The document provides biographical information about Norman Foster, a prominent British architect known for his sleek, modern buildings made of steel and glass. It discusses his educational background and early career founding the architectural firm Foster + Partners. It also summarizes some of Foster's most notable projects from the 1960s to present day, including the HSBC Main Building in Hong Kong, London City Hall, Hearst Tower in New York, and Apple Park in California. The document concludes with details on Foster's honors, recognition, and personal life.

1. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
NORMAN FOSTER
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. JYOTSNA MUNDARY
SUBMITTED BY:
ARJUN PATTNAIK
DEBASHIS SAHOO
JAGAT JYOTI MAHALIK
RITEST KUMAR ROUTRAY

2. LIFE HISTORY • Closely associated with the development of High-tech architecture
and the early adoption of energy-efficient construction techniques,
Foster is recognised as a key figure in British modernist
architecture.
• His architectural practice Foster + Partners, first founded in 1967
as Foster Associates, is the largest in the United Kingdom, and
maintains offices internationally.
• He is the President of the Norman Foster Foundation, created to
'promote interdisciplinary thinking and research to help new
generations of architects, designers and urbanists to anticipate the
future'.
• The foundation, which opened in June 2017, is based in Madrid
and operates globally.
Name: Norman Foster
Full name: Lord Norman Foster of Thames Bank
Original name in full: Norman Robert Foster
D.O.B: June 1, 1935
Place of Birth: Manchester , England
British architect
Famous for: Sleek modern buildings made of steel and glass.

3. Early life and education • In 1953, Foster completed his national service in the Royal Air Force, choosing
the air force because aircraft had been a longtime hobby.Upon returning to
Manchester, Foster applied to work at a duplicating machine company, telling the
interviewer he had applied for the prospect of a company car and a £1,000 salary.
Instead, he became an assistant to a contract manager at a local architects, John
E. Beardshaw and Partners.The staff advised him that if he wished to become
an architect, he should prepare a portfolio of drawings using the perspective and
shop drawings from Beardshaw's practice as an example.Beardshaw was so
impressed with Foster's drawings that he promoted him to the drawing
department.
• In 1956, Foster began study at the School of Architecture and City Planning. He
took part-time jobs to fund his studies, including an ice-cream salesman, bouncer,
and night shifts at a bakery making crumpets. His talent and hard work was
recognised in 1959 when he won £105 and a RIBA silver medal for what he
described as "a measured drawing of a windmill".
• After graduating in 1961,Foster won the Henry Fellowship to Yale School of
Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut, where he met future business partner
Richard Rogers and earned his master's degree. At the suggestion of Vincent
Scully, the pair travelled across America for a year.
•He was the only child of Robert and Lilian
Foster (née Smith). The family lived in poverty.
His father was a machine painter which
influenced him to take up engineering, design,
and to pursue a career designing buildings.
•Foster attended Burnage Grammar School for
Boys where he was bullied by fellow pupils and
took up reading.He considered himself quiet and
awkward in his early years.
•At 16, he left school and passed an entrance
exam for a trainee scheme set up by Manchester
Town Hall, which led to his first job, an office
junior and clerk in the treasurer's department.

4. Career
1960s–1980s
• In 1963, Foster returned to England and established his own architectural practice, Team
4, with Rogers, Su Brumwell, and sisters Georgie and Wendy Cheesman. Among their
first projects was the Cockpit, a minimalist glass bubble installed in Cornwall, the features
of which became a recurring theme in Foster's future projects.After the four separated in
1967, Foster and Wendy founded a new practice, Foster Associates.
• From 1968 to 1983, Foster collaborated with American architect Richard Buckminster
Fuller on several projects that became catalysts in the development of an environmentally
sensitive approach to design, such as the Samuel Beckett Theatre at St Peter's College,
Oxford.
• Foster Associates concentrated on industrial buildings until 1969, when the practice
worked on the administrative and leisure centre for Fred. Olsen Lines based in the London
Docklands, which integrated workers and managers within the same office space.This
was followed, in 1970, by the world's first inflatable office building for Computer
Technology Limited near Hemel Hempstead, which housed 70 employees for a year. The
practice's breakthrough project in England followed in 1974 with the completion of the
Willis Faber & Dumas headquarters in Ipswich, commissioned in 1970 and completed in
1975.
TEAM 4

5. • In 1981, Foster received a commission for the construction of a new terminal
building at London's Stansted Airport. Executed by Foster + Partners, the
building, recognised as a landmark work of High-tech architecture, was opened
to the public in 1991, and was awarded the 1990 European Union Prize for
Contemporary Architecture / Mies van der Rohe Award.
• Foster gained a reputation for designing office buildings. In the 1980s he
designed the HSBC Main Building in Hong Kong for the Hongkong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation (a founding member of the future HSBC
Holdings plc), at the time the most expensive building ever constructed. The
building is marked by its high level of light transparency, as all 3500 workers
have a view to Victoria Peak or Victoria Harbour.Foster said that if the firm had
not won the contract it would probably have been bankrupted.
HSBC Main Building, HONG KONG

6. 1990s–present
• Foster was assigned the brief for a development on the site of the Baltic Exchange, which had been
damaged beyond repair by an IRA bomb, in the 1990s. Foster + Partners submitted a plan for a 385-
metre tall skyscraper, the London Millennium Tower, but its height was seen as excessive for London's
skyline.The proposal was scrapped and instead Foster proposed 30 St Mary Axe, popularly referred to
as "the gherkin", after its shape. Foster worked with engineers to integrate complex computer systems
with the most basic physical laws, such as convection. In 1999, the company was renamed Foster +
Partners.
• Foster's earlier designs reflected a sophisticated, machine-influenced high-tech vision. His style has
evolved into a more sharp-edged modernity. In 2004, Foster designed the tallest bridge in the world, the
Millau Viaduct in Southern France, with the Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain stating; "The architect,
Norman Foster, gave us a model of art.
London Millennium Tower
Millau Viaduct

7. • Foster worked with Steve Jobs from about 2009 until Jobs' death to
design the Apple offices, Apple Campus 2 now called Apple Park, in
Cupertino, California, US. Apple's board and staff continued to work
with Foster as the design was completed and the construction in progress.
The circular building was opened to employees in April 2017, six years
after Jobs died in 2011.
• In January 2007, Foster does not intend to retire, but sell his 80–90%
holding in the company valued at £300 million to £500 million.In 2007,
he worked with Philippe Starck and Sir Richard Branson of the Virgin
Group for the Virgin Galactic plans.
• Foster currently sits on the Board of Trustees at architectural charity
Article 25 who design, construct and manage innovative, safe,
sustainable buildings in some of the most inhospitable and unstable
regions of the world. He has also been on the Board of Trustees of the
Architecture Foundation. Foster believes that attracting young talent is
essential, and is proud that the average age of people working for Foster
and Partners is 32, just like it was in 1967.
Apple Park

8. Personal life
Honours
• Foster was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1990 Birthday Honours, and thereby granted the
title Sir.He was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) in 1997. In the 1999 Birthday
Honours, Foster's elevation to the peerage was announced in June 1999 and was raised to
the peerage as Baron Foster of Thames Bank, of Reddish in the County of Greater
Manchester in July.
• Foster was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy (ARA) on 19 May 1983, and a
Royal Academician (RA) on 26 June 1991. In 1995, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of
the Royal Academy of Engineering (HonFREng).On 24 April 2017, he was given the
Freedom of the City of London.The Bloomberg London building received a Stirling Prize
in October 2018.
Recognition
• Foster received The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council on Tall
Buildings and Urban Habitat in 2007 to honour his contributions to the advancement of tall
buildings.
• He was awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, for the University of Technology
Petronas in Malaysia,and in 2008 he was granted an honorary degree from the Dundee
School of Architecture at the University of Dundee. In 2009, he received the Prince of
Asturias Award in the category 'Arts'.
Family
Foster has been married three times. His first
wife, Wendy Cheeseman, one of the four
founders of Team 4, died from cancer in 1989.
From 1991 to 1995, Foster was married to
Begum Sabiha Rumani Malik. The marriage
ended in divorce.In 1996, Foster married
Spanish psychologist and art curator Elena
Ochoa.
Wendy Cheeseman,
one of the four
founders of Team 4

9. List of works by Norman Foster • In 2017, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of
Achievement presented by Awards Council member Lord Jacob Rothschild during the
International Achievement Summit in London.In 2012, Foster was among the British
cultural figures selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his
most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's LonelyHearts Club Band album
cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires.
This list of works by Norman Foster categorizes
the work of the Pritzker Prize-winning architect.
Foster has established an extremely prolific career
in the span of four decades. The following are some
of his major constructions.
Completed Projects
•The restored Reichstag in Berlin, housing the German parliament. The dome is part of Foster's redesign
•Carré d'Art, Nîmes, France
•The Hearst Tower in New York City
•The Expo MRT station, part of the Mass Rapid Transit system in Singapore
•Dresden Hauptbahnhof roof and cupola
•Torre Cepsa in Madrid, Spain
•Apple Park, California
•1967, Reliance Controls factory, Swindon, UK; joint project with Richard Rogers in Team 4
•1969–1971, Fred. Olsen Lines terminal, London Docklands, UK
•1970–1971, IBM Pilot Head Office, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
•1971–1975, Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters, Ipswich, UK
•1973–1977, Beanhill Housing Estate, Milton Keynes, UK

10. • 1974–1978, Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK[2]
• 1980–1982, Renault Centre, Swindon, UK
• 1979–1986, HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong
• 1981–1991, Terminal building at London Stansted Airport, UK
• 1990, Headquarters of ITN, 200 Grays Inn Road, London UK
• 1992, Torre de Collserola, Barcelona, Spain
• 1984–1993, Carré d'Art, Nîmes, France
• 1993, Kings Norton Library, Cranfield University, UK
• 1993, Lycée Albert Camus, Fréjus, France
• 1994, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
• 1988–1995, Metro of Bilbao, Spain
• 1995, Faculty of Law, Cambridge
• 1995–1997, The Clyde Auditorium, part of the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow, Scotland
• 1995–1997, The American Air Museum, part of the Imperial War Museum, Duxford
• 1996, National Sea Life Centre, Birmingham, UK
• 1991–1997, Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt, Germany
• 1992–1998, Hong Kong International Airport, Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong
• 1993–1998, Valencia Congress Centre, Valencia, Spain
• 1995–1999, Rotherbaum Multimedia Centre, Hamburg, Germany

11. • 1998, World Port Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
• 1998, Portsmouth Damm, Duisburg, Germany
• 1999, Canary Wharf tube station, London Underground, London UK
• 1999, Redevelopment of the Great Court of the British Museum, London, UK
• 1999, Social Sciences Division, Manor Road Building, University of Oxford, UK
• 1999, Reichstag restoration, Berlin, Germany
• 2000, Greater London Authority Building (London City Hall), London, UK
• 2000, The Great Glasshouse of the National Botanic Garden of Wales, Llanarthney, UK
• 1996–2000, Millennium Bridge, London, UK
• 2000, Center for Clinical Science Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
• 2001, Expo MRT station, Singapore
• 1994–2001, Al Faisaliyah Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (with architectural artist Brian Clarke)
• 2001, La Poterie metro station, Rennes, France
• 2001, J Sainsbury headquarters, Holborn Circus, London, UK
• 1999–2001, Lionel Robbins Building renovation, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics, London, UK
• 2002, 8 Canada Square (HSBC Group Head Office), London, UK
• 1997–2003, Metropolitan Building in Warsaw, Poland
• 2003, Clark Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
• 2003, Universiti Teknologi Petronas main campus, Perak, Malaysia

12. • 2003, Capital City Academy, London, UK
• 1997–2004, 30 St Mary Axe, Swiss Re London headquarters, London, UK
• 2004, The Sage Gateshead, Gateshead, UK
• 2004, Moor House, London, UK
• 2004, McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, UK
• 2004, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London, UK
• 2004, The Millau Viaduct, near Millau, France
• 2005, Supreme Court Building, Singapore
• 2005, Western Årsta Bridge, Stockholm, Sweden
• 2005, 40 luxury apartments, St. Moritz, Switzerland
• 2005, National Police Memorial, The Mall, London, UK
• 2005, The Philological Library at the Free University of Berlin, Germany
• 2005, Deutsche Bank Place, Sydney, Australia (the first Sir Norman Foster building in the Southern Hemisphere)
• 2002–2006, Dresden Hauptbahnhof reconstruction, Dresden, Germany
• 2006, Hearst Tower,[3] New York City, United States
• 2006, Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building[4] at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 2006, Palace of Peace and Reconciliation,[5] Astana, Kazakhstan (with architectural artist Brian Clarke)
• 2002–2007, Wembley Stadium, London, UK
• 2004–2007, The Willis Building, City of London, UK
• 2005–2007, Thomas Deacon Academy
• 2004–2007, Kogod Courtyard, Center for American Art and Portraiture at the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC[6]
• 2007, International Terminal, Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, China

13. • 2006–2008, Lumiere residences, Regent Place, Sydney, Australia
• 2006–2008, John Spoor Broome Library, California State University Channel Islands, United States.
• 2007–2008, New Elephant House, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark
• 2004–2008, Torre Cepsa, Madrid, Spain.
• 2007-2010, Bodegas Portia's building, Gumiel de Izán, Spain
• 2009–2010, Sperone Westwater, New York[7]
• 2010, Art of the Americas Wing at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
• 2010, Buenos Aires City Government Headquarters, Buenos Aires
• 2003–2010, Florence TAV Station, Florence, Italy
• 2006–2010, Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center in Astana, Kazakhstan.
• 2004–2011, Jameson House (Vancouver), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• 2004–2011, The Troika,[8] Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2004–2009)
• 2007–2011, The Bow, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
• 2002–2013m Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany
• 2005–2013, The SSE Hydro, Glasgow, Scotland
• 2013, Faena Aleph Residences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
• 2013, Ombrelle, Old Port, Marseille, France.[9]
• 2014, Edward P. Evans Hall, Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

14. • 2014, Apple Store, Zorlu Center, Istanbul [10]
• 2014, Yacht Club de Monaco, Monte Carlo, Monaco[11]
• 2014, CityCenterDC, Washington, D.C.
• 2015, Apple Store, West Lake, Hangzhou
• 2015, Ilham Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• 2016, South Beach, Singapore
Proposed or under construction
• Zayed National Museum, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
• APIIC Tower, Hyderabad, India (2007–2020)
• Amaravati city masterplan, Andhra Pradesh, India (2017-2025).[13]
• Culture and Leisure Centre, Ciudad del Motor de Aragón[1], Alcañiz, Spain (2007) (competition won)
• New Phnom Penh International Airport, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (2019–2025)
• 200 Greenwich Street, Tower 2 of the planned reconstruction of the World Trade Center in New York City, United States (under construction), (replaced by
Bjarke Ingels in 2015 before decision was reversed in 2019).
• Reconstruction of New Holland Island, Saint Petersburg, Russia (ongoing)
• U2 Tower, Dublin, Ireland (2008–2011) (competition won) (construction postponed)
• Crystal Island, Moscow, Russia[14][15]
• Hermitage Plaza, Paris (La Défense), France
• Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.[16]
2017, Apple Park, Cupertino, California[12]3
2018, Comcast Innovation and Technology Center, Philadelphia, PA.
2019, BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House, Cardiff, Wales, UK
2020, Russian Copper Company Headquarters, Yekaterinburg, Russia
2020, Apple Store, Marina Bay Sands, Singapore
2020, Apple Store, CentralWorld, Bangkok, Thailand

15. • Royal Hamilius Centre, Luxembourg
• Milano Santa Giulia residential district, Milan, Italy
• Restoration of the 'Hall of Realms' (Salón de Reinos) as an expansion of the Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain (completion later than
2024).
• DUO, apartment building, Central Park, Sydney (completion 2018)
• Omkar 1973, apartment building, Worli, Mumbai (completion 2018).
• Circular Quay Tower, Sydney, Australia (under construction)
• Bilbao Fine Arts Museum expansion, Bilbao, Spain (competition won, 2019)
• Torre Córdoba y Alem, Buenos Aires, Argentina (under construction)[17]
• Non-architectural projects
• Foster's other design work has included the Nomos desk system for Italian manufacturer Tecno,[18] the wind turbine housings for
Enercon, and the motor yacht Izanami (later Ronin) for Lürssen Yachts.[19]
• In October 2010, CNN announced that Foster recreated Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion car.[20]

16. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS

17. 1. 30 St Mary Axe
After plans to build the 92-story Millennium Tower were dropped, 30 St Mary Axe
was designed by Norman Foster and Arup Group. It was erected by Skanska;
construction started in 2001.
The building has become a recognisable landmark of London, and it is one of the
city's most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture.
30 St Mary Axe (known previously as the Swiss Re Building), informally known
as The Gherkin, is a commercial skyscraper in London's primary financial
district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in
April 2004.With 41 floors, it is 180 metres (591 ft) tall and stands on the former
sites of the Baltic Exchange and Chamber of Shipping, which were extensively
damaged in 1992 in the Baltic Exchange bombing by a device placed by the
Provisional IRA in St Mary Axe, a narrow street leading north from Leadenhall
Street.
Site: The building stands on the former site of the Baltic Exchange (24-28 St Mary
Axe), which was the headquarters of a global marketplace for shipping freight
contracts and also soft commodities, and the Chamber of Shipping (30-32 St Mary
Axe). On 10 April 1992, the Provisional IRA detonated a bomb close to the
Exchange, causing extensive damage to the historic building and neighbouring
structures.
Status: Complete
Type: Office
Architectural style: Neo-futuristic
Structural: Expressionism
Location: 30 St Mary Axe, London
Coordinates: 51°30′52″N 00°04′49″W
Construction:2001-2003
Opened: 28 April 2004
Cost: £138 million (plus land cost of £90.6 million)
adjusted for inflation: £230 million (plus land cost
of £161 million)
Owner: Safra Group
HeightRoof: 180 metres (591 ft)
Floor count: 41Floor area, 47,950 square metres
(516,100 sq ft)
Design and construction: ArchitectFoster + Partners
Structural engineerArupMain
Contractor: Skanska

18. Planning process
• The new building's low-level plan satisfied the planning authority's desire to
maintain London's traditional streetscape, with its narrow streets. The mass of the
tower was not too imposing. Like Barclays' former city headquarters in Lombard
Street, the idea was that the passer-by in neighbouring streets would be nearly
oblivious to the tower's existence until directly underneath it.
•The plan for the site was to reconstruct the
Baltic Exchange. GMW Architects proposed a
new rectangular building surrounding a restored
exchange: it would have the type of large floor
plan that banks liked.
•Eventually, the planners realised that the
exchange was not recoverable, forcing them to
relax their building constraints; they hinted that
an "architecturally significant" building might
obtain a favourable reception from City
authorities.
•This gave the architect a free hand in the design;
it eliminated the restrictivedemands for a large,
capital-efficient, money-making building, whose
design was per the client's desire.

20. Design and construction 30 St Mary Axe under construction
• The building uses energy-saving methods which allow it to use only half the
power that a similar tower would typically consume.Gaps in each floor create six
shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire building, even
though required firebreaks on every sixth floor interrupt the "chimney". The
shafts create a giant double glazing effect; air is sandwiched between two layers
of glazing and insulates the office space inside.
• Architects promote double glazing in residential houses, which avoids the
inefficient convection of heat across the relatively narrow gap between the panes,
but the tower exploits this effect. The shafts pull warm air out of the building
during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar
heating. The shafts also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the
work environment more pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down.
• The primary methods for controlling wind-excited sways are to increase the
stiffness, or increase damping with tuned/active mass dampers. To a design by
Arup, its fully triangulated perimeter structure makes the building rigid enough
without any extra reinforcements. Despite its overall curved glass shape, there is
only one piece of curved glass on the building, the lens-shaped cap at the apex.
The building was constructed by Skanska, completed
in December 2003 and opened on 28 April 2004.
•On the building's top level (the 40th floor), there is a
bar for tenants and their guests, with a panoramic view
of London. A restaurant operates on the 39th floor, and
private dining rooms on the 38th.Most buildings have
extensive lift equipment on the roof of the building, but
this was not possible for the Gherkin, since a bar had
been planned for the 40th floor. The architects dealt
with this by having the main lift only reach the 34th
floor, and also a push-from-below lift to the 39th floor.
There is a marble stairwell and a disabled persons' lift,
which leads the visitor up to the bar in the dome.
The building is visible over long distances: From the
north, for instance, it can be seen from the M11
motorway, some 32 kilometres (20 mi) away,while to
the west it can be seen from the statue of George III in
Windsor Great Park.

21. 2. Willis Building (Ipswich)
Location
• The bulbous floor plan of the office block reflects the layout of the available site
in the centre of Ipswich, which is sandwiched between several road junctions and
the Grade I listed Unitarian Meeting House, one of Ipswich's oldest surviving
buildings. Thus two of the town's Grade I listed buildings stand side by side.
Design
• The centre of the building is constructed from a grid of concrete pillars, 14 m
(46 ft) apart, supporting cantilevered concrete slab floors. The exterior is clad in
890 dark smoked glass curtain wall.The use of dark glass, a curtain wall and lack
of right angle corners mirrors the art deco Express Building in Manchester - one
of Norman Foster's favourite buildings.The central escalator well leads up to a
rooftop staff restaurant surrounded by a rooftop garden.
• Originally there was also a swimming pool for employees to enjoy during their
lunch break. This has now been covered up (not filled in due to it being a listed
building) and the space is used for more offices. The swimming pool can be seen
underneath the false floor.
The Willis Building (originally the Willis Faber
& Dumas regional headquarters) in Ipswich,
England, is one of the earliest buildings designed
by Norman Foster and Wendy Cheesman after
establishing Foster Associates. Constructed
between 1970 and 1975 for the insurance firm
now known as Willis Towers Watson, it is now
seen as a landmark in the development of the
'high tech' architectural style. The building
houses some 1,300 office staff in open-plan
offices spread over three floors.
Window support detail.

22. History
• In 1991 the Willis building became the youngest building to be given Grade I
listed building status in Britain. At the time it was one of only two listed
buildings under 30 years of age.

23. 3. Queen Elizabeth II Great Court
Description:
• The court has a tessellated glass roof, engineered by Buro Happold and built by
Waagner-Biro, covering the entire court, and surrounds the original circular
British Museum Reading Room in the centre, now a museum. It is the largest
covered square in Europe. The glass and steel roof is made up of 4,878 unique
steel members connected at 1,566 unique nodes and 1,656 pairs of glass
windowpanes making up 6,100m2 of glazing;each of a unique shape because of
the undulating nature of the roof.
• Controversially, some of the stone in the court is from France, rather than being
Portland Stone from southern England as agreed in the original contract with the
masons.
• Within the Great Court, there are shops and a café. The court acts as a central
linking point for the museum, somewhat like I. M. Pei's Louvre Pyramid in Paris.
The Queen Elizabeth II Great Court,
commonly referred to simply as the Great
Court, is the covered central quadrangle of the
British Museum in London. It was redeveloped
during the late 1990s to a design by Foster and
Partners, from a 1970s design by Colin St John
Wilson. The court was opened by Queen
Elizabeth II in 2000.
View of the
Great Court
from the
second floor
of the
southern
wing

24. Construction:
• The central courtyard of the British Museum was occupied by the British Library
until 1997 when it moved to St Pancras. At that time the entire courtyard was filled
with bookshelves, three stories high (the 'Book stacks'). To get from one side of the
museum to the other, visitors had to go around.
• Once the Library had moved out, the book stacks were cleared and the Great Court
constructed in this central courtyard. A new 'ground' level was created, a storey
higher than the original courtyard, with the space below used to accommodate the
Clore Education Centre and the African galleries (which had been housed at the
Museum of Mankind since 1970).
• The South Portico was largely rebuilt, with two new lifts incorporated for disabled
access to the upper levels of the museum.
• A new gridshell glass roof, designed and built by Austrian specialists Waagner-Biro,
was provided over the entire courtyard to create a covered space at the centre of the
museum.
• The British Library Reading Room at the centre of the courtyard was retained and
refurbished for use as the Museum library and information centre. As the Reading
room had no outer wall—the book stacks coming right up to the back of the reading
room shelves—a new outer wall was created to protect the Reading room, to support
the new roof and to conceal the ventilation ducts serving the spaces below.
• North of the Reading Room there is a block with a museum shop at ground level, a
gallery for temporary exhibitions above and a restaurant above that, just below the
glass roof.

25. 4. Wembley Stadium
Wembley Stadium (branded as Wembley
Stadium connected by EE for sponsorship
reasons) is a football stadium in Wembley,
London. It opened in 2007 on the site of the
original Wembley Stadium, which was
demolished from 2002 to 2003.The stadium
hosts major football matches including home
matches of the England national football team,
and the FA Cup Final. Wembley Stadium is
owned by the governing body of English
football, the Football Association (the FA),
whose headquarters are in the stadium, through
its subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Ltd
(WNSL). With 90,000 seats, it is the largest
stadium in the UK and the second-largest
stadium in Europe.

26. Structure
• The stadium contains 2,618 toilets, more than any other venue in
the world.
• The stadium has a circumference of 1 km (0.62 mi).
• The bowl volume is listed at 1,139,100 m3 (1,489,900 cu yd),
somewhat smaller than the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, but with
a greater seating capacity.
• At its peak, there were more than 3,500 construction workers on
site.
• 4,000 separate piles form the foundations of the new stadium,the
deepest of which is 35 m (115 ft).
• There are 56 km (35 mi) of heavy-duty power cables in the
stadium.
• 90,000 m3 (120,000 cu yd) of concrete and 23,000 tonnes (25,000
short tons) of steel were used in the construction of the new
stadium.
• The total length of the escalators is 400 metres (1⁄4 mi).
• The arch has a cross-sectional diameter greater than that of a
cross-channel Eurostar train.
Wembley was designed by architects
Foster + Partners and HOK Sport(now
Populous) and with engineers Mott
Stadium Consortium. The design of
the building services was carried out
by Mott MacDonald. It is one of the
most expensive stadia ever built at a
cost of £798 million in 2007,and has
the largest roof-covered seating
capacity in the world.

27. Covering
•Close-up of the arch
•The stadium roof has an area of 40,000 m2 (430,000 sq ft),
of which 13,722 m2 (147,700 sq ft) is movable.
•The primary reason for the sliding roof was to avoid
shading the pitch, as grass demands direct sunlight to grow
effectively.The sliding roof design minimises the shadow by
having the roof pulled back on the east, west and south.
•Angus Campbell, the chief architect, also said that an aim
was for the pitch to be in sunlight during matches played
between 3 pm and 5 pm from the beginning of May to the
end of June, when the FA and World Cups would be played.
•The stadium roof rises to 52 metres (171 ft) above the pitch
and is supported by an arch rising 133 m (436 ft) above the
level of the external concourse. With a span of 315 m
(1,033 ft), the arch is the longest single-span roof structure
in the world.
Onsite parking
The onsite parking facility is shared with Wembley Arena,
essentially being the open air surface parking surrounding
the eastern flank of Wembley Stadium and the multi-storey
car park. These are called Green Car Park and Red Car Park,
respectively. There is disabled parking available onsite, at the
Green Car Park, at a reduced rate but on a first come first
served basis. On some football event dates, opposing team
supporters have been separated into the two different car
parks.

29. 5.Hearst Tower (Manhattan)
•The Hearst Tower is a building at the southwest
corner of 57th Street and Eighth Avenue, near
Columbus Circle, in Midtown Manhattan in New
York City.
•It is the world headquarters of media
conglomerate Hearst Communications, housing
many of its publications and communications
companies. The Hearst Tower consists of two
sections, with a total height of 597 feet (182 m) and
46 stories.
•The six lowest stories form the Hearst Magazine
Building (also known as the International
Magazine Building), designed by Joseph Urban and
George B. Post & Sons, which was completed in
1928. Above it is the Hearst Tower addition, which
was completed in 2006 and designed by Norman
Foster.
•The building's main entrance is on Eighth Avenue.
The original structure is clad with stone and
contains six pylons with sculptural groups.
•The tower proper contains a glass and metal
facade arranged in a diagrid, which doubles as its
structural system.
•The original office space in the Hearst Magazine
Building was replaced with an atrium during the
Hearst Tower's construction.
•The tower is certified as a green building as part
of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) program.
In the era of preservation and adaptive reuse, Foster has joined this wave with
several important commissions. Of the instances where his designs intervene on
historic structures, the most dramatic is New York’s Hearst Tower.

30. • The Hearst Tower has 856,000 square feet (79,500 m2) of office space.
According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the building
has a gross floor area of 703,796 square feet (65,384.8 m2).
• The tower received a zoning bonus that enabled its maximum floor area to
be expanded by six floors or 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2), a twenty
percent increase from the previous maximum allowed floor area of 600,000
square feet (56,000 m2). In exchange, the Hearst Corporation agreed to
improve access to the subway station directly underneath, adding three
elevators and reconfiguring the subway station's circulation areas.
SITE:
The site is a nearly square lot covering 40,166
square feet (3,731.5 m2), and measuring 200.00 by
200.83 feet (60.96 by 61.21 m).
DESIGN:
•The two sections of the Hearst Tower are a
combined 597 feet (182 m) tall, with forty-six
stories above ground.
•The base occupies nearly the whole lot and
originally contained floors arranged in a "U"
shape, flanking a courtyard to the west.
•Along much of the base, the third through sixth
stories are slightly set back from the lowest two
floors.The original building's roof was 70 feet
(21 m) above ground.The tower stories are more
deeply set back from the lowest six floors on the
north, east, and south sides. The tower contains a
smaller footprint of 160 by 120 feet (49 by 37 m),
the longer dimension extending from east to west.
The setbacks above the sixth floor contain a
skylight 40 feet (12 m) wide.

31. • The Foster and Partners pushed the eco-efficiency of the skyscraper to an
exemplary level. They designed the roof to collect rainwater to be utilized in air-
conditioning for the internal environment and recycling through upside-down a
running system. Thus, almost 1.7 gallons of water is saved every year. There is a
two-storey sculpted waterfall named “Icefall” cascading on both sides of the
diagonal escalator in the lobby area simultaneously serving functional purposes of
controlling humidity and interior temperature.
• The entire exterior structure required a custom two-tier monorail scaffold built that
could move side-to-side and up-down so that it can be constructed in a proper way.
They even had to solve the puzzle of setting more than 3000 windows on the
exterior where any floor had up to 12 different window configuration and the
window corners slide inwards forming an eight-storey high bird’s mouth. Cleaning
these windows requires another custom built scaffold.
•The floors were designed to maximize natural light access where the artificial lights are censored to turn on and off by the
presence of occupants in the cabins and meeting rooms. The whole construction of the building reduced the emissions of carbon
dioxide by over 1070 tons.
•The beginning of the construction faced the irony of a repeated history of the devastation of the 9/11. Still after regaining
courage to finally move forward with the design, the original six-storey Art Deco building was designated as a historic landmark of
the 20th century. Finally, after receiving permission, the building was completed and opened in 2006. Till now the Hearst Tower
receives Gold rating from U.S. Green Building Council and leads a Platinum Status for an existing eco-efficient building.

32. • The Hearst Magazine Building is supported by steel columns at its
perimeter.
• A clerestory wraps around the seventh through tenth floors, above the
Hearst Magazine Building.Above the tenth floor, the tower's facade uses a
triangular framing pattern known as a diagrid, which serves as the
structural support system for the tower stories.
• Because of the facade's intricate design, the tower's window cleaning rig
took three years and $3 million to plan. The resulting design incorporates "a
rectangular steel box the size of a Smart car" on the roof, which hoists a 40-
foot (12 m) mast and a hydraulic boom arm. Sixty-seven sensors and
switches are housed in the box. A window cleaning deck hangs from the
hydraulic boom arm, supported by six wire-rope strands.The device was
installed in April 2005 on 420 feet (130 m) of elevated steel track looping
the roof of the tower. The rig snapped in a 2013 incident that trapped two
window cleaners.
The main entrance, at the center of the Eighth
Avenue elevation, contains a large archway
flanked by a pair of smaller rectangular doorways.
The archway has gray granite panels at its base,
and voussoirs and a beveled keystone at its top,
overlapping with a balcony. The barrel-vaulted
vestibule inside the archway contains embossed
octagonal coffers.

33. 6.Apple Park
• The main building's scale and circular groundscraper design, by
Norman Foster, have earned the structure a media nickname “the
spaceship". Located on a suburban site totaling 175 acres (71
hectares), it houses more than 12,000 employees in one central four-
story circular building of approximately 2,800,000 square feet
(260,000 square meters). Apple co-founder Steve Jobs wanted the
campus to look less like an office park and more like a nature refuge.
Eighty percent of the site consists of green space planted with
drought-resistant trees and plants indigenous to the Cupertino area,
and the center courtyard of the main building features an artificial
pond.
• Design and construction
• The ring-shaped building, advertised as "a perfect circle," was not
originally planned as such. The inner rim and outer rim on each floor
are left open as walkways. There are eight buildings, separated by nine
mini-atria. The campus is one mile (1.6 km) in circumference, with a
diameter of 1,512 feet (461 m). The one circular building houses most
employees. It is four stories above the ground and three stories
underground. Apple created life-size mock-ups of all parts of the
building to analyze any design issues.
Apple Park is the corporate
headquarters of Apple Inc., located at
One Apple Park Way in Cupertino,
California, United States. It was
opened to employees in April 2017,
while construction was still underway,
and superseded the original
headquarters at 1 Infinite Loop, which
opened in 1993.

34. • The design hides the roads and parking spaces underground.
The campus uses only glass for its walls and views of the inner
courtyard as well as of the landscape facing the exterior of the
building. Around 83,000 square feet (7,700 m2) of space is for
meetings and breakout spaces in the building. The inner part of
the circular building contains a 30-acre (12 ha) park featuring a
pond, with fruit trees and winding pathways inspired by
California fruit orchards.
• All interior wood used for furniture was harvested from a certain
species of maple, with Apple working with construction
companies from 19 countries for designs and materials.
• A breathing, hollow concrete slab acts as floor, ceiling, and HVAC
system. A total of 4,300 such slabs were used. Some of the slabs
weigh 60,000 pounds (27 t).
Energy source
The campus is one of the most energy-efficient buildings in the world, and the main building, Steve Jobs
Theater, and fitness centerare all LEED Platinum certified. In an April 2018 press release, Apple announced
that it had switched to being powered entirely by renewable energy. The solar panels installed on the roof of
the campus can generate 17 megawatts of power, sufficient to power 75% during peak daytime, and making it
one of the biggest solar roofs of the world. The other 4 megawatts are generated onsite using Bloom Energy
Server fuel cells, which are powered by biofuel or natural gas. The air flows freely between the inside and
outside of the building, providing natural ventilation and obviating the need for HVAC systems during nine
months of the year.

35. Landscaping
• Park under construction, January 2016
• 80% of the campus consists of green space. The spacious courtyard in the middle of the primary building
was planted with apricot, olive, and apple orchards, as well as a herb garden near the cafe. Other plants
selected for the campus landscape are drought tolerant. Recycled water is used to water the campus.
• In 2011, Apple hired an arborist, Dave Muffly, to cultivate California's natural environment around Apple
Park. Apple's headhunters tracked down Muffly in 2010 after Jobs recognized the quality of the oak trees
near the Stanford Dish and asked his people to find the arborist who was caring for them.
• There are 9,000 trees on the Apple Park campus, of 309 varieties of indigenous species. The planted
trees are Oak savanna, Oak wood, and fruit trees including apricot, apple, plum, cherry and persimmon.
An additional 15 acres (6 ha) are used for a native California grassland. Among the apple varieties
represented are Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Gravenstein, and Pink Lady, but the McIntosh is notably
absent.

36. 2012, Lunar Habitation, The Moon
The idea of extraterrestrial architecture typically
conjures up images from science fiction stories or
utopian fantasies of an impossible future. In
opposition to this stereotype, Foster + Partners has
taken on the practical possibilities of off-earth
building, by postulating 3D-printed architecture on
the moon. While Foster has always managed to find
solutions to earth-bound architectural parameters,
the move to space is without precedent both in
concept and building strategy.
Working with a consortium under the leadership of the European Space Agency, the firm sought
to transcend the limitations of having to transport building materials from the earth, by proposing
lunar soil, known as regolith, as an integral component to construction.
A base designed for four inhabitants would begin as a tubular structure, brought from earth, from
which an inflatable dome would emerge as a membranous mound, around which regolith would
be laid by a 3D-printing robot. Mixed with a printing agent, the lunar soil would be laid in a hollow
cellular-like pattern, created by the firm and a consortium of partners, to mimic biological
systems.

37. Designed to be located at the Shackleton Crater,
near the moon’s south pole, the base would
receive near-constant daylight, which would help
to regulate temperatures. Additionally, the
structure itself would protect inhabitants from
solar-radiation and the moon’s constant meteoric
bombardment. A series of cupola appendages
would allow the interior to receive natural light.
The firm has created a 1.5 ton mock up of the design, using a synthetic regolith here on
earth, and has created smaller models in vacuum conditions that more closely mirror
those found on the lunar surface.
Implementing a reproducible system allows for the flexibility that contemporary design
mandates. The success and usability of such an unprecedented structure cannot be
modelled by any kind of study, but Foster+Partners averts the disaster of fashioning a
facility too small or too large, by creating one that can adapt to changing needs.

38. 2016-2020, Rwandan Droneport • Working with the technology company Afrotech, Foster + Partners hopes to
develop the world’s first medical supply shipping facility operated by
drones in Rwanda. While medical supplies are presently delivered by roads,
the country is mountainous and the current infrastructure is insufficient for
its needs.
• With the population of Africa expected to double to 2.2 billion by mid-
century, Foster sees an exponentially increasing gap between the people
and their infrastructure. "We require immediate bold, radical solutions to
address this issue," said Foster, "The Droneport project is about doing more
with less, capitalising on the recent advancements in drone technology –
something that is usually associated with war and hostilities – to make an
immediate life-saving impact in Africa."
• Taking the form of a series of brick vaults, the open-air structure will be
broken up into medical center, mailrooms, an e-commerce trading hub, and
a space for drone manufacturing. Each facility would support two different
modes of transit: a smaller Redline for medical and emergency supplies,
and a larger Blueline for equipment, electronics, and e-commerce items.
Droneport is designed to be infinitely mutable as
merited by need. Unlike a closed system, Dulles Airport
for example, which required a complete overhaul to
expand on its existing form, the Droneport would exist
in a perpetual state of flux, both finished and
unfinished.
Although Foster believes that Droneports could one day be as common
as gas stations in an integrated system across the African continent, the
design acknowledges that the success of a new typology will be
unpredictable, and, therefore, its size will mirror its needs.

39. In all of these projects, there are themes which Foster describes as “de-sign processes:” integration,
regeneration, adapability and flexibility, as well as communication, economy and ecology. “Architecture
and building have many different facets,” he elaborates. “It is in the end, a balancing act of integrating
and somehow responding to all the needs of a project: material and measurable as well as the spiritual
and intangible, the subjective; it is somehow about making all those value judgments. Creating a
building involves the efforts and energy of thousands of people so there is a massive task of
communication. One has to be totally committed optimist to not give up before even starting. It also
requires an interactive process between those who initiate buildings, those who use them, and those
who design them.