Nondestructive testing methods are increasingly important for assessing aging infrastructure in a cost-effective manner. Common nondestructive testing techniques for concrete include rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, impact-echo testing, and ground penetrating radar. Each method has advantages and limitations depending on the type of defect being detected and material properties. Operator experience is important for proper use and accurate interpretation of nondestructive testing results.
This document discusses mechanical properties of materials including:
1. It describes stress, strain, elastic behavior, plastic behavior, toughness, and ductility and how they are measured.
2. It explains different types of stresses including tension, compression, torsion, and shear. It also discusses tensile and shear stress-strain relationships.
3. It covers elastic deformation, plastic deformation, linear elastic properties including Young's modulus, Hooke's law, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. It also discusses yield strength.
This presentation is a general overview of a floating offshore wind farm. The main goal is to design a semisubmersible platform for 5MW wind turbine. Most relevant marine topics were studied: sizing,stability,seakeeping,mooring,structure,ancillary systems,costs and viability.
1) A free body diagram is used to represent all external forces and torques acting on a system. It is an important step in solving kinetics problems.
2) The document provides guidance on constructing free body diagrams including identifying the system, drawing external forces and torques, and specifying the point of application and direction.
3) Lever systems use an effort force to move a load force. There are three classes of levers that vary based on the relative positions of the effort, load, and fulcrum. Mechanical advantage determines the trade off between force and distance of movement.
This document discusses using 3D seismic attributes to improve characterization of karst-modified carbonate reservoirs. It describes how karst features like collapse structures, polygonal patterns, and oriented lineaments can impact reservoirs. Multi-trace attributes like coherence, dip/azimuth, and curvature can help identify subtle karst features not evident on standard seismic. A workflow is proposed using attributes, geology, and production data to better understand karst overprints and compartmentalization. The approach is demonstrated on examples from the Central Kansas Uplift and Fort Worth Basin.
This document studies the role of activity versus elasticity in active nematic liquid crystals through modeling. It finds that when activity dominates, the system evolves turbulently with continuously created and annihilated defects. When elasticity increases, the turbulence decreases and stripes form. With high elasticity, the system forms a uniformly aligned phase like passive nematics. The interplay between activity and elasticity results in different flow phases depending on their relative strengths.
From the Gaming Scalability event, June 2009 in London (http://gamingscalability.org).
Today's electronic markets are demanding lower and lower end-to-end latency. The acceptable time from an event occurring to reporting the effect of the event to consumers around the world has gone down to seconds and even sub-second in some cases. This presentation shows how the combination of an Enterprise Data Fabric inside the firewall and Push Technology for delivery over the Internet ("the last mile") can effectively address this problem and turn it into competitive advantage.
Christian James is the product manager of Push Technology's high performance and low latent messaging product suite Diffusion. Christian leverages his knowledge and experience of the delivery of e-Commerce/betting and trading platforms, within the sports and financial markets, to expand and align Push Technology's product offering to the gaming fraternity. Prior to joining Push Technology Christian was head of IT for Cantor Spreadfair, a peer to peer spread betting exchange, and, prior to that, a lead within Deutsche Bank's FX e-Commerce team responsible for the design and development of Deutsche Bank's award winning autobahn�FX e-Commerce trading platform.
Mike Stolz is vice president of architecture and strategy for financial services at GemStone Systems. In his role, Stolz leverages his expertise in targeting, developing and delivering innovative technology solutions to expand GemStone's global financial services offering and cultivate its growing capital markets division. During the ten years prior to joining GemStone Stolz served as director and chief architect of Merrill Lynch's global markets and investment banking debt division. In this role, Stolz was responsible for the design and development of trading systems and trading support systems for Fixed Income, Currencies, Commodities, Liquidity and Risk.
This document discusses the inconsistency and hypocrisy of judging others while overlooking the faults within ourselves. The main points are: 1) We resent those who do not identify with us and distance ourselves from the unenlightened. 2) God's forbearance is meant to lead us to repentance, not indifference. 3) We are saved by relationship with God, not rituals. Righteousness is measured by what is inside, not outward appearances. Determining revival requires looking at ministry and fruit, not just ceremonies.
This document discusses mechanical properties of materials including:
1. It describes stress, strain, elastic behavior, plastic behavior, toughness, and ductility and how they are measured.
2. It explains different types of stresses including tension, compression, torsion, and shear. It also discusses tensile and shear stress-strain relationships.
3. It covers elastic deformation, plastic deformation, linear elastic properties including Young's modulus, Hooke's law, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. It also discusses yield strength.
This presentation is a general overview of a floating offshore wind farm. The main goal is to design a semisubmersible platform for 5MW wind turbine. Most relevant marine topics were studied: sizing,stability,seakeeping,mooring,structure,ancillary systems,costs and viability.
1) A free body diagram is used to represent all external forces and torques acting on a system. It is an important step in solving kinetics problems.
2) The document provides guidance on constructing free body diagrams including identifying the system, drawing external forces and torques, and specifying the point of application and direction.
3) Lever systems use an effort force to move a load force. There are three classes of levers that vary based on the relative positions of the effort, load, and fulcrum. Mechanical advantage determines the trade off between force and distance of movement.
This document discusses using 3D seismic attributes to improve characterization of karst-modified carbonate reservoirs. It describes how karst features like collapse structures, polygonal patterns, and oriented lineaments can impact reservoirs. Multi-trace attributes like coherence, dip/azimuth, and curvature can help identify subtle karst features not evident on standard seismic. A workflow is proposed using attributes, geology, and production data to better understand karst overprints and compartmentalization. The approach is demonstrated on examples from the Central Kansas Uplift and Fort Worth Basin.
This document studies the role of activity versus elasticity in active nematic liquid crystals through modeling. It finds that when activity dominates, the system evolves turbulently with continuously created and annihilated defects. When elasticity increases, the turbulence decreases and stripes form. With high elasticity, the system forms a uniformly aligned phase like passive nematics. The interplay between activity and elasticity results in different flow phases depending on their relative strengths.
From the Gaming Scalability event, June 2009 in London (http://gamingscalability.org).
Today's electronic markets are demanding lower and lower end-to-end latency. The acceptable time from an event occurring to reporting the effect of the event to consumers around the world has gone down to seconds and even sub-second in some cases. This presentation shows how the combination of an Enterprise Data Fabric inside the firewall and Push Technology for delivery over the Internet ("the last mile") can effectively address this problem and turn it into competitive advantage.
Christian James is the product manager of Push Technology's high performance and low latent messaging product suite Diffusion. Christian leverages his knowledge and experience of the delivery of e-Commerce/betting and trading platforms, within the sports and financial markets, to expand and align Push Technology's product offering to the gaming fraternity. Prior to joining Push Technology Christian was head of IT for Cantor Spreadfair, a peer to peer spread betting exchange, and, prior to that, a lead within Deutsche Bank's FX e-Commerce team responsible for the design and development of Deutsche Bank's award winning autobahn�FX e-Commerce trading platform.
Mike Stolz is vice president of architecture and strategy for financial services at GemStone Systems. In his role, Stolz leverages his expertise in targeting, developing and delivering innovative technology solutions to expand GemStone's global financial services offering and cultivate its growing capital markets division. During the ten years prior to joining GemStone Stolz served as director and chief architect of Merrill Lynch's global markets and investment banking debt division. In this role, Stolz was responsible for the design and development of trading systems and trading support systems for Fixed Income, Currencies, Commodities, Liquidity and Risk.
This document discusses the inconsistency and hypocrisy of judging others while overlooking the faults within ourselves. The main points are: 1) We resent those who do not identify with us and distance ourselves from the unenlightened. 2) God's forbearance is meant to lead us to repentance, not indifference. 3) We are saved by relationship with God, not rituals. Righteousness is measured by what is inside, not outward appearances. Determining revival requires looking at ministry and fruit, not just ceremonies.
This essay explores social communication and the ways in which it is mediated. It proposes a new model for communication and lists the major defining characteristics of media.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Joseph White Marketing Associates Portfolio
Brand Awareness.
Establishing a presence in the marketplace by…
- Building a cohesive image and message
- Differentiating from competitors
- Creating a lasting relationship with customers
O documento descreve Jesus orando sozinho no Jardim das Oliveiras, sentindo angústia e desespero. Um anjo foi enviado por Deus para confortá-Lo e dar-Lhe coragem para enfrentar o sofrimento e morte. Jesus assumiu os pecados e dores da humanidade na Cruz. O texto pede que sigamos o exemplo de Jesus ao carregar nossa própria cruz.
The document provides tips and strategies for creating a successful spending plan or budget. It begins by explaining that a budget is a helpful tool to track finances and find ways to save money. It then outlines six steps to create a budget: 1) identify income, 2) list expenses, 3) pay yourself first by saving, 4) make adjustments, 5) pay down debt, and 6) track results. The document provides various tips to reduce expenses in areas like housing, food, transportation, and entertainment. It warns about the real costs of credit card debt and signs that debt may be getting out of control. Overall, the document emphasizes creating and sticking to a budget in order to better manage finances and work towards savings goals.
Content marketing como conquistar os motores de buscaCarlos Venancio
Conquistar o motores de busca, ou optimizar sites para os motores de busca, o objectivos de muitas empresas. O conteúdo é a parte mais importante de qualquer estratégia de SEO.
Moving from one state of matter to another requires the addition of energy. Adding energy to solids causes them to melt into liquids as the molecules gain kinetic energy and begin vibrating and bumping into neighboring molecules, transferring heat through conduction. Similarly, adding more energy to liquids causes them to evaporate into gases as the molecules gain even more kinetic energy and spread farther apart while still remaining the same material.
IBM's research indicates that the advertising industry will experience more change over the next 5 years than the previous 50 years due to shifting consumer behaviors and new technologies. Consumers are gaining more control over their media consumption and attention is fragmenting across many devices. This is challenging traditional advertising models and shifting power to consumers. IBM envisions four potential scenarios for the advertising industry by 2012 depending on consumer participation in advertising and the openness of ad inventory platforms. Traditional players like broadcasters and ad agencies may need to innovate their business models and capabilities to adapt.
Diane Coyle discusses the challenges of authenticity in the digital age. New technologies have made it easy to create multiple online identities and copies of digital content. This has increased the value of authenticity while also enabling the spread of inauthentic information. Maintaining authentic identities and verifying information online will require credible digital identities, intellectual property protections, and widespread access to communications. Technology can both restrict and enable authentic experiences, so balancing these issues will be important going forward.
1) The Dialogue for Sustainability (D4S) is an initiative between Germany and emerging countries Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa to strengthen cooperation on sustainability research.
2) The objectives of D4S are to jointly generate sustainable solutions to combat climate change through research, and to contribute to defining an international research agenda for sustainable development.
3) D4S has established bilateral working groups with each country and held conferences to develop collaborative research projects in areas like land use, energy, and water management.
This document discusses different types of economic systems and how they answer basic economic questions. It outlines three main systems: traditional economies which rely on past generations; command economies where the government centrally controls resources and planning; and market economies where free markets dictate production and allocation of resources through supply and demand. In reality, most economies today incorporate elements of both command and market systems and are transitioning further toward free market capitalism.
The ZERMEG project aims to develop zero emission retrofitting methods for the galvanizing industry through optimizing processes to minimize resource consumption. It uses numerical models to calculate ideal minimum usage and identifies opportunities for reduction. Initial analyses found high losses from issues like overuse and improper procedures. Implementation led to major reductions in water, natural gas, and chemical usage at several plants, as well as production increases and fewer mistakes. ZERMEG II applies TRIZ methodology to further improve processes through function modeling and "trimming" questions. The approaches have been adapted to other industries as well.
WKXC-FM is a country radio station in Augusta, Georgia that has been in operation for over 20 years. It has local on-air personalities with many years of experience in the Augusta area. The station has won several awards and accolades for its programming and promotions. It has a potential listening audience of over 86,000 people within a 60-mile radius of Augusta due to its 50,000-watt signal. The station primarily targets adults aged 25-54 and has the largest audience share and highest billings of any radio station in the Augusta market.
This document provides an overview of session content covering:
1. How God sees and handles humanity based on two points about human nature and God's attempts to get our attention through life experiences.
2. How to attain salvation through two means - trying for salvation through various legalistic methods and trusting for salvation by accepting God's righteousness apart from works.
3. Definitions of key theological terms related to salvation such as justification, redemption, and propitiation.
The document contains 2 credit hours worth of session material focused on understanding salvation from God's perspective.
Effects of Long Duration Motions on Ground Failure - Steve KramerEERI
The document summarizes research on the effects of long duration ground motions on ground failure. It discusses different measures used to characterize ground motion duration, including bracketed duration, significant duration, and duration-influenced intensity measures like response spectra, Arias intensity, and cumulative absolute velocity. It also presents methods used to evaluate liquefaction potential that incorporate duration, such as the number of equivalent cycles and magnitude scaling factor. The research aims to better understand how very large earthquakes that produce long duration ground motions may impact ground failure.
IRJET - Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams throu...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis. The study involved determining natural frequencies theoretically using Euler-Bernoulli's equation, numerically using ANSYS software, and experimentally using modal analysis testing. Testing was conducted on aluminum and steel cantilever beams of varying aspect ratios. The results found that natural frequency decreases as aspect ratio increases and is inversely proportional. Frequency values obtained from numerical analysis were slightly higher than theoretical and experimental values, but all results showed good agreement. The study provides valuable information for engineers in vibration analysis and design applications.
This essay explores social communication and the ways in which it is mediated. It proposes a new model for communication and lists the major defining characteristics of media.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Joseph White Marketing Associates Portfolio
Brand Awareness.
Establishing a presence in the marketplace by…
- Building a cohesive image and message
- Differentiating from competitors
- Creating a lasting relationship with customers
O documento descreve Jesus orando sozinho no Jardim das Oliveiras, sentindo angústia e desespero. Um anjo foi enviado por Deus para confortá-Lo e dar-Lhe coragem para enfrentar o sofrimento e morte. Jesus assumiu os pecados e dores da humanidade na Cruz. O texto pede que sigamos o exemplo de Jesus ao carregar nossa própria cruz.
The document provides tips and strategies for creating a successful spending plan or budget. It begins by explaining that a budget is a helpful tool to track finances and find ways to save money. It then outlines six steps to create a budget: 1) identify income, 2) list expenses, 3) pay yourself first by saving, 4) make adjustments, 5) pay down debt, and 6) track results. The document provides various tips to reduce expenses in areas like housing, food, transportation, and entertainment. It warns about the real costs of credit card debt and signs that debt may be getting out of control. Overall, the document emphasizes creating and sticking to a budget in order to better manage finances and work towards savings goals.
Content marketing como conquistar os motores de buscaCarlos Venancio
Conquistar o motores de busca, ou optimizar sites para os motores de busca, o objectivos de muitas empresas. O conteúdo é a parte mais importante de qualquer estratégia de SEO.
Moving from one state of matter to another requires the addition of energy. Adding energy to solids causes them to melt into liquids as the molecules gain kinetic energy and begin vibrating and bumping into neighboring molecules, transferring heat through conduction. Similarly, adding more energy to liquids causes them to evaporate into gases as the molecules gain even more kinetic energy and spread farther apart while still remaining the same material.
IBM's research indicates that the advertising industry will experience more change over the next 5 years than the previous 50 years due to shifting consumer behaviors and new technologies. Consumers are gaining more control over their media consumption and attention is fragmenting across many devices. This is challenging traditional advertising models and shifting power to consumers. IBM envisions four potential scenarios for the advertising industry by 2012 depending on consumer participation in advertising and the openness of ad inventory platforms. Traditional players like broadcasters and ad agencies may need to innovate their business models and capabilities to adapt.
Diane Coyle discusses the challenges of authenticity in the digital age. New technologies have made it easy to create multiple online identities and copies of digital content. This has increased the value of authenticity while also enabling the spread of inauthentic information. Maintaining authentic identities and verifying information online will require credible digital identities, intellectual property protections, and widespread access to communications. Technology can both restrict and enable authentic experiences, so balancing these issues will be important going forward.
1) The Dialogue for Sustainability (D4S) is an initiative between Germany and emerging countries Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa to strengthen cooperation on sustainability research.
2) The objectives of D4S are to jointly generate sustainable solutions to combat climate change through research, and to contribute to defining an international research agenda for sustainable development.
3) D4S has established bilateral working groups with each country and held conferences to develop collaborative research projects in areas like land use, energy, and water management.
This document discusses different types of economic systems and how they answer basic economic questions. It outlines three main systems: traditional economies which rely on past generations; command economies where the government centrally controls resources and planning; and market economies where free markets dictate production and allocation of resources through supply and demand. In reality, most economies today incorporate elements of both command and market systems and are transitioning further toward free market capitalism.
The ZERMEG project aims to develop zero emission retrofitting methods for the galvanizing industry through optimizing processes to minimize resource consumption. It uses numerical models to calculate ideal minimum usage and identifies opportunities for reduction. Initial analyses found high losses from issues like overuse and improper procedures. Implementation led to major reductions in water, natural gas, and chemical usage at several plants, as well as production increases and fewer mistakes. ZERMEG II applies TRIZ methodology to further improve processes through function modeling and "trimming" questions. The approaches have been adapted to other industries as well.
WKXC-FM is a country radio station in Augusta, Georgia that has been in operation for over 20 years. It has local on-air personalities with many years of experience in the Augusta area. The station has won several awards and accolades for its programming and promotions. It has a potential listening audience of over 86,000 people within a 60-mile radius of Augusta due to its 50,000-watt signal. The station primarily targets adults aged 25-54 and has the largest audience share and highest billings of any radio station in the Augusta market.
This document provides an overview of session content covering:
1. How God sees and handles humanity based on two points about human nature and God's attempts to get our attention through life experiences.
2. How to attain salvation through two means - trying for salvation through various legalistic methods and trusting for salvation by accepting God's righteousness apart from works.
3. Definitions of key theological terms related to salvation such as justification, redemption, and propitiation.
The document contains 2 credit hours worth of session material focused on understanding salvation from God's perspective.
Effects of Long Duration Motions on Ground Failure - Steve KramerEERI
The document summarizes research on the effects of long duration ground motions on ground failure. It discusses different measures used to characterize ground motion duration, including bracketed duration, significant duration, and duration-influenced intensity measures like response spectra, Arias intensity, and cumulative absolute velocity. It also presents methods used to evaluate liquefaction potential that incorporate duration, such as the number of equivalent cycles and magnitude scaling factor. The research aims to better understand how very large earthquakes that produce long duration ground motions may impact ground failure.
IRJET - Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams throu...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis. The study involved determining natural frequencies theoretically using Euler-Bernoulli's equation, numerically using ANSYS software, and experimentally using modal analysis testing. Testing was conducted on aluminum and steel cantilever beams of varying aspect ratios. The results found that natural frequency decreases as aspect ratio increases and is inversely proportional. Frequency values obtained from numerical analysis were slightly higher than theoretical and experimental values, but all results showed good agreement. The study provides valuable information for engineers in vibration analysis and design applications.
Geophysical Engineering for Building Inspections Ali Osman Öncel
The document describes research assessing the strength of reinforced concrete structures using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and Schmidt rebound hammer (SRH) non-destructive tests. The tests were used to determine relationships between compressive strength test results and NDT values. Regression analysis was used to develop models correlating compressive strength with UPV and SRH readings. The results show significant correlations for both methods, with SRH prediction found to be more efficient under certain conditions. Combining the two NDT methods improved strength estimation and produced more reliable results closer to true values.
Seismic attribute analysis using complex trace analysisSomak Hajra
The document discusses seismic attributes, which are measurements or properties obtained from seismic data that provide information about rock properties. It defines various types of attributes such as pre-stack, instantaneous, physical, and multi-trace attributes. The document also discusses the analysis of key seismic attributes like reflection strength, instantaneous phase and frequency through the use of complex trace analysis. Finally, it concludes that seismic attributes are important tools that help interpreters extract more information from seismic data for applications like hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir characterization.
This document summarizes a study on dynamic simulations of a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The study aimed to verify the performance of a designed SHPB through numerical simulations using LS-DYNA. Key aspects of the SHPB design were outlined, including determining the maximum striker bar speed based on desired maximum stress and strain rate in specimens. Finite element models of the SHPB system were created and simulations were run to analyze strain waves under high and low strain rate testing conditions. Results supported that the SHPB design could achieve the desired testing parameters.
Eddy current testing uses electromagnetic induction to generate eddy currents in conductive materials. An alternating current is applied to a probe coil, which creates a changing magnetic field. This induces eddy currents in nearby conductive materials. Changes in material properties like cracks or thickness affect the eddy currents and are detected by the probe. Equipment includes probes, instruments to monitor impedance changes, and reference standards. Eddy current testing is used for applications like thickness measurement, crack detection, and coating thickness measurement. It provides rapid, portable inspections but is limited to conductive materials.
Similar to Non-Destructive Methods of Geophysical Engineering (6)
Gravimetri Dersi için aşağıda ki videoları izleyebilirsiniz.
Link 01: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTyjVaVGx0k
Link 02: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUkfgI8XaOE
The document discusses gravity anomalies and density variations in different regions based on gravity data. It shows how gravity maps reveal details about crustal thickness, tectonic features like faults and volcanic zones, and plate boundaries. Specific examples discussed include the Tibetan Plateau, Central America subduction zone, an area in Chugoku, Japan, and the state of Florida in the US. Regional gravity data can be used to model density changes associated with plate tectonics, crustal evolution, and volcanic and tectonic activity.
The USF team reviewed a geophysical investigation of the Kar Kar region conducted by WesternGeco in 2011. They found that WesternGeco's magnetotelluric (MT) data and models were of high quality. Both the WesternGeco and USF MT models identified a low resistivity zone at 300m depth that correlates with a water-bearing zone found in Borehole 4. USF performed gravity modeling which identified a north-south trending basin reaching 1500m depth, consistent with mapped faults. A preliminary hydrothermal model suggested observed temperatures could result from deep circulation of meteoric waters in the basin without needing a localized heat source. Additional geophysical data is recommended around the Jermaghbyur hot springs to
This document summarizes a study that used gravity data to delineate underground structure in the Beppu geothermal field in Japan. Analysis of Bouguer anomaly maps revealed high anomalies in the southern and northern parts of the study area that correspond to known geological formations. Edge detection filtering of the gravity data helped identify subsurface faults, including the northern edge of the high southern anomaly corresponding to the Asamigawa Fault. Depth modeling of the gravity basement showed differences between the southern and northern hot spring areas, with steep basement slopes along faults in the south and uplifted basement in the north.
This document summarizes the development of a new ultra-high resolution model of Earth's gravity field called GGMplus. Key points:
- GGMplus combines satellite gravity data from GOCE and GRACE with terrestrial gravity data and topography to achieve unprecedented 200m spatial resolution globally.
- It provides gridded estimates of gravity, horizontal and radial field components, and quasi-geoid heights at over 3 billion points covering 80% of the Earth's land.
- GGMplus reveals new details of small-scale gravity variations and identifies locations of minimum and maximum gravity, suggesting peak-to-peak variations are 40% larger than previous estimates. The model will benefit scientific and engineering applications.
Gravity measurements were taken in a region of China covering the south-north earthquake belt in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005. Researchers noticed significant gravity changes in the region surrounding Wenchuan and suggested in 2006 that a major earthquake could occur there in 2007 or 2008. While gravity changes were significant at some locations, more research is needed to determine if they could be considered a precursor. Uncertainties exist from measurement errors, hydrologic effects, and crustal movements. Improved data collection and analysis could enhance using gravity monitoring for earthquake research.
The document provides guidelines for implementing the H/V spectral ratio technique using ambient vibration measurements to evaluate site effects. It recommends procedures for experimental design, data processing, and interpretation. The key recommendations include measuring for sufficient duration depending on expected frequency, using multiple measurement points, avoiding disturbances, and interpreting H/V peaks in context with geological and geophysical data. Reliable H/V peaks are defined as having a clear maximum within expected frequency ranges and uncertainties. The guidelines aim to help apply the technique while accounting for its limitations.
Geopsy yaygın olarak kullanılan profesyonel bir program. Özellikle, profesyonel program deneyimi yeni mezunlarda çok aranan bir özellik. Bir öğrencim çalışmasında kullanmayı planlıyor.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Non-Destructive Methods of Geophysical Engineering
1. Nondestructive Testing
Kerry Hall
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Adapted from L. J. Struble and J. S. Popovics
Motivation
US infrastructure is deteriorating: 2009 ASCE Report card for
American infrastructure gave an overall grade of “D” – estimated $2.2
trillion investment needed for improvements
Infrastructure agencies are shifting efforts from building new
structures to assessing and rehabilitating existing structures
Minneapolis I-35
bridge collapse
2. Momentum and Collisions Rebound Hammer Test
Elastic collisions, both
momentum and kinetic energy
are conserved
Inelastic collision, momentum
is conserved, but energy is
absorbed
Object impacts solid, energy
absorbed, thus V2<V1
adapted from J.S. Popovics
Low strength material absorbs
more energy, thus lower
rebound height
3. Rebound Hammer - ASTM C 805
Rebound Hammer - ASTM C 805
Sometimes called the
Measures surface hardness Schmidt Hammer or Swiss
Related to Modulus of Elasticity Hammer
Light weight, portable, hand
Affected by varied conditions
operated
form material and type of finish
Spring loaded steel hammer
moisture content
impacts plunger – hammer
aggregate type and proportion rebound is measured
surface smoothness
A test is the average rebound
temperature number of ten determinations
direction of impact made in a small area.
depth of carbonation of the surface
Penetrating Probe – ASTM C 803 Penetrating Probe – ASTM C 803
Drives steel probe or pin into concrete A steel probe driven
Measures toughness of the concrete, into the concrete
the ability to resist fracturing. surface using a powder
Related to the tensile strength actuated gun
Affected by varied conditions
Hazardous – wear
Nature of formed surface
protective equipment
Coarse aggregate type, size and hardness
Moisture content
Penetrating Probe – ASTM C 803 Correlation with strength
Portable and hand A correlation of the nondestructive test
operated parameter to strength for each type of concrete
May require a license to be tested is necessary to determine in-place
to operate strength.
Three probes shot into A statistical evaluation of the correlated data is
the concrete and the necessary
average penetration ACI 228.1R, In-Place Methods to Estimate
determined. Concrete Strength presents methods for
correlation and statistical analysis.
4. What are waves? Mechanical body waves in
Propagation of a disturbance through a medium; solids: P-waves
mass is not transported in propagation direction also: Longitudinal (L-) Waves, Compression Waves
The time dependant disturbance is
1.5
T
usually expressed in harmonic form
1
The period (T) is the time required for Excitation
Dis place me nt
0.5
<T. Voigt >
0
wave motion to complete a round trip
-0.5
(measured in seconds)
-1 The frequency (f) is the inverse of T
phase delay
-1.5 (measured in 1/seconds or “Hertz”) In
0 20 40 60 80 100
audible sound, frequency is interpreted
Time
as the pitch Direction of Travel Direction of Particle Motion
Frequency-wavelength relation for all harmonic waves Wave Velocity: Governing Parameters
Propagation velocity V V =λ f Wavelength λ in Young’s Modulus E
in units of distance units of distance E(1 − ν )
per time ω= 2πf is “circular frequency” and vP = Poisson’s Ratio v
k = 1/λ is “wave number” ρ (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
Density ρ
Mechanical body waves in
Guided wave modes
solids: S-waves Shear Waves
also: Transverse (T-) Waves,
<T. Voigt >
Excitation
<www.lamit.ro/earthquake-early-warning-system.htm>
Rayleigh surface wave travels along free surface, slightly slower than S-wave
Direction of Travel Direction of Particle Motion
Wave Velocity in solids: a propagating “resonance”, must be set up over distance or time
Governing Parameters
propagation
G Shear Modulus G E
vS = v BAR =
ρ Density ρ ρ
no propagation in liquids or gases !
VP > VS in all known solids 1-D bar wave travels along long cylinder or prism, slightly slower than P-wave
Reflection and refraction –
Guided waves in plates
Impact echo frequency normal incidence
When an incident wave
Lamb wave are set up in large plates encounters the boundary with
another material, part of the
Multiple (infinite) modes of
incident energy is reflected, and
propagation, with varying motion
character and propagation velocity
the rest is transmitted (refracted)
Can be visualized as a propagating pr/po is the reflection coefficient
resonance (r); pt/po is the transmission
Increasing frequency or plate thickness
coefficient (t)
r is maximized and t minimized
when Z1>>Z2 or Z1<<Z2.
<Krautkramer and Krautkramer>
Acoustic impedance : Z = V ρ
<N. Ryden>
5. Reflection and refraction, mode
Beam divergence
conversion wave encounters the boundary with
When an obliquely incident The principles of wave interference and superposition control the
directivity of the generated pressure field. A given transducer may
another material, reflection and refraction become dependant on ϑi
primarily generate P-wave energy in some directivity field, although
(Snell’s law). Conversion to other wave modes also occurs. some S-wave and Rayleigh wave energy, may also generated in solid
media
The beam divergence
angle α of a given
transducer can be
estimated:
α
1.2λ
sin α =
<www.ndt-ed.org> D
<Gibson 2005> <www.ndt-ed.org>
Beam divergence: point source Scattering
of waves The reflection of ultrasonic energy away from the original direction of
Point sources of waves have poor directivity and generate P-waves, S- propagation; caused by reflection, refraction and mode conversion from internal
waves and Rayleigh waves inclusions. Causes signal loss, signal dispersion and scattering “noise”
Solid material
Detected back-
<Richard et al. 1970> scattered signal
Snapshot of wave fields (stress) in material owing to transient point load <Oelze 2007>
at some time “t” after wave excitation
Implications: transducer contact
Absorption and attenuation
Wave absorption is the conversion Wave attenuation is the overall loss
(coupling)
To eliminate significant wave reflection at the
of ultrasonic wave energy to other of wave energy with propagation, transducer-test material interface, must use a
forms of energy (heat). A caused by substance to displace air and ensure good
significant source of wave energy contact: oil, gel, grease, solid
loss for asphalt concrete * beam divergence (geometric)
* scattering Problematic for rough or uneven surfaces
* absorption <www.ndt-ed.org>
Dry point contact transducers
obviate the need for couplant
material. Each point transducer
needs vertical pressure to
ensure wave energy transfer
<http://www.greerindustries.com> <www.ndt-ed.org> <M. Schickert and MSIA Spectrum>
6. Implications: Detection of Implications: lateral defect
defects resolution
Ultrasonic waves show large reflection at interfaces between high (concrete) and low The ability to resolve side by side reflectors is improved by reducing α
(air-filled defects) acoustic impedance
time
voltage
General Rule: D
Echo height size
of defects (but shape Ultrasound can resolve
dependant!) defects of size x if x is
Simplified A-scan the same size or larger
than the wavelength λ
of wave pulse. α
voltage
Solution: use small λ (large f) 1.2λ
sin α =
<www.ndt-ed.org> D
time Solution: use small λ (large f)
Application: Ultrasonic pulse UPV application: concrete strength?
velocity (UPV) Effects
Parameter on UPV on concrete strength
w/cm ratio
Measurement of very first wave
arrival (P-wave) through a
age
specific wave path. Requires
good coupling to surface
moisture content
Standard method in many Agg type and content n/a useful for
countries (ASTM C597) relative
n/a
Proximity of steel measurements
Frequencies between 20kHz to within
Presence of defects
100 kHz typically used a single
structure
However, UPV cannot be used to measure in place
<Naik, Carino and Popovics 2005>
strength absolutely in most cases!
UPV application: defect UPV applications: Modulus
detection? determination 60
concrete specimens
υ d = 0.20
50
E u measured from UPV, GPa
40
void
crack Paste Specimens
30 υd = 0.25
Limestone
River Gravel
20
Air-Entrained
High Strength
10 PC, w/c = 0.34
PC, w/c = 0.45
Loss of transmission or Loss of transmission or Little to no effect
0
apparent lower velocity apparent lower velocity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
E d measured from resonant frequency, GPa
Ed is directly related to VP by wave theory. However, measurements obtained
Defects cause wave path to deviate, thus lowering the apparent velocity from wave velocity (UPV) do not agree with those obtained by vibration!
in most cases. However, UPV cannot be used to fully characterize Wave propagation over predicts Ed for concrete samples, assuming median
defects (shape, depth, location, etc.) values of Poisson’s ratio
7. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity –
Ultrasonic pulse velocity
ASTM C 597 v >v >v
solids liquids gases
Calculate Young’s modulus
Young’
More sophisticated from UPV (theoretical):
electronic equipment 1 −ν E
Portable, may require V=
electrical power
(1 +ν )(1 − 2ν ) ρ
Usually requires two Calculate strength from
or more people for Young’s modulus (empirical):
Young’
testing E = 0.04 3 ρ 1.5 σ
where V is velocity (m/s)
E is Young’s m odulus (MPa)
ν is Poisson’s Ratio
ρ is bulk density (kg/m 3)
σ is compressive strength (MPa)
Serway and Faughn
Dynamic (vibration) methods Resonance Frequency Analysis
NDE Technique - shallow Impact-echo
Impact-echo (ASTM C 1383) Analysis Reflection from slab bottom
Phenomena The resonant
Propagating waves frequency (at the
generated by impact peak) is related to
event. Multiply-reflected distance to reflector
waves are detected by (d) and wave velocity
surface sensor. (V):
f = V/(2 d)
Reflected waves set
up a resonance Thus,
condition having a
characteristic frequency d = V/(2 f)
Reflection from delamination
8. Impact-echo Impact-echo
Analysis (cont’d) Advantages
Relatively simple test to perform; commercially
available test equipment. Effective for detecting
• Strong wave reflectors delamination and slab depth.
more readily detected.
Disadvantages
Operator experience needed for data interpretation.
• Reflections Not as effective slabs over very stiff subgrade. Not
from embedded rebar effective for rebar detection.
and at the interface of a Application
slab and a stiff subgrade
are weak. Slab depth and delamination detection for most
slab systems.
NDE Technique - shallow GPR
Ground Penetrating RADAR (ASTM D 4748) Analysis
Phenomena Many time domain signals stacked together to
Wave pulses are reflected
form an image
antenna at interfaces having Scan direction
air: εr = 1
a difference in
electrical properties (εr )
concrete: εr = 6 to 11 Slab
Reflected pulses (time depth
and amplitude) are
soil: εr = 2 to 10
monitored in the
time domain signal
(water: εr = 80; metal εr = infinite)
GPR
Analysis (cont’d) GPR
Large wave reflection from metallic objects and moist areas.
Less reflection from slab-subgrade interfaces and air-filled cracks • Physical contact
Slab surface between antenna and
Scan direction
slab not needed
antenna • Allows for rapid
non-contact
scanning
Rebar reflections
9. GPR
Advantages
NDT of Steel
Very rapid data collection (non-contact technique).
Sensitive to presence of embedded rebar and moisture. Liquid Dye Penetrant
Eddy Currents
Disadvantages
Very involved data interpretation; operator experience Ultrasound
needed. Testing limited to 750mm depth. Not sensitive to
delaminations. Not effective beyond congested reinforcement.
X-ray
Application
Rapid scanning of slabs for depth or rebar location.
Defects in Steel Liquid (Dye) Penetrants
Observe visually
Enhance with penetrating dye
Clean surface and apply penetrant
Allow liquid to penetrate
then remove excess from surface
Apply developer (draws penetrant
out of defects)
No indication of crack depth
No indication of subsurface
defects
Not for porous/rough materials
Liquid (Dye) Penetrants Eddy currents
Magnetic fields setup electrical currents in
a conductive material (eddies)
They in turn generate a secondary
magnetic field that counteracts the first
This change in the field can be detected
by original coil or a pick-up coil
10. Eddy currents Ultrasonic Wave Reflection
incident
reflected
wave
wave
θi θr
Medium 1
Medium 2 θt
transmitted
wave
Reflected angle equals the incident angle
Amplitude of reflected wave depends on the properties of the two media
If media have large differences in stiffness and density,
most energy is reflected (flaws!)
If media have similar stiffness and density, most energy is transmitted
Angle-Beam Transducer
Angle-
Ultrasound: Steel vs. Concrete
Inspection
Ultrasonic pulse echo not effective in concrete Why?
Wave frequency 1-10 MHz
1-
Angle beams allow lateral Aggregate scattering!
detection of flaws in and f = V/λ
around welded areas If aggregate size (D) is 1” and we need λ > D
1”
Vertical cracks are not V = 4000m/s f < 150 kHz
detectable by normal beam f was in MHz for steel!
incidence
Low frequency pulse echo is problematic
Reduce extra echoes with
angle beam Difficult to manufacture transducers
Low f leads to large beam divergence (poor lateral
Hole Crack
Hole
resolution)
Crack,
no Crack
Crack detection
no detection
Transducer face must be very large
X-ray Radiography NDT Lab Today
Concrete tests
Bright is low x-ray
x- Schmidt rebound hammer: Surface hardness,
intensity due to strength
high absorption Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity: thickness, strength,
modulus
Dark is high x-ray
x-
Ultrasonic Resonance Frequency: modulus
intensity due to
low density Steel Tests
Dye Penetration: surface defects
Ultrasonic wave reflection: thickness, defects
X-ray: surface/internal defects
Eddy Currents: surface defects