Nomenclatura de alcanos
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The document discusses the nomenclature of alkanes. It states that alkane names are based on the longest continuous carbon chain, with numbering starting from the end closest to the first branch point. When there are multiple branches, numbering starts from the end closest to the branch alphabetically first. Radical groups can also be present as branches, replacing hydrogen atoms on the carbon chains. Examples of alkane names with various branch and radical group configurations are provided.
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The document discusses different types of chemical bonds and chemical reactions. It describes how atoms bond through electron sharing or transfer, forming ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds. Covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar depending on electronegativity differences. It also defines exothermic and endothermic reactions, and describes synthesis, substitution, and decomposition reaction types through examples.
Electron configaration
Ideas about the structure of the atom have changed over the years. The Bohr theory thought of it as a small nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by circulating electrons.
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Electron configuration
This document provides information about electron configuration, which describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom. It discusses three main principles for determining electron configuration:
1. The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy orbitals. Energy levels are filled in order of increasing energy, with s orbitals having the lowest energy followed by p, d, and f orbitals.
2. Hund's rule states that electrons occupy different orbitals within the same energy level with parallel spin before pairing electrons with opposite spin in the same orbital.
3. The Pauli exclusion principle allows no more than two electrons to occupy the same orbital, and these electrons must have opposite spins.
The document uses an
Electron configuration
Electron configuration represents the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbital shells and subshells. There are three main rules that determine electron configuration: the Aufbau principle, which states that orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy; the Pauli exclusion principle, where no two electrons can have the same quantum numbers; and Hund's rule, where orbitals in a subshell are singly occupied with parallel spins before pairing. Electron configuration can be written out or represented through orbital diagrams, the periodic table, or Möller diagrams.
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This document discusses the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds, specifically saturated hydrocarbons and branched alkanes. It outlines the key steps for naming branched alkanes, including identifying the parent chain, numbering the carbons, indicating positions of alkyl groups with hyphenated prefixes, and handling multiple substituents. Examples are provided to illustrate naming compounds with different branching patterns according to IUPAC rules.
Alkanes
This document provides an overview of alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, properties, and sources. It defines hydrocarbons and alkanes. Alkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds. Constitutional isomers are discussed. Naming conventions for alkanes include prefixes for carbon numbers and suffixes like -ane for straight chains or naming substituents on branches. Cycloalkanes are named similarly with the prefix cyclo-. Physical properties like boiling points increasing with molecular weight are covered. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Natural sources of hydrocarbons include natural gas and petroleum.
alkanes-140117192306-phpapp01.pdf
1) Alkanes are hydrocarbons containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. Common alkanes include methane and ethane. Line-angle and skeletal formulas are used to represent alkanes without explicitly showing hydrogen atoms.
2) Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Molecular formulas of three or fewer carbons have only one structure, while C4H10 and larger formulas can have multiple isomers.
3) Naming alkanes involves identifying the parent chain and any substituents. Unbranched alkanes use the prefix-ane system, while branched use the parent name and substituent prefixes or names.
Alkanes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons whose carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. The first ten alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane. Alkanes undergo combustion reactions and halogenation reactions when exposed to halogens like chlorine in the presence of UV light or heat. Haloalkanes are named according to IUPAC rules by identifying the parent alkane, halogen prefix, and halogen position number.
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Electron configaration
Ideas about the structure of the atom have changed over the years. The Bohr theory thought of it as a small nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by circulating electrons.
Each shell or energy level could hold a maximum number of electrons.
The energy of levels became greater as they got further from the nucleus and electrons filled energy levels in order.
Electron configuration
This document provides information about electron configuration, which describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom. It discusses three main principles for determining electron configuration:
1. The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy orbitals. Energy levels are filled in order of increasing energy, with s orbitals having the lowest energy followed by p, d, and f orbitals.
2. Hund's rule states that electrons occupy different orbitals within the same energy level with parallel spin before pairing electrons with opposite spin in the same orbital.
3. The Pauli exclusion principle allows no more than two electrons to occupy the same orbital, and these electrons must have opposite spins.
The document uses an
Electron configuration
Electron configuration represents the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbital shells and subshells. There are three main rules that determine electron configuration: the Aufbau principle, which states that orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy; the Pauli exclusion principle, where no two electrons can have the same quantum numbers; and Hund's rule, where orbitals in a subshell are singly occupied with parallel spins before pairing. Electron configuration can be written out or represented through orbital diagrams, the periodic table, or Möller diagrams.
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This document discusses the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds, specifically saturated hydrocarbons and branched alkanes. It outlines the key steps for naming branched alkanes, including identifying the parent chain, numbering the carbons, indicating positions of alkyl groups with hyphenated prefixes, and handling multiple substituents. Examples are provided to illustrate naming compounds with different branching patterns according to IUPAC rules.
Alkanes
This document provides an overview of alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, properties, and sources. It defines hydrocarbons and alkanes. Alkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds. Constitutional isomers are discussed. Naming conventions for alkanes include prefixes for carbon numbers and suffixes like -ane for straight chains or naming substituents on branches. Cycloalkanes are named similarly with the prefix cyclo-. Physical properties like boiling points increasing with molecular weight are covered. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Natural sources of hydrocarbons include natural gas and petroleum.
alkanes-140117192306-phpapp01.pdf
1) Alkanes are hydrocarbons containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. Common alkanes include methane and ethane. Line-angle and skeletal formulas are used to represent alkanes without explicitly showing hydrogen atoms.
2) Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Molecular formulas of three or fewer carbons have only one structure, while C4H10 and larger formulas can have multiple isomers.
3) Naming alkanes involves identifying the parent chain and any substituents. Unbranched alkanes use the prefix-ane system, while branched use the parent name and substituent prefixes or names.
Alkanes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons whose carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. The first ten alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane. Alkanes undergo combustion reactions and halogenation reactions when exposed to halogens like chlorine in the presence of UV light or heat. Haloalkanes are named according to IUPAC rules by identifying the parent alkane, halogen prefix, and halogen position number.
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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. They can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic based on the presence of carbon-carbon double or triple bonds or aromatic rings. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds and include alkanes such as methane and propane. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds and include alkenes like ethene and alkynes like ethyne. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain aromatic rings, with benzene being the simplest example. Alkanes undergo substitution and combustion reactions. They can also be synthesized from unsaturated hydrocarbons through hydrogenation or from carboxylic acids via decarboxylation.
Iupac naming of alkanes
The document discusses the IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes. It explains that unbranched alkanes are named with a prefix indicating the number of carbon atoms followed by the "-ane" suffix. Branched alkanes are named with the parent chain name and substituent groups. The steps for naming alkanes are identified as finding the longest carbon chain, numbering the atoms, identifying substituents by location, and writing the name as a single word citing substituents alphabetically if multiple groups are present.
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The document provides an overview of IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds. It explains that organic compound names have three parts: a prefix, root, and suffix. The prefix indicates functional groups, the root name comes from the number of carbon atoms in the main chain, and the suffix denotes the type of compound. It provides examples of applying the rules to name alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and cyclic and branched compounds.
Alkane 11
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes can be represented by structural formulas that show the specific arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Structural isomers are possible for alkanes with five or more carbons. Alkanes are prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, decarboxylation of fatty acids, and reduction of alkyl halides. They undergo halogenation reactions to form alkyl halides. Physical properties like boiling point increase with increasing molecular size and branching decreases boiling point.
Hydrocarbons
This compound is 2-methylbut-1-yne.
The parent chain is a 4-carbon chain containing the triple bond. Following IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkynes:
1) The parent name is butyne since it is a 4-carbon chain with the triple bond.
2) The carbon atoms of the triple bond get the lowest possible numbers, which is 1.
3) There is a methyl substituent (CH3 group) attached to the #2 carbon.
4) Substituents are named as prefixes and their locations denoted by a number.
Therefore, the full IUPAC name for this unsaturated hydrocarbon is 2-methylbut-1
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Alkane 11
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes can be represented by structural formulas that show the specific arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Structural isomers are possible for alkanes with five or more carbons. Alkanes are prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, decarboxylation of fatty acids, and reduction of alkyl halides. They undergo halogenation reactions to form alkyl halides. Physical properties like boiling point increase with increasing molecular size and branching decreases boiling point.
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This compound is 2-methylbut-1-yne.
The parent chain is a 4-carbon chain containing the triple bond. Following IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkynes:
1) The parent name is butyne since it is a 4-carbon chain with the triple bond.
2) The carbon atoms of the triple bond get the lowest possible numbers, which is 1.
3) There is a methyl substituent (CH3 group) attached to the #2 carbon.
4) Substituents are named as prefixes and their locations denoted by a number.
Therefore, the full IUPAC name for this unsaturated hydrocarbon is 2-methylbut-1
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The document defines alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons composed only of carbon and hydrogen with single bonds in their structure. It provides the general formula CnH2n+2 to calculate the molecular formula of an alkane based on the number of carbon atoms. Some key properties mentioned are that the first four alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, butane) are gases while those from pentane to hexadecane are liquids and heavier ones are solids. Alkanes can be used as fuels due to the large amount of heat released during combustion. Examples of alkane names and structures are also provided.
Nociones quimica organica
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Cetonas
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El documento describe dos métodos cinéticos para la determinación de la ampicilina (AMP) mediante espectrofotometría. El primer método mide la absorbancia después de la oxidación de AMP por permanganato de potasio a los 25 minutos. El segundo método mide la absorbancia a los 60 minutos luego de la adición de 1,4-dicloronitrobenceno en presencia de borato. Ambos métodos se aplicaron con éxito para determinar AMP en polvo y en cápsulas farmacéuticas de forma sensible.
reino vegetal
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La Gran Colombia se disolvió con la separación de Venezuela, Nueva Granada (actual Colombia) y Ecuador. En 1830 los líderes de Quito decidieron separarse y convocaron una asamblea constituyente en Riobamba para establecer el nuevo estado de Ecuador. Desde su creación en 1830 hasta 1845, Ecuador estuvo bajo la fuerte influencia del general Juan José Flores, periodo conocido como la Época Floreana. Ecuador ha tenido 20 constituciones desde su independencia, siendo las más importantes las de 1830, 1843, 1869, 1906, 1979 y 1998.
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Este documento describe diferentes tipos de asociaciones familiares en especies animales, incluyendo relaciones parentales, monógamas, poligamas, matriarcales y patriarcales. Las asociaciones parentales implican la crianza cooperativa de la prole por parte de los progenitores. Algunas especies forman parejas monógamas exclusivas, mientras que otras practican la poligamia donde los machos se aparean con múltiples hembras. Algunas sociedades animales son matriarcales, gobernadas por las hembras más viejas
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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- 1. NOMENCLATURA D E ALCANOS 𝗈 1.- La base del nombre fundamental, es la cadena continua más larga de átomos de carbono. 𝗈 2.- La numeración se inicia por el extremo más cercano a una ramificación. ● Dos ramificaciones a la misma distancia, se empieza a numerar por el extremo más cercano a la ramificación de menor orden alfabético. ● Dos ramificaciones del mismo nombre a la misma distancia de cada uno de los extremos, se busca una tercera ramificación y se numera la cadena por el extremo más cercano a ella.
- 2. 𝗈 4.- Se escriben las ramificaciones en orden alfabético y el nombre del alcano que corresponda a la cadena principal. NOMENCLATURA D E ALCANOS 𝗈 3.- Cuando en un compuestos hay dos o más ramificaciones iguales:
- 3. NOMENCLATURA D E ALCANOS Radicales alquilo 𝗈 Cuando alguno de los alcanos pierde un átomo de hidrógeno se forma un radical alquilo. Estos radicales aparecen como ramificaciones sustituyendo átomos de hidrógeno en las cadenas.
- 4. E J E M P LO S D E ALCANOS 4-ETIL-2-METILHEPTANO
- 5. E J E M P LO S D E ALCANOS 5-ISOPROPIL-3- METILNONANO
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- 7. 3-METIL-5-n-PROPILOCTANO E J E M P L O S D E AL C ANOS
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- 9. E J E M P L O S D E ALCANOS 3,4,6-TRIMETIL HEPTANO
- 10. E J E M P L O S D E AL C ANOS 3-METIL-5-ISOPROPILNONANO