This document provides an overview of natural language processing (NLP), including common methods like part-of-speech tagging, entity extraction, and relation extraction. It discusses applications of NLP like machine translation, spam filtering, and question answering. Sentiment analysis is explained in more detail, including how it is used for applications like predicting elections and analyzing reviews on TripAdvisor. Machine learning approaches to sentiment analysis like using word embeddings are also summarized.

1. Natural Language Processing
Qi Zhang
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2. Agenda
• Natural Language Processing Background
• Methods used in NLP
• Applications
• Sentiment Analysis
• Usage in TripAdvisor
• Challenges
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3. What is Natural Language Processing?
Text NLP
Structured
Data
Applications
• Machine Reading
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4. Methods in NLP
• Automatic Summarization:
• There are basically two types of auctions.
• There are two types of auctions.
• Part-of-speech Tagging: classify and label words
• They refuse to permit us to obtain the refuse permit
• [('They', ‘pronouns'), ('refuse', verb'), ('to', prepositions'), ('permit', verb')…..]
• Entity Extraction:
• People, organizations, locations, times, dates, prices, …
• Relation Extraction:
• Located in, employed by, part of, married to, ...
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5. Applications
• Machine Translation: Google Translate
• An electric guitar and bass player stand off…...
• fish as Pacific salmon and striped bass
• Email Spam Filters: Gmail
• Naive Bayes classifier is used to identify spam/ham emails
• P(spam|word) = P(word|spam)*P(spam)/P(word)
• Question-Answering: Amazon’s Alexa , Google Home
• Amazon Lex: AI Api used in Amazon’s Alexa
• Sentiment Analysis: Opinion Mining
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6. Sentiment Analysis
• What is it?
• Determine the emotional tone behind a series of words
• Uses
• Political Polling: 2012 Presidential Election
• Business Purpose: TripAdvisor
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7. Sentiment Analysis
Problem: How to identify whether a tweet is positive or negative
• Lexical Analysis
• ML Based Approach
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8. Lexical Analysis
Input
Tweet
Tokenizer
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Score: 0

9. Tokenization
• Input: Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears;
• Output: Friends Romans Countrymen lend, me your ears
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10. Lexical Analysis
List of
Tokens
Pre-tagged
Dictionary
Word
Matching
Match
?
Increment
Score
Decrement
Score
10
Score ++
Score --

11. Example
• “Beautiful impressionist paintings and outstanding sculptures. For
me, the original buildings were the best bit! The renovations and
creation of an amazing museum are a work of art in themselves.
Loved the paintings although a bit disappointed with the low number
of Van Gogh.” 😄
• Score: 0.301644
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12. Example
beautiful impressionist and, outstanding ….
best ... amazing ...,love,...,disappoint,....
• Pre-Tagged Dictionary
• Positive:[beautiful, wonderful, best, outstanding, amazing, best, love ….]
• Negative: [disappoint, sad, unhappy.....]
• Score: 0.301644
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13. Machine Learning Based Approach
Load & Pre-
Process Data
Extract
Features
Train Model
Evaluate
Model
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14. ML Based Approach
• Load Data
• 25,000 labeled training tweets
• Another 25, 000 validation tweets
• 50,000 test tweets
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15. ML Based Approach
• Pre-Process Data:
• Remove punctuation: “I like this one!!!!!” -> “I like this one”
• Filter out stopwords: “this”, “the”
• Normalize each contiguous occurrence of whitespace to ’ ‘: ” goodd” ->
“goodd”
• Convert to lowercase: “Upper” -> “upper”
• Stemming: “Learning” -> learn”, “Done” -> “do”
• Tokenization
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16. ML Based Approach
• Extract Features
• Use Word2Vec model to map each word into an n-dimensional vector
• Each element of the vector can be viewed as a feature
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17. What Is Word2Vec Model
• Use:
• Map the word into high dimensional ( > 100) vector
• Input: a large corpus of text
• Output: vector spaces: w=(w1,w2…..wn)
• Given a word, get the similar words
• Advantage:
• Preserve semantic relationship between each word
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18. What Is Word2Vec Model
vec(“king”) – vec(“man”) + vec(“woman”) =~ vec(“queen”)
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man
woman
queen
king

19. What Is Word2Vec Model
• Use: Map the word into high dimensional ( > 100) vector
• Input: a large corpus of text
• Output: vector spaces: w=(w1,w2…..wn)
• Advantage:
• Preserve semantic relationship between each word
• Feature:
• “How Close” words or phrases are to each other
• The angle between the vectors of two words is an indicator of how similar
the words are
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21. How To Train A Word2Vec Model?
• Build the model using Genism: Open source python toolkit
• model = Word2Vec(tweets, size=200, window=2, min_count=5, workers=4)
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The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

22. How To Train A Word2Vec Model?
Source Text
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The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Training Samples
( the, quick), (the, brown)
(quick, the), (quick, brown), (quick, fox)
(brown, the), (brown, quick),
(brown, fox), (brown, jumps)
(fox, quick), (fox, brown)
(fox, jumps), (fox, over)
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

23. How To Train A Word2Vec Model?
Source Text
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The quick brown rabbit jumps out of the sink
Training Samples
( the, quick), (the, brown)
(quick, the), (quick, brown), (quick,
rabbit)
(brown, the), (brown, quick),
(brown, rabbit), (brown, jumps)
(rabbit, quick), (rabbit, brown)
(rabbit, jumps), (rabbit, out)
The quick brown rabbit jumps out of the sink
The quick brown rabbit jumps out of the sink
The quick brown rabbit jumps out of the sink

24. How To Train A Word2Vec Model?
For a given word: Rabbit, we get similar surrounding words of same
context:
• Input:
• tweet_w2v.most_similar(’rabbit')
• Output:
• [ (u’fox', 0.7355118989944458), (u’jump', 0.7164269685745239),..]
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25. How To Train A Word2Vec Model?
• Input:
• tweet_w2v.most_similar(’good')
• Output:
• [(u'goood', 0.7355118989944458), (u'great', 0.7164269685745239),…]
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26. Word2Vec Usage in TripAdvisor
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User browser seq: Madrid, Lisbon, Barcelona,
Boston
Sentence: “Madrid, Lisbon, Barcelona, Boston”

27. ML Based Approach
• Train the Model
• Represent each word using Word2Vec
• Combine these word vectors
• Train the classifier
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28. ML Based Approach
• Evaluate the Model
• Using the 50,000 test data to assess the model
• Accuracy: 0.78984528240986307
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29. Challenges
• Some challenging examples
• “My flight’s been delayed. Brilliant! ☹️ (Sarcasm)
• “I do not dislike cabin cruisers.” (Negation handling)
• Some promising works, but still low accuracy
• Contextualized Sarcasm Detection on Twitter - David Bamman and Noah A.
Smith
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30. • Online course:
• https://www.coursera.org/learn/natural-language-processing
• Open resource:
• https://nlp.stanford.edu/ : Standford NLP group
• https://arxiv.org/
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31. Thank you!
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