Newfoundland is an island located off the east coast of Canada. It has a cold climate due to its northern latitude and proximity to the ocean. Europeans first arrived in 1497 and the island was settled by groups like the Portuguese, Irish, British, and French. The native Beothuk people were eventually driven inland and then extinct due to conflicts with European settlers. Over time, the fishing industry evolved from native methods to a large export industry, though fish remained the main food source. Today, the economy still relies on fishing and agriculture like potatoes.

1. Newfoundland

2. Geography Follow the Appalachians northeast, out of Maine, through New Brunswick, swim across Cabot Strait to the island, where you will find the western edge to be the last of the Appalachians. Easternmost part of Canada, across the Atlantic from Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Portugal, UK, France, Spain Island about 43000 square miles surrounded by 10500 miles of coastline and cold sea.

4. Climate Cold, due to latitude and being surrounded by cold sea. More temperate than inland, due to tempering of the sea. Wet – proximity to ocean, as well as having lots of fresh-water bodies on the island and getting a lot of precipitation

6. Political Overview Europeans first noticed it in 1497, when John Cabot landed on the feast day of St. John in what is now the capital, St. John. Settled by Norse and western European sea-faring types – Portuguese, Irish, British, Spanish, French Island separated them from the inland and its issues, but still dealt with territory disputes between primarily French & English, like much of Canada Poor Irish came over mostly as labor. Speak almost entirely English, but have their own dialects, most of which sound very Irish.

7. Adaptations from native to European fishing methods and culture!

8. Native Beothuk methods of hunting/gathering/fishing Coastal existence Fish, seals, waterfowl Small boats Hunting land animals Forced inland by arrival of Europeans Lived on coast originally for a reason – hunting not so good away from the sea – starvation contributed to decline.

9. Initial use of land for fishing by Europeans Dealing with the natives Trade – lack of trust, no real trade with Beothuk Thievery – Whites would leave for winter and Beothuk would strip settlements of anything useful – then stopped waiting for them to leave Alliances – attempts at allying whites ended in bloodshed Exterminations – French allegedly armed & employed Micmac in helping to exterminate Beothuk from the north Present relationships with tribes – Beothuk are extinct – small numbers of other tribes live on the island

15. Frozen on boats – no more need for salt-drying on shore

17. New Style

18. Fish as the common denominator between understood European food tradition and available species. Importation of wild and domestic species after settlement , to supplement the fishing industry Today’s main plant crops: hay, potatoes, alfalfa, blueberries, rutabagas, and cabbage.

22. 1500’s Spanish and Portuguese were the only non-natives fishing the area. The Spanish and Portuguese fished to make a profit; where as the Micmacsfished for their own survival.

23. Cod drying in a traditional way

24. Cod is then Canned

25. 1600’ Profit Cod was salted immediately after being caught, in the early days . Later it was frozen and canned when the ship got back to shore.

26. Culture All sources of income in Newfoundland came from the fishing industry. All residence of Newfoundland were connected to the cod fishing industry in some way or another. When the cod were all gone so was the culture that killed off all the fish.

27. Where are all the people…

28. Aquaculture Influence on Social & Political Structure Native People’s Role in the Fishing Industry Micmac people heavily inhabited this region The Micmac economy was almost entirely based on fishing

29. Aquaculture Influence on Social & Political Structure Arrival of the Europeans 1550s: Basque and Portuguese began fishing at the Bella Strait Isle 1713: Peace of Utrecht gave control of Newfoundland to the British 1763: Treaty of Paris was signed

30. Aquaculture Influence on Social & Political Structure Fishery Regulation 1890: ninety percent of those living in Newfoundland were involved in the fishing industry 1911: Hague Tribunal granted Newfoundland control of it’s bays and fishing rights. 1971: Newfoundland, Fishermen, Food, and Allied Worker’s Union allowed the locals to regain their original rights, and banned foreigners from using the area to fish

31. Aquaculture Influence on Social & Political Structure