The biological conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia take place with the help of an enzyme called nitrogenase. This enzyme is anaerobic in nature. This nitrogenase enzyme is made up of a larger subunit and a smaller subunit.
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
this lesson explains the basic biochemical/biological process behind Nitrogen fixation by microorganism which could be symbiotic or non symbiotic/free living in mechanism.
Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+). In aerobic soils where nitrification can occur, nitrate is usually the predominant form of available nitrogen that is absorbed. However this is not always the case as ammonia can predominate in grasslands and in flooded, anaerobic soils like rice paddies.[4] Plant roots themselves can affect the abundance of various forms of nitrogen by changing the pH and secreting organic compounds or oxygen. This influences microbial activities like the inter-conversion of various nitrogen species, the release of ammonia from organic matter in the soil and the fixation of nitrogen by non-nodule-forming bacteria.
Ammonium ions are absorbed by the plant via ammonia transporters. Nitrate is taken up by several nitrate transporters that use a proton gradient to power the transport.Nitrogen is transported from the root to the shoot via the xylem in the form of nitrate, dissolved ammonia and amino acids. Usually (but not always most of the nitrate reduction is carried out in the shoots while the roots reduce only a small fraction of the absorbed nitrate to ammonia. Ammonia (both absorbed and synthesized) is incorporated into amino acids via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway. While nearly all the ammonia in the root is usually incorporated into amino acids at the root itself, plants may transport significant amounts of ammonium ions in the xylem to be fixed in the shoots.This may help avoid the transport of organic compounds down to the roots just to carry the nitrogen back as amino acids.
Nitrate reduction is carried out in two steps. Nitrate is first reduced to nitrite (NO2−) in the cytosol by nitrate reductase using NADH or NADPH. Nitrite is then reduced to ammonia in the chloroplasts (plastids in roots) by a ferredoxin dependent nitrite reductase. In photosynthesizing tissues, it uses an isoform of ferredoxin (Fd1) that is reduced by PSI while in the root it uses a form of ferredoxin (Fd3) that has a less negative midpoint potential and can be reduced easily by NADPH. In non photosynthesizing tissues, NADPH is generated by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
In the chloroplasts,glutamine synthetase incorporates this ammonia as the amide group of glutamine using glutamate as a substrate. Glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT) transfer the amide group onto a 2-oxoglutarate molecule producing two glutamates. Further transaminations are carried out make other amino acids (most commonly asparagine) from glutamine. While the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) does not play a direct role in the assimilation, it protects the mitochondrial functions during periods of high nitrogen metabolism and takes part in nitrogen remobilization.
Assimilation of ammonium ions is the ultimate aim of nitrogen metabolism in plants. this is the source of nitrogen for various organic compounds of structural and functional importance for the living world
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
this lesson explains the basic biochemical/biological process behind Nitrogen fixation by microorganism which could be symbiotic or non symbiotic/free living in mechanism.
Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+). In aerobic soils where nitrification can occur, nitrate is usually the predominant form of available nitrogen that is absorbed. However this is not always the case as ammonia can predominate in grasslands and in flooded, anaerobic soils like rice paddies.[4] Plant roots themselves can affect the abundance of various forms of nitrogen by changing the pH and secreting organic compounds or oxygen. This influences microbial activities like the inter-conversion of various nitrogen species, the release of ammonia from organic matter in the soil and the fixation of nitrogen by non-nodule-forming bacteria.
Ammonium ions are absorbed by the plant via ammonia transporters. Nitrate is taken up by several nitrate transporters that use a proton gradient to power the transport.Nitrogen is transported from the root to the shoot via the xylem in the form of nitrate, dissolved ammonia and amino acids. Usually (but not always most of the nitrate reduction is carried out in the shoots while the roots reduce only a small fraction of the absorbed nitrate to ammonia. Ammonia (both absorbed and synthesized) is incorporated into amino acids via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway. While nearly all the ammonia in the root is usually incorporated into amino acids at the root itself, plants may transport significant amounts of ammonium ions in the xylem to be fixed in the shoots.This may help avoid the transport of organic compounds down to the roots just to carry the nitrogen back as amino acids.
Nitrate reduction is carried out in two steps. Nitrate is first reduced to nitrite (NO2−) in the cytosol by nitrate reductase using NADH or NADPH. Nitrite is then reduced to ammonia in the chloroplasts (plastids in roots) by a ferredoxin dependent nitrite reductase. In photosynthesizing tissues, it uses an isoform of ferredoxin (Fd1) that is reduced by PSI while in the root it uses a form of ferredoxin (Fd3) that has a less negative midpoint potential and can be reduced easily by NADPH. In non photosynthesizing tissues, NADPH is generated by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
In the chloroplasts,glutamine synthetase incorporates this ammonia as the amide group of glutamine using glutamate as a substrate. Glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT) transfer the amide group onto a 2-oxoglutarate molecule producing two glutamates. Further transaminations are carried out make other amino acids (most commonly asparagine) from glutamine. While the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) does not play a direct role in the assimilation, it protects the mitochondrial functions during periods of high nitrogen metabolism and takes part in nitrogen remobilization.
Assimilation of ammonium ions is the ultimate aim of nitrogen metabolism in plants. this is the source of nitrogen for various organic compounds of structural and functional importance for the living world
nitrate and sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis and acetogenesisjyoti arora
this presentation includes following topics in brief:
1. nitrate assimilatory reduction
2. sulfate assimilatoery reduction
3. methanogenesis
4. acetogenesis
this will be useful to understand about the new topics such as abzymes, ribozymes and also isoenzymes. You have to clear that ribozymes are not protein. because all enzymes are proteins but all proteins are not enzymes except ribozymes
Presentation on genetics of nitrogen fixation by Tahura MariyamTahura Mariyam Ansari
this presentation is about what is the genetics involvement in nitrogen fixation i.e which gene is responsible etc....
the contents include Genetics of N2 fixing microorganisms, Bacterial Nodulation Genes and Regulation of nod Gene Expression, Nif Genes and their Regulation in K. Pneumoniae & Cyanobacteria, Nitrogen fixation mechanism
Nitrogenase Types, Structure and Function, Alternative nitrogenase, Substrate for Nitrogenase, Electron proteins and Hydrogen evolution
Genetics and regulation of Biological Nitrogen Fixationmashalrajput786
DNA, the genetic information of all organisms, is encoded in its deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). In prokaryotes, there is only one chromosome and it is present in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, all other organisms except viruses, there are several chromosomes and they are present in the nucleus. Plasmid DNA also carries genetic information but multiplies and moves independently of the chromosomal DNA. All cells of eukaryotic organisms carry DNA in their mitochondria. Plant cells, in addition to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, also carry DNA in their chloroplasts.
Genetic information in DNA is encoded in a linear fashion in the order of the four bases (A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; and T, thymine). Each triplet of adjacent bases codes for a particular amino acid. A gene is a stretch of a DNA molecule that codes for one protein molecule or, in a few cases, one RNA molecule. When a gene is active, one of its DNA strands is used as a template and is transcribed into an RNA strand. Most genes encode proteins, and the transcription product is a messenger RNA (mRNA). Different genes code for different proteins, some of which are part of the structure of cell membranes, but most act as enzymes.
In many cases of host-pathogen interaction, genes in one organism are triggered to be expressed by a substance produced by the other organism. The presence of one or more genes for pathogenicity, specificity, and virulence against the particular host makes possible the development of disease in a host. All plants also have preformed and induced defenses that provide resistance against most pathogens.
However, a few pathogens can attack many kinds of host plants, often due to their diverse genes for virulence or less plant specificity than commonly more specialized pathogens. Despite the many pathogens that can infect them, sometimes countless numbers of individuals of a single plant species survive in huge land expanses year after year, either free of disease or with only minor symptoms, even though most other plants have been killed. DNA, the genetic information of all organisms, is encoded in its deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). In prokaryotes, there is only one chromosome and it is present in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, all other organisms except viruses, there are several chromosomes and they are present in the nucleus. Plasmid DNA also carries genetic information but multiplies and moves independently of the chromosomal DNA. All cells of eukaryotic organisms carry DNA in their mitochondria. Plant cells, in addition to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, also carry DNA in their chloroplasts.
Genetic information in DNA is encoded in a linear fashion in the order of the four bases (A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; and T, thymine). Each triplet of adjacent bases codes for a particular amino acid. A gene is a stretch of a DNA molecule that codes for one protein molecule or, in a few cases, one RNA molecule.
nitrate and sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis and acetogenesisjyoti arora
this presentation includes following topics in brief:
1. nitrate assimilatory reduction
2. sulfate assimilatoery reduction
3. methanogenesis
4. acetogenesis
this will be useful to understand about the new topics such as abzymes, ribozymes and also isoenzymes. You have to clear that ribozymes are not protein. because all enzymes are proteins but all proteins are not enzymes except ribozymes
Presentation on genetics of nitrogen fixation by Tahura MariyamTahura Mariyam Ansari
this presentation is about what is the genetics involvement in nitrogen fixation i.e which gene is responsible etc....
the contents include Genetics of N2 fixing microorganisms, Bacterial Nodulation Genes and Regulation of nod Gene Expression, Nif Genes and their Regulation in K. Pneumoniae & Cyanobacteria, Nitrogen fixation mechanism
Nitrogenase Types, Structure and Function, Alternative nitrogenase, Substrate for Nitrogenase, Electron proteins and Hydrogen evolution
Genetics and regulation of Biological Nitrogen Fixationmashalrajput786
DNA, the genetic information of all organisms, is encoded in its deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). In prokaryotes, there is only one chromosome and it is present in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, all other organisms except viruses, there are several chromosomes and they are present in the nucleus. Plasmid DNA also carries genetic information but multiplies and moves independently of the chromosomal DNA. All cells of eukaryotic organisms carry DNA in their mitochondria. Plant cells, in addition to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, also carry DNA in their chloroplasts.
Genetic information in DNA is encoded in a linear fashion in the order of the four bases (A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; and T, thymine). Each triplet of adjacent bases codes for a particular amino acid. A gene is a stretch of a DNA molecule that codes for one protein molecule or, in a few cases, one RNA molecule. When a gene is active, one of its DNA strands is used as a template and is transcribed into an RNA strand. Most genes encode proteins, and the transcription product is a messenger RNA (mRNA). Different genes code for different proteins, some of which are part of the structure of cell membranes, but most act as enzymes.
In many cases of host-pathogen interaction, genes in one organism are triggered to be expressed by a substance produced by the other organism. The presence of one or more genes for pathogenicity, specificity, and virulence against the particular host makes possible the development of disease in a host. All plants also have preformed and induced defenses that provide resistance against most pathogens.
However, a few pathogens can attack many kinds of host plants, often due to their diverse genes for virulence or less plant specificity than commonly more specialized pathogens. Despite the many pathogens that can infect them, sometimes countless numbers of individuals of a single plant species survive in huge land expanses year after year, either free of disease or with only minor symptoms, even though most other plants have been killed. DNA, the genetic information of all organisms, is encoded in its deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). In prokaryotes, there is only one chromosome and it is present in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, all other organisms except viruses, there are several chromosomes and they are present in the nucleus. Plasmid DNA also carries genetic information but multiplies and moves independently of the chromosomal DNA. All cells of eukaryotic organisms carry DNA in their mitochondria. Plant cells, in addition to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, also carry DNA in their chloroplasts.
Genetic information in DNA is encoded in a linear fashion in the order of the four bases (A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; and T, thymine). Each triplet of adjacent bases codes for a particular amino acid. A gene is a stretch of a DNA molecule that codes for one protein molecule or, in a few cases, one RNA molecule.
Nrf2 Transcription Factor- Nuclear Factor- Erythroid 2 related factor)PHARMA IQ EDUCATION
1. Nrf2- transcription factor
2. Reactive Oxygen Species
3. Free Radicals
4. Antioxidant Defence Mechanism
5. Function of Nrf2 receptor
6. Protein structural domain of Nrf2
7. Protein structural domain of Keap1
8. Physiological Role pf Nrf2
9.
THANK YOU
Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA.
you can dowenload the interactive powerpoint through this link:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Flqis6oX3Tq7nbRAiRcE71DTYcQ2TDkl/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=107152891770522030883&rtpof=true&sd=true
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Nitrogenase enzyme complex
Enzyme that facilitates fixation of nitrogen.
Found in nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the
roots of plants such as legumes.
Structure:
Made up of two subunits mainly called; larger
MoFe protein (220,000 dalton mol. wt) and
another smaller Fe protein (55,000 dalton
mol.wt).
They need Mg2+ ions for activation.
Converts ATP to ADP during functioning.
3.
4. Regulation of N2 Fixation in Klebsiella pneumoniae by Nif genes
Nif genes are the nitrogen fixation genes.
Organized into regulons of 17 genes consisting of
7 operons each of which is transcribed into a
single, usually polycistronic mRNA.
5.
6. Functions of different Nif genes
Genes K and D encodes for the synthesis of
MoFe protein and H encodes for the synthesis of
Fe protein.
F and J participate in the transfer of electrons to
the Nase subunit of the Nitrogenase enzyme.
N, E and B participate in the synthesis and
processing of Fe-Mo cofactor.
M participates in the processing of the Fe-protein
subunits which are the products of gene H.
S and V are involved in the processing of Mo-Fe
protein subunits.
7. V influences the specificity of Mo-Fe Protein
subunits.
A and L are regulatory genes
A activates the transcription of other genes.
L represses the transcription of other genes.
X and Y are found in the gene map of Nif gene
cluster but the functions are not yet known.
Q participate in the uptake of Mo during the
synthesis of Nase
8. Regulation of Nif gene
Regulation of Nif gene expression has an external system
designated Ntr and an internal system mediated by NifA and
NifL.
The Nitr system responds to nitrogen starvation by activating
genes that utilize amino acids as nitrogen source switching on
the Nif genes.
NtrA is a factor of RNA polymerase which recognizes the Nif
and other regulated genes.
NtrA allows RNA polymerase to bind at Nif promoter
initiating transcription.
