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Note: Please take your time and do a good work as always,
Thank you. I will post the revision and separate final reflection
paper on 9-2 final project (MILESTON I, II and III).Thank you.
I need a serious revision, she gave me second chance of your
work, which is I need serious work, I will pay the revision eco-
9-2 final projects (milestone I, II, II) and separate reflection
paper and separate reflection paper
On this final projects.
Note: 1) you have revised the entire work of 9-2 final project
according to the feedback or comments (milestone I, II, III)
2) Separate page you write a final reflection paper of 9-2
final project (Milestone I, II, and III)
Feedback from the instructor: If you want to resubmit it you can
and I will grade your revision.
The main problem was that you didn't identify a specific project
(e.g., opening a restaurant, building a facility, developing a new
drug) and evaluating that project in each of the milestones.
Your analysis was more generic than specific.
You are basically covering some of the topics that are part of a
business plan, such as one an entrepreneur would submit to a
bank. The business plan has to evaluate the specific business
opportunity and your assessment of its ability to succeed.
Here's a link to a website that discusses the fundamentals of
business plans.
https://www.sba.gov/category/navigation-structure/starting-
managing-business/starting-business/how-write-business-plan
Feedback (1) from the instructor
I have a hard time following your analysis. You seem to switch
from one product or industry to another rather than follow the
same investment opportunity throughout the entire paper.
See my comments on it, below are the comments.
Feedback from the instructor
Page 3
do you think most investors involved in the derivatives market
are willing to fund a new company designed to manufacture
refrigerators? What about Angel investors or VCs? Is the
possibility of a very high rate of return and the ability to sell
the company at a large profit sufficient to attract that type of
funding?
is the supply of these refrigerators limited now?
Page 5
what are the main cost components of building and selling these
products? Are there specialized materials or subsystems? Can
they be outsourced or should they be manufactured internally?
Would production take place in the US or overseas? If the
latter, are exchange rates moving in a direction that will add to
costs or lower them?
Claire Starry - a day ago
Page 6
this goes in the demand section.
good point about the role of new communications technologies
and strategies in marketing. How are they affecting the supply
chain?
what market structure does this industry most follow? How
many competitors are there producing similar products?
This is may help you the feedback I got.
Background12.6 (6.3%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and includes economic concepts that
enrich and extend the summary
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Provides a summary of an investment opportunity including
company, product line, and proposed product specific to this
opportunity that informs audience
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Provides summary of an investment opportunity but with gaps
in addressing critical aspects of company, product line, and
proposed product specific to this opportunity that informs
audience
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not provide a summary of an investment opportunity
Feedback:
Demand12.6 (6.3%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies evaluation with
economic concepts that enrich and extend the evaluation
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Evaluates key non-price variables that are expected to support
existing or potential demand specific to this opportunity using
appropriate resources to support the evaluation
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Evaluates key non-price variables that are expected to support
existing or potential demand specific to this opportunity but
with gaps in appropriate resources that support the claims made
in the evaluation
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not evaluate key non-price variables that are expected to
support existing or potential demand specific to this opportunity
Feedback:
Costs12.6 (6.3%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Analysis of key non-price variables addresses how these aspects
can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Analyzes key non-price variables but with gaps in how these
aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not analyze of key non-price variables
Feedback:
Constraints12.6 (6.3%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Analysis of constraints addresses how these aspects can be
leveraged to improve upon organizational costs
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Analyzes constraints but with gaps in how these aspects can be
leveraged to improve upon organizational costs
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not analyze constraints
Feedback:
Effects of Technology12.6 (6.3%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Assesses effects of potential technology for how these aspects
can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Assesses effects of potential technology but with gaps for how
these aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational
costs
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not assess effects of potential technology
Feedback:
Market Competition9.8 (4.9%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Assesses market competition for impact on firm strategies and
profitability
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Assesses market competition but with gaps on their associated
impact on firm strategies and profitability
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not assess market competition
Feedback:
Firm Strategies9.8 (4.9%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Assesses potential firm price and non-price strategies for their
relationship to the market structure
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Assesses potential firm price and non-price strategies but
aspects of their relationship to the market structure are unclear
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not assess potential firm price and non-price strategies
Feedback:
Policies9.8 (4.9%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Identifies policies or regulations at the local, state, or national
levels that may affect business explaining the reasoning for
these policies
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Identifies policies or regulations at the local, state, or national
levels that may affect business but with gaps in explaining
reasoning for these policies
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not identify policies or regulations at the local, state, or
national levels that may affect business
Feedback:
Effects of Interventions9.8 (4.9%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Describes the potential effects of the identified government
policies or regulations on the firm’s goals and performance
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Describes the potential effects of the identified government
policies or regulations but with gaps on how aspects impact
firm’s goals and performance
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not describe the potential effects of the identified
government policies or regulations on the firm’s goals and
performance
Feedback:
Outlook:
Risk9.8 (4.9%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Evaluates risks that would negatively impact the firm based on
analysis
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Explains risks but with gaps in evaluating how they would
negatively impact the firm
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not evaluate risks
Feedback:
Outlook: Opportunities9.8 (4.9%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with scholarly
examples
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Explains opportunities that appeal to potential investors
supported by factors that support these opportunities
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Explains opportunities that appeal to potential investors but
with gaps in addressing factors that support these opportunities
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not explain opportunities
Feedback:
Outlook: Pricing Strategies12.6 (6.3%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Explains and analyzes pricing strategies that would improve
firm profitability
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Explains pricing strategy but with gaps in how aspects would
improve firm profitability
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not explain pricing strategies
Feedback:
Outlook: Implementation9.8 (4.9%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Explains how the recommended pricing strategies can be
effectively implemented based on market conditions
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Explains how the recommended pricing strategies but with gaps
in how they can be effectively implemented based on market
conditions
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not explain recommended pricing strategies
Feedback:
Outlook: Government Interventions12.6 (6.3%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 14 (7%) points
Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic
concepts that enrich and extend the claims
Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points
Explains how the new venture can leverage government policy
to maximize profitability
Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points
Explains how the new venture can leverage government policy
but it is unclear how aspects would maximize profitability
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Does not explain how the new venture can leverage government
policy
Feedback:
Articulation of Response4 (2%)
Levels of Achievement:
Exemplary 4 (2%) points
Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a
professional and easy to read format
Proficient 3.6 (1.8%) points
Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
Needs Improvement 2.8 (1.4%) points
Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact
readability and articulation of main ideas
Not Evident 0 (0%) points
Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of
ideas
Feedback:
Raw Total: 160.80 (of 200.0)
Feedback to Learner
0.0630000
12.6 <span class
0.0700000
0.0490000
0.0200000
4 <span class='ra
0.0180000
3.6 <span class=
0.0140000
9.8 <span class=
2.8 <span class=
0.0000000
0 <span class='ra
0.0630000
0 <span class='ra
0.0700000
0.0700000
14 <span class='
Digital Signal Processing
( Dr. Fred J. Taylor
EEL 5525 Practice Exam #1
Fall 2011
Lectures 1-7
Name: ____________________________________
ID: _______________________________________
Instructions:
Complete the exam on the space provided. When time is called,
stop all work and follow the instructions provided. Any work
that is not collected when called for will not be graded. The
honor system will be strictly enforced.
Allowed
Open book
Open notes
Pocket calculators and laptops
Figures and tables
Internet access to Sakai (only)
Disallowed
Unauthorized Internet access
Cell phones
Q1: Sampling Theorem and Quantization
You are to analyze the audio recording and playback system
shown below. The input audio frequency range is f([0, 3.5] kHz.
The listener’s hearing range is f([0, 8] kHz. The ADC operates
at the programmable sample rate of fs = n8kHz, n an integer.
a) What is the lowest sampling frequency fs that will insure that
the original audio signal x(t) can be (theoretically)
reconstructed from its time-series samples x[k], without
aliasing?
b) The room is presumed quiet and you begin recording at a
sample rate of fs=8k Sa/s. When played back you hear a 2k Hz
“buzzing sound” in the captured signal. What is the expected
minimum frequency of the extraneous tone that could have
created this effect?
c) You decide to place an ideal analog lowpass anti-aliasing
filter in front of the ADC. What should be the filter’s passband
cut-off frequency?
d) The signed (10V ADC provides an 8-bit output with an input
|x(t)|<10V. What is the ADC’s quantization step size?
e) The signed 8-bit ADC’s output is sent to an accumulator that
produces an output given by:
å
=
-
=
4
0
]
[
]
[
i
i
k
x
k
y
(not a MAC)
What is the minimum number of integer bits that must be
assigned to the accumulator to insure overflow-free run-time
performance?
Q.2: z-Transforms
Table 1: Primitive Signals and their z-Transform
Time-domain
z-transform
([k]
1
u[k]
z/(z–1)
aku[k]
z/(z–a)
kaku[k]
az/(z–a)2
You are studying a causal signal x[k] having a z-transform
X(z)= (z+1)2/(z-1)(z-0.5)2. The signal has a Heaviside
expansion given by:
X(z)= (z+1)2/((z-1)(z-0.5)2 ) = A + Bz/(z-1) + Cz/(z-0.5) +
Dz/(z-0.5)2.
Invert X(z) (Hint: Think X(z) = X(z)/z).
a) What is A?
b) What is B?
c) What is C?
d) What is D?
e) What is x[k]?
f) What is x[(]?
g) What is x[0]?
3. Sampling and Data Conversion:
f2=6kHz) is presented to the system shown below.
a- What is the Nyquist sampling rate (Sa/s)?
b- If x(t) is sampled at a rate fs=8kHz, what is the reconstructed
the quantizer is bypassed, that is let x[k]=y[k])
c- The qunatizer is in-place. The resulting signed 8-bit ADC
having a (8 volt dynamic range quantizes the input an analog
signal bounded by |x(t)|( 5 volts. What is the ADC’s
quantization step size in volts/bit?
d- What is the statistical quantization error in bits (i.e., how
many fractional bits are statistically preserved)?
4: Sampling Theorem and Quantization]
The home edition of American Idol uses the recording system
shown below. The ADC is sampled at a 12000 Sa/s rate. The
human vocal input is assumed limited to 4 kHz.
a. The sample rate is chosen to be 12k Sa/s. To test the system,
a hand-held audio signal generator is placed near the
microphone. The signal generator produces a sinusoid tone
signal y(t)?
b. The signal generator’s frequency is set to f0 = 4 kHz but the
gain on the electronic signal generator, used in Part 1.b, is set
having a Fourier series representation given by:]
)
2
sin(
2
)
(
)
(
0
å
¥
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
=
odd
n
t
nf
n
t
x
p
p
Assume that x(t) can be essentially model using only the 1st,
What is the reconstructed output signal y(t)?
5: Discrete-time system
Consider the non-causal discrete-time systems shown below.
The difference equation that applies to the system shown on the
left of the Figure shown above is
]
1
[
]
[
]
[
-
+
=
k
y
k
x
k
y
.
a. – Is the system BIBO stable?
b.- What is the difference equation the applies to the system
shown on the right of the Figure shown above?
c.- What are the system’s first 4 outputs if y[-1]=0 (system at-
rest) and x[k]=u[k] (unit step)?
(
x(t)
ADC
DAC
Interpolator
Playback
fs
x[k]
y(t)
Memory
Record
(
(
x(t)
fs
Sampler
Quantizer
Q(x[k])
x[k]
Reconstruction
Shannon Filter
y[k]
y(t)
Record Studio
x(t)
ADC
(
DAC
Interpolator
Playback
fs = n6000 kSa/s
x[k]
y(t)
fmax = 4kHz
…
…
x(t)
Ts
Delay
(
x[k]
y[k]
(a)
Ts
Delay
(
x[k]
y[k]
+
(
Ts
Delay
(b)
z[k]
-
PAGE
Exam 1 - 5
_1367235369.unknown
_1377013833.unknown
_1304844220.unknown
ECO 520: 9-2 Final Project: Investment Opportunity Analysis.
ECO 520: 9-2 Final Project: Investment
Opportunity Analysis.
Millstone I
An investment analysis is a process that involves evaluating
financial status of business and choosing an opportunity that
best suites goals and objectives of the investor (Unger, 2010).
Any investment analysis involves taking into consideration the
growth rate and risks involved in running a particular business.
Obviously, businesses with a high degree of certainty will
attract more investors than those that are surrounded by high
degrees of uncertainty. As an investor, therefore, I can use an
investment analysis on the manufacture of refrigerators to
consider the level of risks to bear when investing in this
business. In this respect, the focus of this milestone is on
investment analysis for an investor interested in venturing in an
electronic manufacturing business particularly for refrigerators.
Apart from taking into consideration the return on
investment of the electronic manufacturing business, as a
potential investor I need to take a close look at opportunity
costs and taxes that may reduce net returns for the business and
its product. With the coming of numerous Internet sites, I will
be able access information on opportunity costs and taxes via
business sites (Unger, 2010). Given that I have the potential to
invest in electronic manufacturing business I can, for example,
consider investing in this business when I have good tax status.
Transaction costs in this investment can be incurred when an
investor purchases sells or purchases part of his or her
electronics (Unger, 2010).
Even though many people view investing in the
manufacturing of electronics as one of the riskiest investments,
this business has proved to be the most lucrative business so
far. Investors are increasingly purchasing future contracts with
an aim of reducing chances of suffering price falls (Gartenstein,
nd). Generally, futures are referred to as derivatives owing to
the fact that they play a key role in cushioning new businesses
from price movements. Therefore, investing in the manufacture
of refrigerators will require me to use derivatives given that this
investment is speculative in nature.
The law of demand and supply also helps in
determining business decisions. The target market for the
manufactured refrigerators will be groceries. Therefore, the
decision on whether to invest in manufacturing this product will
depend on whether that area has many people running groceries
or not. Many groceries within the region will imply high
demand for refrigerators hence the manufacture of refrigerators
will be an ideal investment. It therefore means that demand for
this product is a factor worth considering n this investment
opportunity (Gartenstein, nd). This factor will influence the
decision of an investor who wants to invest in the manufacture
of this product. An investor will therefore be motivated to
invest in this business when the demand for the product is high
because he or she will use this chance to charge high prices for
the product.
Bureaucracies and government regulations will also
influence my decision to manufacture refrigerators. Government
policies and practices can either be beneficial to investors or
they can kill their morale to invest in a particular business
(National Academy of Sciences, 2015). Ideally, the ultimate
goal of investing in a business is to make profits. However,
government regulations play a key role in determining
profitability of this product. As an investor I will be
discouraged in case the government requires electronic
companies to go through many tedious procedures before
starting the business. Some of these procedures may involve
applying for many documents to have the business fully
registered (National Academy of Sciences, 2015). Before
starting an electronic manufacturing business, the government
may require an investor to have environment conservation
documents. These registrations and documents will cost the
investor a lot of money and may end up losing interest in
starting the business such costs may lower profitability of the
company in the long-run.
Milestone II: Production and Resources.
Generally, investment decisions have great impact on the long-
term success or failure of a business. How companies decide to
invest the money that shareholders and lenders entrust to them
largely dictates whether they will succeed or fail time (Piros &
Pinto, 2013). The process of analyzing and prioritizing
investment opportunities is thus one of the most important steps
that an investor needs to take into consideration before making
an investment decision. Businesses therefore apply several
techniques to justify their investment choices. Even though
there are other simpler microeconomic techniques, the best
technique for analyzing investment opportunities is the net
present value (NPV). This milestone will therefore try to
provide a comprehensive analysis on an investment opportunity
for a soft drink company.
The first factor that an investor can consider before
making a decision to invest is the demand of that particular
product and its cost of production. In this case the demand for
the soft drinks will play a crucial role in helping the investor
shape his or her investment decisions. When the demand for soft
drinks such as sodas and bottled water is high, it means that the
business will make more sales and increase its profitability
(Piros & Pinto, 2013). Given that profits are the fundamental
pillars of an investment, an investor will start a soft drink
company that pump profits and generates wealth for the
owner. It is quite obvious uncertainties in the demand for soft
drinks can make an investor to loss confidence in this
investment. However, investing in a market where the demand
for soft drinks is high will motivate the investor because he or
she will be assured of his money back. It is equally important to
note that this investment is likely to face some economic
constraints. For example, demand for soft drinks may vary with
seasons. When there are many festivities demand for soft drinks
is likely to be high while demand in cold seasons will drop.
Another factor that will determine whether an investor
can introduce his soft drinks into the market is cost and supply
issues. Given that the main aim of starting a business is to make
profits and not losses, an investor will have to take into
consideration how much it will cost him for his soft drinks to
reach the market (Smit & Trigeorgis, 2008).
Therefore, technological factors would be taken into
consideration given that they play a key role in marketing and
distribution of products. Additionally, the investor will consider
whether it will be easier to access raw materials or
not. Generally, the investor will have to put into consideration
the cost that will be involved in starting and running the
business. Some of these costs may include the cost of labor and
equipment needed for the production of soft drinks. A soft drink
company with low operational costs is assured of constant
supply of raw materials is a fantastic business and is a worth
investment (Dunn, 2015).
The role played by the market structure will also be a
factor that the investor will have to consider while making his
investment decisions in this case. Ideally, there are four types
of market structure; monopolistic competition, perfect
competition, oligopoly, and a monopoly (Smit & Trigeorgis,
2008). An investor who wants his business to thrive in future
will not hesitate to have his soft drink company as a pure
monopoly. By definition, pure monopoly markets are markets
where there are no substitutes for a given product. There is a
single seller, which, if allowed to operate without constraint,
may exercise considerable power over pricing and output
decisions (Kapitalust, n.d). It is for this reason that an investor
would consider having a monopoly as his business because he
will be able to set prices for his products.
Technology will also play a key role in the production
of soft drinks. It is through technology that the company will be
able to communicate the product to its customers. It therefore
means that technology will also determine demand for soft
drinks. In addition, technology will determine how fast the
drinks will be produced and reach the market.
Competition is another factor that an investor will
consider before deciding to invest in a soft drink business.
Ideally, every industry is competitive and investment decisions
tend to vary with competitiveness of the market. This
competition lowers returns on capital in the long
run. Therefore, this investor will be reluctant to invest in an
industry where there are many companies producing soft drinks.
The best strategy to cope with this competition will be to lower
the price of his products, but doing this will negatively affect
his sales. For instance, if most of the companies sell the 500ml
soft drinks at $5, it means this investor will have to sell his
product at $4. Doing this will be dangerous and might render
the business financially unviable.
References
Millstone III.
Market Competition and Firm Strategies
A market research is important before the commencement of a
new venture. When starting a business one must evaluate the
market competition and the business environment of the
location of the business. In addition, one must also evaluate the
feasibility of starting the business and how well the business
will do given the available business opportunities. The
entrepreneur should also come up with a proper business plan
that clearly illustrates how he or she intends to enter the market
and the projected earnings and progress for the next three or so
years. Strategies that a firm can use include price and non-price
strategies (Schindler, 2012). This paper will discuss the market
competition, firm strategies, the effects of regulation and
intervention.
Market structure refers to the general state of a market that an
entrepreneur wishes to venture (Stackelberg et al., 2011). It
provides a guideline of the whole industry and the new
opportunities that one can exploit. Market competition can be
described as the number of firms or individuals who carry out
the same business as the prospective entrepreneur. The existing
market competition refers to the firms that are already in the
market having similar business activities as the entrepreneur
while potential market competition refers to the number of firms
that are likely to become competitors that is new market
entrants, companies that are opening branches at your region
among others (Stackelberg et al., 2011). In a small market, a
niche, there are few competitors however this makes it even
harder to enter the market as ever firm has already carved out a
section of the market their own.
In the real estate business where one decides to venture into
high-end luxurious residences, the number of competitors will
be few. In this case, the barriers to entry will be harder to
overcome. The customers in this market structure are fiercely
loyal to their agencies and it will require a very good strategy to
acquire some customers. The barriers to entry into this market
will include startup capital required to set up the agency, to
attract this niche one needs to act and look the part.
Different researchers have being trying to find out what market
structure best suits real estate business. According to Baker &
Chinloy (2014), real estate market structure is highly
oligopolistic in some instances given that it is not very
competitive industry. Real estate industry does not have
competitive features but there are more non-price variables such
as reputation, quality, and level of service. Firms find it easier
to enter into real estate industry within the city where the
business will operate. In fact entry is almost free and the city
has many real estate agencies. However, it is worth noting that
these agencies do not provide homogeneous products. Products
in this market are quite unique in terms of financing, building,
and location.
An increase in price results into a decline in quantity demanded
and this results into an increase in the number of firms entering
the market because they want to make more profits. However, it
does not mean that the real estate agency will make more profits
(Baker & Chinloy, 2014). Conversely, it will force real estate
agencies to charge higher prices even though the number of
houses sold will not change. It therefore means the entry of new
firms in real estate market will affect the price my firm will
charge on its products.
Real estate business in New York City is somewhat perfectly
competitive (Baker & Chinloy, 2014). Real estate business in
this city falls under this market structure because the market has
many firms, easy entry and exit of firms, products are
homogeneous. Real estate agencies do not have many constrain
that may prevent them from into entering into the New York
real estate market. In addition, the price charged by my firm
will not be affected by entry or exit of firms in the market. It
therefore means that my firm would perfectly fit into a
constant-cost industry.
Regulations in real estate market are often centered on height,
parking, and low income housing. Government regulations, laws
and policies are other factors likely to affect the entry of a firm
into the market (Schindler, 2012). Real estate market
regulations in New York City require all agencies to be
registered businesses. It is also mandatory for every real estate
agent to have an operating license. To earn this license they are
required to go through a course and sit an exam at the end of the
cause. The local government also requires the agency to have a
physical address which is registered with the authorities. The
business should also be licensed under the local and national
governments. In some states it is mandatory for businesses to
participate in local projects such as fundraisers and municipal
meetings.
Government intervention can both benefit of adversely affect a
business. It comes in handy with preventing unethical
advertising by competitors, formation of cartels that collude to
bar other firms from entering the market (Schindler, 2012). On
the other hand, the government intervention prevents unethical
practices by the firm, requires proper paperwork for revenue
earned, and requires proper qualifications for all agents who are
employed by the firm. This may be very costly to the firm. Full
disclosure of the firm’s transactions also inconveniences the
firm since most of their clients require privacy as a condition
for hiring the firm.
In conclusion, a firm needs a good strategy to enter a new
market and be successful in it. A firm should carry out adequate
market research before venturing into a new market
(Stackelberg et al., 2011). It is also important to pick the most
suitable target market its product. Market competition motivates
firms to come up with innovative ways to advertise their
products, enter markets and generally express their creativity in
favor of the customers (Schindler, 2012). Government
regulations ensure ethical practices among firms and fair
treatment of clients. They also ensure that only qualified agents
practice this protects clients from quacks.
References
Gartenstein, D. (n.d). How Supply and Demand Impacts
Decisions in Business. Web. Accessed on September 27, 2015
from <http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/supply-demand-
impacts-decisions-business-14047.html>
National Academy of Sciences (2015). The Influences of
Government Investments and Regulatory Policies on Corporate
Time Horizons. Web. Accessed on September 27, 2015 from
<http://www.nap.edu/read/1943/chapter/7>
Unger, R. (2010). Confessions of a Money Manager: Here’s how
to analyze investment opportunities. Web. Access on September
27, 2015 from
<http://host.madison.com/business/money_manager/confessions
-of-a-money-manager-here-s-how-to-analyze/article_72f6d637-
4aac-5eb1-831d-55a71ac5d8d4.html>
Dunn, T. (2015). Where Is The Market Going, And How To
Survive When It Gets There. Accessed from
<http://seekingalpha.com/article/3556146-where-is-the-market-
going-and-how-to-survive-when-it-gets-
there?li_source=LI&li_medium=liftigniter-widget>
Kapitalust (n.d). Case Study: Coca Cola as an Example of
Analyzing Investment Opportunity Cost with the Earnings
Yield. Accessed from <http://www.kapitalust.com/the-earnings-
yield-of-coca-cola/>
Piros, C. D., & Pinto, J. E. (2013). Economics for investment
decision makers: Micro, macro, and international economics.
Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Smit, H. T. J., & Trigeorgis, L. (2008). Strategic Investment:
Real Options and Games. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Baker, H. K., & Chinloy, P. (2014). Private real estate markets
and investments. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schindler, R. (2012). Pricing strategies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.:
Sage Publications, Inc.
Stackelberg, H., Bazin, D., Urch, L., & Hill, R. (2011). Market
structure and equilibrium. Berlin: Springer.

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Note Please take your time and do a good work as always, Thank yo.docx

  • 1. Note: Please take your time and do a good work as always, Thank you. I will post the revision and separate final reflection paper on 9-2 final project (MILESTON I, II and III).Thank you. I need a serious revision, she gave me second chance of your work, which is I need serious work, I will pay the revision eco- 9-2 final projects (milestone I, II, II) and separate reflection paper and separate reflection paper On this final projects. Note: 1) you have revised the entire work of 9-2 final project according to the feedback or comments (milestone I, II, III) 2) Separate page you write a final reflection paper of 9-2 final project (Milestone I, II, and III) Feedback from the instructor: If you want to resubmit it you can and I will grade your revision. The main problem was that you didn't identify a specific project (e.g., opening a restaurant, building a facility, developing a new drug) and evaluating that project in each of the milestones. Your analysis was more generic than specific. You are basically covering some of the topics that are part of a business plan, such as one an entrepreneur would submit to a bank. The business plan has to evaluate the specific business opportunity and your assessment of its ability to succeed. Here's a link to a website that discusses the fundamentals of business plans. https://www.sba.gov/category/navigation-structure/starting- managing-business/starting-business/how-write-business-plan
  • 2. Feedback (1) from the instructor I have a hard time following your analysis. You seem to switch from one product or industry to another rather than follow the same investment opportunity throughout the entire paper. See my comments on it, below are the comments. Feedback from the instructor Page 3 do you think most investors involved in the derivatives market are willing to fund a new company designed to manufacture refrigerators? What about Angel investors or VCs? Is the possibility of a very high rate of return and the ability to sell the company at a large profit sufficient to attract that type of funding? is the supply of these refrigerators limited now? Page 5 what are the main cost components of building and selling these products? Are there specialized materials or subsystems? Can they be outsourced or should they be manufactured internally? Would production take place in the US or overseas? If the latter, are exchange rates moving in a direction that will add to costs or lower them? Claire Starry - a day ago Page 6 this goes in the demand section. good point about the role of new communications technologies and strategies in marketing. How are they affecting the supply chain? what market structure does this industry most follow? How many competitors are there producing similar products?
  • 3. This is may help you the feedback I got. Background12.6 (6.3%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and includes economic concepts that enrich and extend the summary Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Provides a summary of an investment opportunity including company, product line, and proposed product specific to this opportunity that informs audience Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Provides summary of an investment opportunity but with gaps in addressing critical aspects of company, product line, and proposed product specific to this opportunity that informs audience Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not provide a summary of an investment opportunity Feedback: Demand12.6 (6.3%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies evaluation with economic concepts that enrich and extend the evaluation Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Evaluates key non-price variables that are expected to support existing or potential demand specific to this opportunity using appropriate resources to support the evaluation Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Evaluates key non-price variables that are expected to support existing or potential demand specific to this opportunity but with gaps in appropriate resources that support the claims made
  • 4. in the evaluation Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not evaluate key non-price variables that are expected to support existing or potential demand specific to this opportunity Feedback: Costs12.6 (6.3%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Analysis of key non-price variables addresses how these aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Analyzes key non-price variables but with gaps in how these aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not analyze of key non-price variables Feedback: Constraints12.6 (6.3%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Analysis of constraints addresses how these aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Analyzes constraints but with gaps in how these aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not analyze constraints Feedback: Effects of Technology12.6 (6.3%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points
  • 5. Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Assesses effects of potential technology for how these aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Assesses effects of potential technology but with gaps for how these aspects can be leveraged to improve upon organizational costs Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not assess effects of potential technology Feedback: Market Competition9.8 (4.9%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Assesses market competition for impact on firm strategies and profitability Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Assesses market competition but with gaps on their associated impact on firm strategies and profitability Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not assess market competition Feedback: Firm Strategies9.8 (4.9%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Assesses potential firm price and non-price strategies for their relationship to the market structure Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Assesses potential firm price and non-price strategies but
  • 6. aspects of their relationship to the market structure are unclear Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not assess potential firm price and non-price strategies Feedback: Policies9.8 (4.9%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Identifies policies or regulations at the local, state, or national levels that may affect business explaining the reasoning for these policies Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Identifies policies or regulations at the local, state, or national levels that may affect business but with gaps in explaining reasoning for these policies Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not identify policies or regulations at the local, state, or national levels that may affect business Feedback: Effects of Interventions9.8 (4.9%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Describes the potential effects of the identified government policies or regulations on the firm’s goals and performance Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Describes the potential effects of the identified government policies or regulations but with gaps on how aspects impact firm’s goals and performance Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not describe the potential effects of the identified government policies or regulations on the firm’s goals and
  • 7. performance Feedback: Outlook: Risk9.8 (4.9%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Evaluates risks that would negatively impact the firm based on analysis Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Explains risks but with gaps in evaluating how they would negatively impact the firm Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not evaluate risks Feedback: Outlook: Opportunities9.8 (4.9%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with scholarly examples Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Explains opportunities that appeal to potential investors supported by factors that support these opportunities Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Explains opportunities that appeal to potential investors but with gaps in addressing factors that support these opportunities Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not explain opportunities Feedback: Outlook: Pricing Strategies12.6 (6.3%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims
  • 8. Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Explains and analyzes pricing strategies that would improve firm profitability Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Explains pricing strategy but with gaps in how aspects would improve firm profitability Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not explain pricing strategies Feedback: Outlook: Implementation9.8 (4.9%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Explains how the recommended pricing strategies can be effectively implemented based on market conditions Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Explains how the recommended pricing strategies but with gaps in how they can be effectively implemented based on market conditions Not Evident 0 (0%) points Does not explain recommended pricing strategies Feedback: Outlook: Government Interventions12.6 (6.3%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 14 (7%) points Meets “Proficient” criteria and qualifies with economic concepts that enrich and extend the claims Proficient 12.6 (6.3%) points Explains how the new venture can leverage government policy to maximize profitability Needs Improvement 9.8 (4.9%) points Explains how the new venture can leverage government policy but it is unclear how aspects would maximize profitability Not Evident 0 (0%) points
  • 9. Does not explain how the new venture can leverage government policy Feedback: Articulation of Response4 (2%) Levels of Achievement: Exemplary 4 (2%) points Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a professional and easy to read format Proficient 3.6 (1.8%) points Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization Needs Improvement 2.8 (1.4%) points Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas Not Evident 0 (0%) points Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of ideas Feedback: Raw Total: 160.80 (of 200.0) Feedback to Learner 0.0630000 12.6 <span class 0.0700000 0.0490000 0.0200000 4 <span class='ra
  • 10. 0.0180000 3.6 <span class= 0.0140000 9.8 <span class= 2.8 <span class= 0.0000000 0 <span class='ra 0.0630000 0 <span class='ra 0.0700000 0.0700000 14 <span class=' Digital Signal Processing ( Dr. Fred J. Taylor EEL 5525 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2011 Lectures 1-7 Name: ____________________________________ ID: _______________________________________ Instructions:
  • 11. Complete the exam on the space provided. When time is called, stop all work and follow the instructions provided. Any work that is not collected when called for will not be graded. The honor system will be strictly enforced. Allowed Open book Open notes Pocket calculators and laptops Figures and tables Internet access to Sakai (only) Disallowed Unauthorized Internet access Cell phones Q1: Sampling Theorem and Quantization You are to analyze the audio recording and playback system shown below. The input audio frequency range is f([0, 3.5] kHz. The listener’s hearing range is f([0, 8] kHz. The ADC operates at the programmable sample rate of fs = n8kHz, n an integer. a) What is the lowest sampling frequency fs that will insure that the original audio signal x(t) can be (theoretically) reconstructed from its time-series samples x[k], without aliasing? b) The room is presumed quiet and you begin recording at a sample rate of fs=8k Sa/s. When played back you hear a 2k Hz “buzzing sound” in the captured signal. What is the expected
  • 12. minimum frequency of the extraneous tone that could have created this effect? c) You decide to place an ideal analog lowpass anti-aliasing filter in front of the ADC. What should be the filter’s passband cut-off frequency? d) The signed (10V ADC provides an 8-bit output with an input |x(t)|<10V. What is the ADC’s quantization step size? e) The signed 8-bit ADC’s output is sent to an accumulator that produces an output given by: å = - = 4 0 ] [ ] [ i i k x k y (not a MAC) What is the minimum number of integer bits that must be assigned to the accumulator to insure overflow-free run-time performance?
  • 13. Q.2: z-Transforms Table 1: Primitive Signals and their z-Transform Time-domain z-transform ([k] 1 u[k] z/(z–1) aku[k] z/(z–a) kaku[k] az/(z–a)2 You are studying a causal signal x[k] having a z-transform X(z)= (z+1)2/(z-1)(z-0.5)2. The signal has a Heaviside expansion given by: X(z)= (z+1)2/((z-1)(z-0.5)2 ) = A + Bz/(z-1) + Cz/(z-0.5) + Dz/(z-0.5)2. Invert X(z) (Hint: Think X(z) = X(z)/z). a) What is A? b) What is B? c) What is C? d) What is D? e) What is x[k]? f) What is x[(]? g) What is x[0]? 3. Sampling and Data Conversion: f2=6kHz) is presented to the system shown below.
  • 14. a- What is the Nyquist sampling rate (Sa/s)? b- If x(t) is sampled at a rate fs=8kHz, what is the reconstructed the quantizer is bypassed, that is let x[k]=y[k]) c- The qunatizer is in-place. The resulting signed 8-bit ADC having a (8 volt dynamic range quantizes the input an analog signal bounded by |x(t)|( 5 volts. What is the ADC’s quantization step size in volts/bit? d- What is the statistical quantization error in bits (i.e., how many fractional bits are statistically preserved)? 4: Sampling Theorem and Quantization] The home edition of American Idol uses the recording system shown below. The ADC is sampled at a 12000 Sa/s rate. The human vocal input is assumed limited to 4 kHz. a. The sample rate is chosen to be 12k Sa/s. To test the system, a hand-held audio signal generator is placed near the microphone. The signal generator produces a sinusoid tone signal y(t)? b. The signal generator’s frequency is set to f0 = 4 kHz but the gain on the electronic signal generator, used in Part 1.b, is set having a Fourier series representation given by:] ) 2 sin( 2 )
  • 15. ( ) ( 0 å ¥ ÷ ø ö ç è æ = odd n t nf n t x p p Assume that x(t) can be essentially model using only the 1st, What is the reconstructed output signal y(t)? 5: Discrete-time system Consider the non-causal discrete-time systems shown below. The difference equation that applies to the system shown on the left of the Figure shown above is ] 1
  • 16. [ ] [ ] [ - + = k y k x k y . a. – Is the system BIBO stable? b.- What is the difference equation the applies to the system shown on the right of the Figure shown above? c.- What are the system’s first 4 outputs if y[-1]=0 (system at- rest) and x[k]=u[k] (unit step)? ( x(t) ADC
  • 20. fs = n6000 kSa/s x[k] y(t) fmax = 4kHz … … x(t) Ts Delay
  • 22. + ( Ts Delay (b) z[k] - PAGE Exam 1 - 5 _1367235369.unknown _1377013833.unknown _1304844220.unknown
  • 23. ECO 520: 9-2 Final Project: Investment Opportunity Analysis. ECO 520: 9-2 Final Project: Investment Opportunity Analysis. Millstone I An investment analysis is a process that involves evaluating financial status of business and choosing an opportunity that best suites goals and objectives of the investor (Unger, 2010). Any investment analysis involves taking into consideration the growth rate and risks involved in running a particular business. Obviously, businesses with a high degree of certainty will
  • 24. attract more investors than those that are surrounded by high degrees of uncertainty. As an investor, therefore, I can use an investment analysis on the manufacture of refrigerators to consider the level of risks to bear when investing in this business. In this respect, the focus of this milestone is on investment analysis for an investor interested in venturing in an electronic manufacturing business particularly for refrigerators. Apart from taking into consideration the return on investment of the electronic manufacturing business, as a potential investor I need to take a close look at opportunity costs and taxes that may reduce net returns for the business and its product. With the coming of numerous Internet sites, I will be able access information on opportunity costs and taxes via business sites (Unger, 2010). Given that I have the potential to invest in electronic manufacturing business I can, for example, consider investing in this business when I have good tax status. Transaction costs in this investment can be incurred when an investor purchases sells or purchases part of his or her electronics (Unger, 2010). Even though many people view investing in the manufacturing of electronics as one of the riskiest investments, this business has proved to be the most lucrative business so far. Investors are increasingly purchasing future contracts with an aim of reducing chances of suffering price falls (Gartenstein, nd). Generally, futures are referred to as derivatives owing to the fact that they play a key role in cushioning new businesses from price movements. Therefore, investing in the manufacture of refrigerators will require me to use derivatives given that this investment is speculative in nature. The law of demand and supply also helps in determining business decisions. The target market for the manufactured refrigerators will be groceries. Therefore, the decision on whether to invest in manufacturing this product will depend on whether that area has many people running groceries or not. Many groceries within the region will imply high demand for refrigerators hence the manufacture of refrigerators
  • 25. will be an ideal investment. It therefore means that demand for this product is a factor worth considering n this investment opportunity (Gartenstein, nd). This factor will influence the decision of an investor who wants to invest in the manufacture of this product. An investor will therefore be motivated to invest in this business when the demand for the product is high because he or she will use this chance to charge high prices for the product. Bureaucracies and government regulations will also influence my decision to manufacture refrigerators. Government policies and practices can either be beneficial to investors or they can kill their morale to invest in a particular business (National Academy of Sciences, 2015). Ideally, the ultimate goal of investing in a business is to make profits. However, government regulations play a key role in determining profitability of this product. As an investor I will be discouraged in case the government requires electronic companies to go through many tedious procedures before starting the business. Some of these procedures may involve applying for many documents to have the business fully registered (National Academy of Sciences, 2015). Before starting an electronic manufacturing business, the government may require an investor to have environment conservation documents. These registrations and documents will cost the investor a lot of money and may end up losing interest in starting the business such costs may lower profitability of the company in the long-run.
  • 26. Milestone II: Production and Resources. Generally, investment decisions have great impact on the long- term success or failure of a business. How companies decide to invest the money that shareholders and lenders entrust to them largely dictates whether they will succeed or fail time (Piros & Pinto, 2013). The process of analyzing and prioritizing investment opportunities is thus one of the most important steps that an investor needs to take into consideration before making an investment decision. Businesses therefore apply several techniques to justify their investment choices. Even though there are other simpler microeconomic techniques, the best technique for analyzing investment opportunities is the net present value (NPV). This milestone will therefore try to provide a comprehensive analysis on an investment opportunity for a soft drink company. The first factor that an investor can consider before making a decision to invest is the demand of that particular product and its cost of production. In this case the demand for the soft drinks will play a crucial role in helping the investor shape his or her investment decisions. When the demand for soft drinks such as sodas and bottled water is high, it means that the business will make more sales and increase its profitability (Piros & Pinto, 2013). Given that profits are the fundamental pillars of an investment, an investor will start a soft drink company that pump profits and generates wealth for the
  • 27. owner. It is quite obvious uncertainties in the demand for soft drinks can make an investor to loss confidence in this investment. However, investing in a market where the demand for soft drinks is high will motivate the investor because he or she will be assured of his money back. It is equally important to note that this investment is likely to face some economic constraints. For example, demand for soft drinks may vary with seasons. When there are many festivities demand for soft drinks is likely to be high while demand in cold seasons will drop. Another factor that will determine whether an investor can introduce his soft drinks into the market is cost and supply issues. Given that the main aim of starting a business is to make profits and not losses, an investor will have to take into consideration how much it will cost him for his soft drinks to reach the market (Smit & Trigeorgis, 2008). Therefore, technological factors would be taken into consideration given that they play a key role in marketing and distribution of products. Additionally, the investor will consider whether it will be easier to access raw materials or not. Generally, the investor will have to put into consideration the cost that will be involved in starting and running the business. Some of these costs may include the cost of labor and equipment needed for the production of soft drinks. A soft drink company with low operational costs is assured of constant supply of raw materials is a fantastic business and is a worth investment (Dunn, 2015). The role played by the market structure will also be a factor that the investor will have to consider while making his investment decisions in this case. Ideally, there are four types of market structure; monopolistic competition, perfect competition, oligopoly, and a monopoly (Smit & Trigeorgis, 2008). An investor who wants his business to thrive in future will not hesitate to have his soft drink company as a pure monopoly. By definition, pure monopoly markets are markets
  • 28. where there are no substitutes for a given product. There is a single seller, which, if allowed to operate without constraint, may exercise considerable power over pricing and output decisions (Kapitalust, n.d). It is for this reason that an investor would consider having a monopoly as his business because he will be able to set prices for his products. Technology will also play a key role in the production of soft drinks. It is through technology that the company will be able to communicate the product to its customers. It therefore means that technology will also determine demand for soft drinks. In addition, technology will determine how fast the drinks will be produced and reach the market. Competition is another factor that an investor will consider before deciding to invest in a soft drink business. Ideally, every industry is competitive and investment decisions tend to vary with competitiveness of the market. This competition lowers returns on capital in the long run. Therefore, this investor will be reluctant to invest in an industry where there are many companies producing soft drinks. The best strategy to cope with this competition will be to lower the price of his products, but doing this will negatively affect his sales. For instance, if most of the companies sell the 500ml soft drinks at $5, it means this investor will have to sell his product at $4. Doing this will be dangerous and might render the business financially unviable. References
  • 29. Millstone III. Market Competition and Firm Strategies A market research is important before the commencement of a new venture. When starting a business one must evaluate the market competition and the business environment of the location of the business. In addition, one must also evaluate the feasibility of starting the business and how well the business will do given the available business opportunities. The entrepreneur should also come up with a proper business plan that clearly illustrates how he or she intends to enter the market and the projected earnings and progress for the next three or so years. Strategies that a firm can use include price and non-price strategies (Schindler, 2012). This paper will discuss the market competition, firm strategies, the effects of regulation and intervention. Market structure refers to the general state of a market that an entrepreneur wishes to venture (Stackelberg et al., 2011). It provides a guideline of the whole industry and the new opportunities that one can exploit. Market competition can be described as the number of firms or individuals who carry out the same business as the prospective entrepreneur. The existing market competition refers to the firms that are already in the market having similar business activities as the entrepreneur while potential market competition refers to the number of firms that are likely to become competitors that is new market entrants, companies that are opening branches at your region among others (Stackelberg et al., 2011). In a small market, a niche, there are few competitors however this makes it even harder to enter the market as ever firm has already carved out a section of the market their own. In the real estate business where one decides to venture into high-end luxurious residences, the number of competitors will be few. In this case, the barriers to entry will be harder to
  • 30. overcome. The customers in this market structure are fiercely loyal to their agencies and it will require a very good strategy to acquire some customers. The barriers to entry into this market will include startup capital required to set up the agency, to attract this niche one needs to act and look the part. Different researchers have being trying to find out what market structure best suits real estate business. According to Baker & Chinloy (2014), real estate market structure is highly oligopolistic in some instances given that it is not very competitive industry. Real estate industry does not have competitive features but there are more non-price variables such as reputation, quality, and level of service. Firms find it easier to enter into real estate industry within the city where the business will operate. In fact entry is almost free and the city has many real estate agencies. However, it is worth noting that these agencies do not provide homogeneous products. Products in this market are quite unique in terms of financing, building, and location. An increase in price results into a decline in quantity demanded and this results into an increase in the number of firms entering the market because they want to make more profits. However, it does not mean that the real estate agency will make more profits (Baker & Chinloy, 2014). Conversely, it will force real estate agencies to charge higher prices even though the number of houses sold will not change. It therefore means the entry of new firms in real estate market will affect the price my firm will charge on its products. Real estate business in New York City is somewhat perfectly competitive (Baker & Chinloy, 2014). Real estate business in this city falls under this market structure because the market has many firms, easy entry and exit of firms, products are homogeneous. Real estate agencies do not have many constrain that may prevent them from into entering into the New York real estate market. In addition, the price charged by my firm will not be affected by entry or exit of firms in the market. It therefore means that my firm would perfectly fit into a
  • 31. constant-cost industry. Regulations in real estate market are often centered on height, parking, and low income housing. Government regulations, laws and policies are other factors likely to affect the entry of a firm into the market (Schindler, 2012). Real estate market regulations in New York City require all agencies to be registered businesses. It is also mandatory for every real estate agent to have an operating license. To earn this license they are required to go through a course and sit an exam at the end of the cause. The local government also requires the agency to have a physical address which is registered with the authorities. The business should also be licensed under the local and national governments. In some states it is mandatory for businesses to participate in local projects such as fundraisers and municipal meetings. Government intervention can both benefit of adversely affect a business. It comes in handy with preventing unethical advertising by competitors, formation of cartels that collude to bar other firms from entering the market (Schindler, 2012). On the other hand, the government intervention prevents unethical practices by the firm, requires proper paperwork for revenue earned, and requires proper qualifications for all agents who are employed by the firm. This may be very costly to the firm. Full disclosure of the firm’s transactions also inconveniences the firm since most of their clients require privacy as a condition for hiring the firm. In conclusion, a firm needs a good strategy to enter a new market and be successful in it. A firm should carry out adequate market research before venturing into a new market (Stackelberg et al., 2011). It is also important to pick the most suitable target market its product. Market competition motivates firms to come up with innovative ways to advertise their products, enter markets and generally express their creativity in favor of the customers (Schindler, 2012). Government regulations ensure ethical practices among firms and fair treatment of clients. They also ensure that only qualified agents
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