a review mechanism on how yoga deaddicts from cigarette

1. A. NAVEEN* IV BNYS;
DR.JINCY SUNDARAN,BNYS;M.sc(psy);

2. SMOKING KILLS....
cigarette
smoking
morbidity and
mortality in
developed
countries
largest
preventable
risk factor
pleasurable
experience while
smoking and
makes it as a
form of addiction
associated with
the younger age,
lower income,
stress,
depression and
so on.
• Technology cannot change human
mind. It is yoga which changes
human mind and makes them
relieve from this addiction.
• This review gives a clear
hypothetical mechanism of de-
addiction of smoking through yoga.

3. TOXINS IN CIGARETTE SMOKE:
Tobacco smoke consists of over 4000 compounds that are
pharmacologically active, toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic such
as:
Nicotine
Carbon
monoxide
Tar
Nitrogen
oxide
Metals like Ni,
Ar, Cd,Cr, Pb
Hydrogen
cyanide

4. NICOTINE- THE CREATOR OF
ADDICTION
NICOTINE
mainly taken in
lungs through
smoking
smoker absorbs
1 mg of nicotine
per cigarette
varies, from
person to
person.
lower doses it acts
as a stimulant-
induces alertness
euphoric feelings
by stimulating the
centres of brain.
higher doses it
acts as a
relaxant.
psycho dynamic
effect, biphasic
calming effect that
smoking becomes
second nature to
them
affects the
parasympathetic
nervous system.
mainly responsible
for the addiction-
nicotine
dependence
reduced hunger
and also affects
defaecation,
urination and
other bodily
functions.

5. HABIT FORMING
MECHANISM OF NICOTINE
CIGARETTE SMOKE CARRIES NICOTINE TO LUNGS
PULMONARY VENOUS CIRCULATION
ARTERIAL CIRCULATION
STIMULATION OF NICOTINIC CHOLINERGIC
RECEPTORS
α4β2, α3β4, α7 - MEDIATOR FOR NICOTININE
DEPENDENCE.
AFFECTS DOPAMINE, GABA, SEROTONIN,
NORADRENALINE RELEASE
DOPAMINE- MESOLIMBIC AREA, THE CORPUS STRAITUM, FRONTAL
CORTEX-DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF
MIDBRAIN, SHELL OF NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS

6. ROLE OF GLUTAMATE AND GABA IN
DOPAMINE RELEASE
GLUTAMATE GABA
INCREASES DOPAMINE RELEASE INHIBITS DOPAMINE RELEASE
LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO NICOTINE- DESENSITIZES SOME NICOTINIC
CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS
EXCITATORY TONE PERSISTS AND INHIBITORY TONE DIMINISHES
INCREASED RESPONSIVENESS TO NICOTINE
NICOTINE
INCREASES EXCITATION OF DOPAMINERGIC RECEPTORS

7. INFLUENE OF ACETALDEHYDE ON
DOPAMINE METABOLISM
ACETALDEHYDE AND OTHER BIOGENIC AMINES
INHIBITION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE PRESENT IN
CATECHOLAMINERGIC AND OTHER NEURONS TYPE
1 & 2
REDUCED METABOLISM OF DOPAMINE
INCREASED ADDICTIVENESS

8. NEUROADAPTATION
• Repeated exposure to nicotine increases the number of binding
sites due to nicotin mediated desensitization of receptors.
• This ligand induced closure and unresponsiveness of the receptor
leads to tolerance and dependence.
• Desensitized α4β2 receptors become responsive during periods
of abstinence leading to withdrawal symptoms and when
desensitized the symptoms are avoided
• Sufficient levels of nicotine in plasma can prevent withdrawal
symptoms while reinforcing conditions

9. Nicotine is metabolised to cotinine by CYP2A6- a liver enzyme
which induces addiction to less extent
NICOTINE( t1/2= 2 hours, System=2-11 hrs)
PLASMA URINE
1-3 days varies from person to
person
2-4 days after cessation
sampled in the afternoon=10 to 50
ng ml-1.
concentration=1000 to 5000
ng/ml.
Trough concentrations during daily
smoking=10 to 37 ng ml-1
peak concentrations=19 to 50 ng
ml-1.
COTININE(t1/2=15 hrs)
10 days 2 weeks-regular users
3 weeks-heavy users

10. OBJECTIVE
• The main objective of this review is to understand how
yoga plays a role in the dopamine metabolism thereby
proving it as a deaddictive therapy for cigarette smokers.

11. ROLE OF YOGA IN DEADDICTION
yoga
2.cotinine levels in
blood and urine
gradually decreases
1.decreases
CYP2A6, a liver
enzyme by reducing
the activity of
variant CYP2A6
genes
7.prevents the
reactivation of α4β2
receptors and so
withdrawal
symptoms in human
can be prevented.
6.nicotine levels in
blood and urine
gradually decreases
5.increases
monoamine oxidase
by activating
catecholaminergic
receptors
4.increases GABA
(gamma amino
butyric acid) by
activating GABA
receptors.
3.reducing the
glutamate release
by inactivating the
cholinergic
receptors
2.desensitizing the
dopaminergic
receptors and
neurons
1.disrupts β2
subgene
(hypersensitive to
smoking)

12. CONCLUSION
• Yoga disrupts β2 subgene and desensitizes dopaminergic
receptors thereby decreasing glutamate and increasing
GABA and monoamine oxidase and it also reduces the
activity of CYP2A6 affording deaddiction towards nicotine.
• In future, the technology improvement in neurophysiology
will definitely consider this research and further studies
will make use of this paper effectively.
• Thus yoga will reduce the number of smokers in india, if
this occurs also it is not such a surprisable thing.

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