
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A)
6. (A) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (D) 10. (B)
11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (A)
16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (A)
21. (C)
Section-C
1. (A,B,C) 2. (A,B,C,D) 3. (C,D) 4. (B,C) 5. (A,B)
Section-D
1. (B) 2. (B)
Section-E
1. (A)-(R), (B)-(P), (C)-(S), (D)-(Q)
Section-F
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B)
Section-G
1. (A)-(Q), (B)-(Q), (C)-(P,Q,R), (D)-(P,R)

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