Nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, touch, physical space between people and objects like clothing. It provides additional meaning beyond words alone. Some ways that nonverbal communication works include repetition to emphasize verbal messages, contradiction when verbal and nonverbal messages conflict, and regulation to control interactions. Nonverbal codes fall into categories like emblems, illustrators, affect displays and regulate the flow of communication. Factors like proxemics, chronemics, haptics, and objectics also convey nonverbal messages.

1. Non
Nonverbal Communication
by Delphine Williams Young – February, 2017

2. • Differences Between Verbal and
Nonverbal Codes
• What are Nonverbal Codes?
• Kinesics
• Somatotype (Body Type) –
ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph
• What is Nonverbal
Communication?
• The Importance of Nonverbal
Communication
• The Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication Connection
Topics To Be Covered

3. • Proxemics – Space
• Chronemics – Time
• Tactile Communication - Touching
• Vocal Cues – Paralinguistic Features
• Objectics – Object Language
Topics To Be Covered

4. Nonverbal Communication has been defined as
communication without words. It includes apparent
behaviours, such as: facial expressions, eyes, touching,
and tone of voice, as well as less obvious messages
such as dress, posture and spatial distance between
two or more people.
What is Nonverbal Communication?

5. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication
Mehrabian (1972)

6. Nonverbal works in conjunction with verbal communication in six ways:
1. Repetition – the same message is sent both verbally and nonverbally.
2. Emphasis – nonverbal cues are used to strengthen verbal messages.
3. Complementation – the verbal and nonverbal codes add meaning to each
and expand on either massage alone.
4. Contradiction – happens when your verbal and verbal messages conflict.
5. Substitution – nonverbal codes are replaced with verbal codes.
6. Regulation – nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interaction
with others.
The Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Connection

7. Nonverbal communication different from each other in five distinct ways:
1. The number of channels – verbal communication has one channel – what we say is all we have. Nonverbal communication,
on the other hand, has multiple communication channels – eyes, face, body, movement.
2. Coding systems differ – the terms digital and analog can be used to explain the contrast between the two. Digital is
considered as discrete or separate items – words are digital. Analog refers to continual variable, measurable, physical
quantities. Nonverbal communication is analogic and continual.
3. The type of content for which they are suited differ. Nonverbal codes are ideal for expressing emotions while verbal
communication can relay a message completely void of emotion.
4. Verbal communication involves language and language has far more rules than nonverbal communication.
Differences between Verbal and Nonverbal Codes

8. • The use of time
• Touching
• Vocal cues
• Clothing and Other Artifacts
• Bodily movement
• Facial expression
• Bodily appearance
• The use of space
What are Nonverbal Codes?
These are codes consisting of symbols that not words including non
word vocalizations. These include:

9. • Emblems – are movements that substitute for words and phrases.
• Illustrators – are movements that accompany or reinforce verbal
messages.
• Affect displays – are movements of the face and body used to show
emotions.
• Regulators – are nonverbal moves that control the flow or pace of
communication.
• Adaptors – are movements that you might perform fully in private but
only partially in public.
Kinesics (Bodily Movement and Facial Expression)
Kinesics is the study of bodily posture, movement, gestures and facial
expression - Of Greek Origin kinesis meaning bodily movement. Ekman et al
(1999) categorized bodily movement based on its functions, origins and
meanings. The five categories are:

15. Somatotype refers to a combination of height, weight and
masculinity. Body types have been further classified into
three types:
1. Ectomorph – a tall, thin, and sometimes frail person
2. Mesomorph – a proportioned, muscular, trim and
athletic person
3. Endomorph – a short, soft and round person
Somatotype (Body Type)

17. Proxemics

18. This refers to the study of the human use of space. It includes permanent structures, the
movable objects within the structures, and the informal space which separates the
participants. Hall (1969) defines four distances people generally use in Western society:
 Intimate distance – up to 18 inches is appropriate for private conversations between
friends
 Personal distance – from 18 inches to 4 feet, is the space in which casual conversations
occurs.
 Social distance – from 4 – 8 feet, is where impersonal business such as job interviews is
conducted.
 Public distance – is anything from 8 ft
Proxemics (Space)

19. Chronemics, also referred to as temporal communication, is the way
that people use time and the messages that are created as a result of
our organization and use of it. Hall (1959) says it incudes:
• Duration – the amount of time we regard as appropriate for certain
activities or events. (sermon, class, job interview)
• Activity – what people perceive should be done in a given time. (work
during the day, eat a meal at daytime, dinner at 4-6pm, sleep at night)
• Punctuality – the extent to which one adheres strictly to the appointed or
regular time. ( Appointments, how lateness may be interpreted)
Chronemics (Time)

20. Tactile communication refers to the use of touch in communication.
Touch involves the invasion of someone else’s personal space so it
commands attention.
The use of touch in communication varies based on cultural perceptions
and can convey a variety of messages.
Tactile Communication (Touch)

21. The use of hands, arms, and
other body parts to:
• Pat
• Hug
• Slap
• Kiss
• Pinch
• Stroke handshake
• Embrace
• Hold
• Tickle
Tactile Communication ( Haptics)

22. Paralanguage or vocalics is the nonverbal ‘sound’ of what we hear –
how something is said. It is comprised of four vocal characteristics
which may influence the meaning we convey in our messages. They
are:
Pitch – the highness or lowness of tone of voice
Volume – the loudness or softness of tone
Rate – the speed at which a person speaks
Quality – the timbre or character of voice
Vocal Cues – Paralinguistic Features

23. Objectics, also referred to as object language is the study of human
use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes. Artifacts are
ornaments we display that hold communicative potential. Material
objects can be seen as an extension of oneself. Clothing has the
power to influence.
Objectics – Clothing and Other Artifacts

24. • Point out and explain any forms needing immediate action.
• Give deadlines for completing new employee paperwork.
Required Paperwork

25. Lucas, Stephen E. (2004). The Art of Speaking. 8th Ed. Boston: McGaw Hill Higher Education.
Nelson, Paul E. et al. (2009) iSpeak: Public Speaking for Contemporary Life. 8th Ed. Boston:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Pearson, Judy et al(2003) Human Communication. Boston: McGraw Hill
Verderber, R. (2005). Communicate! 12 Ed. California: Wadsworth
References