New-First-Aid-with-BLS-Presentation.pptx

SEARCH AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM OF SURIGAO SUR

Introduction to
First Aid

SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
• What is First Aid
• Legal Concerns
• Objectives of First Aid
• Transmission of Diseases and the
First Aiders
• Characteristics of a Good First
Aider

FIRST AID
Is the provision of immediate
care to a victim with an injury or
illness, usually performed by a
lay person with a limited skill
range.

LEGAL CONCERNS
• Consent
• Duty to act
• Standard of care
• Negligence
• Abandonment
• Confidentiality

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
• Preserve life
• Prevent further harm and
complications
• Seek immediate medical help
• Provide reassurance

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES AND
THE FIRST AIDERS
1. How diseases are transmitted
• Direct Contact Transmission
• Indirect Contact Transmission
• Airborne Transmission
• Bites

THE FIRST AIDERS
2. Health Hazards and Risks
Common Transmittable Diseases
• Herpes
• Meningitis
• Tuberculosis
• Hepatitis
• Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)/
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)

THE FIRST AIDERS
3. Prevention and Protection
• Universal Precautions are a set of strategies
developed to prevent transmission of blood borne
pathogens
• Body Substance Isolation (BSI) are precautions taken
to isolate or prevent risk or exposure from body
secretions and any other type of body substance such
as urine, vomit, faeces, sweat, or sputum.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is specialized
clothing, equipment and supplies that keep you from
directly contacting infected materials

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER
• Gentle - should not cause pain
• Resourceful - should make the best use of things
at hand
• Observant - should notice all signs
• Tactful - should not alarm the victim
• Empathetic - should be comforting
• Respectful - should maintain a professional and
caring attitude

QUESTION?

PATIENT
ASSESSMENT
GUIDELINES

Emergency Action Principles
• Scene Size-Up
• Primary Survey
• Activate Medical Assistance
• Secondary Survey
• Golden Rules
• Demonstration

BEFORE ENGAGING
PRAY
Plan your action
Gather needed materials
Remember the initial response as follows:
A - ask for HELP
I - intervene
D - do no further harm
Instruction to helpers
Standard precautions (Body Substance Isolation)

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
A. SCENE SIZE-UP
1. Scene Safety
2. Check for Consciousness
3. Mechanism of Injury or Nature of Illness
(consider C-Spine Immobilization)
4. Determine the Number of Patient
5. Request Additional Resources

B. PRIMARY SURVEY
Assessing Responsiveness
•A patient’s response level can be summarized in the
AVPU mnemonic as follows:
A – Alert
V – Responsive to Voice
P – Responsive to Pain
U – Unresponsive/Unconscious

B. PRIMARY SURVEY
Check for AIRWAY
Check for BREATHING
Check for CIRCULATION

WAYS OF OPENING THE AIRWAY

HOW TO CHECK THE BREATHING
LOOK for rise and fold of the chest
LISTEN for the normal sound of breathing
FEEL for air against your cheek
NO MORE THAN 10 SECONDS
1, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006,
1007, 1008, 1009, 1010

HOW TO CHECK THE CIRCULATION
 Pulse
Check for definitive pulse at carotid area for adult or child, while brachial for infant
(Applicable for Professional Rescuers and Healthcare Providers).
NO MORE THAN 10 SECONDS
1, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010

 Bleeding (Blood Sweep)
Quickly look for severe bleeding by looking over the person’s
body from head to toe for signals such as blood-soaked clothing
or blood spurting out of a wound.
 Shock
If left untreated, shock can lead to death. Always look for the
signals of shock whenever you are giving care.
 Skin color, temperature and moisture.
Assessment of skin temperature, color, and condition can tell you
more about the patient’s circulatory system.

C. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE

D. SECONDARY
SURVEY
1. Interview the victim and
bystanders:
 Ask the victim’s
name
 Ask what happen
 Ask the SAMPLE
history
2. Check Vital Signs
3. Determine Skin
Appearance
S -Signs/Symptoms
A -Allergies
M-Medication
P -Past medical history
L -Last oral intake
E -Events leading to episode

4. Head to Toe Examination
 Head
 Neck
 Shoulder
 Chest
 Abdomen
 Arms and Hands
 Legs and Feet
 Spine (Back)
D -Deformity
C -Contusion
A -Abrasion
P -Puncture
B -Burn
T -Tenderness
L -Laceration
S -Swelling

GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE
What to DO
• Do obtain consent, when possible
• Do think the worst
• Do remember to identify yourself to the victim
• Do provide comfort and emotional support
• Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy
• Do be as calm and direct as possible
• Do care for the most serious injuries first
• Do assist the victim with their prescription medication
• Do keep onlookers away from the injured person
• Do handle the victim to a minimum
• Do loosen tight clothing

What not to DO
• Do not let the victim see his own injury
• Do not leave the victim alone except to get
help
• Do not assume that the victim’s obvious
injuries are the only ones
• Do not make any unrealistic promises
• Do not trust the judgement of a confused
victim and require them to make decision

PATIENT
CASUALTY
HANDLING

• Emergency Move
• Non-Emergency Move
• Selections
• Pointers
• Demonstration

EMERGENCY MOVE is the movement
of a patient to a safe place before initial
assessment and care is provided,
typically because there is some
potential danger.
NON-EMERGENCY MOVE is the
movement of a patient when both the
scene and the patient are stable.

Selection will depend upon the following:
1. Nature and severity of the injury
2. Size of the victim
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider
4. Number of personnel and equipment
available
5. Nature of evacuation route
6. Distance to be covered
7. Sex of the victim

Pointers to be observed during transfer
1. Victim’s airway must be maintained open.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled
3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct position
4. Regular check of the victim’s condition
5. Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively
applied
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and as
speedy as circumstances permit
7. The patient’s body is moved as one unit
8. The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the
victim
9. First aiders/bearers must observed ergonomics in
lifting and moving of patient

DEMONSTRATION ON
MOVING AND LIFTING
OR TRANSFER

BLEEDING,
SHOCK and
SOFT TISSUE
INJURIES

• Bleeding
• Shock
• Wound
• Burns
• Demonstration on Bandaging
Techniques

BLEEDING is the loss of blood escaping
from the circulatory system.
Techniques to Control Bleeding
•Direct Pressure
•Pressure Bandage

SHOCK is a condition in which the
circulatory system fails to deliver enough
oxygen-rich blood to body’s tissues and
vital organs.
Dangers of Shock
• Lead to Death
• Predispose body to
infection
• Lead to loss of body
part
First Aid Management
• Proper Position
• Proper Body Heat
• Proper Transfer

WOUND is a break in the continuity of a
tissue of the body either internal or
external. Types of wound: (1) Closed
Wound (2) Open Wound
Closed Wound
• Ice Application
• Elevate the injured part
• Help the person to rest
Open Wound
• Stop the bleeding
• Prevent infection
• Use dressings and bandages
correctly
Open Wound Classification
Puncture, Abrasion, Laceration, Avulsion, Incision, Amputation

PUNCTURE

ABRASION

LACERATION

AVULSION

INCISION

AMPUTATION

BURNS are injuries to the skin and to the
other body tissues that is caused by heat
chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
• Thermal Burns
• Chemical Burns
• Electrical Burns
• Radiation Burns

DEMONSTRATION ON
BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES

BONES, JOINTS,
AND MUSCLE
INJURIES

• Types of BJMI
• Common Causes
• What is Splint
• Demonstration on Application of
Splints

TYPES
 Strain
 Sprain
 Dislocation  Fracture

COMMON CAUSES
• Vehicular Accidents
• Motorbike Accidents
• Mishandling of tools and equipment
• Falls
• Sports

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
•Rest
•Immobilize
•Cold
•Elevate

WHAT IS SPLINT
A splint is defined as "a rigid or
flexible device that maintains in
position a displaced or movable part;
also used to keep in place and
protect an injured part" or as "a rigid
or flexible material used to protect,
immobilize, or restrict motion in a
part"

TYPES OF SPLINT
•RIGID SPLINT
•SOFT SPLINT

DEMONSTRATION ON
SPLINT APPLICATION

AIRWAY and
BREATHING
EMERGENCIES

• Choking
• Respiratory Arrest
• Asthma Attack
• Hyperventilation
• Demonstration on Choking

CHOKING
Is a common breathing emergency that
occurs when the person’s airway is
partially or completely blocked by a
foreign object, such as a piece of food
or a small toy; by swelling in the
mouth or throat; or by fluids, such as
vomit or blood.

Two Types of Obstruction
Anatomical Obstruction. When tongue
drops back and obstructs the throat. Other
causes are acute asthma, croup, diphtheria,
swelling and whooping cough
Mechanical Obstruction. When foreign
objects lodged in the pharynx or airways;
solid or liquid accumulate in the back of the
throat.

Stand behind the
adult/child victim. Try to release
his/her hands clutching the
neck and wrap our arms around
the waist. Head should be bent
forward and slightly downward.
Apply the ABDOMINAL THRUST.
ADULT CONSCIOUS
CHOKING VICTIM

CHEST THRUSTS FOR
SPECIAL CASES:
 Chest thrusts should be
used in the following
conditions
- Advance stages of
pregnancy
- Markedly obese victim

CHOKING INFANT

RESPIRATORY ARREST
Is a type of breathing emergencies
which occurs when breathing has
stopped.

RESCUE BREATHING
Is a technique of breathing air into a person
to supply him or her with the oxygen
needed to survive. Rescue breathing is given
to victims who are not breathing or
inadequate but still have pulse.

ASTHMA ATTACK
Asthma is an illness in which certain
substances or conditions: called “triggers,”
cause inflammation and constriction of
the airways, making breathing difficult.

HYPERVENTILATION
Hyperventilation occurs when a person’s
breathing is faster and more swallow than
normal. When this happens, the body does
not take in enough oxygen to meet its
demands.

POISONING

• What is Poison
• Causes

POISON
Is any substance: solid, liquid, or
gas that tends to impair health or
causes death when introduced into
the body or onto the skin surface.

CAUSES
Common in suicidal attempts
Occasional accidental poisoning
Ways in which poisoning may occur
Ingestion - by MOUTH
Inhalation - by BREATHING
Injection - by ANIMAL BITES,
STINGS, SYRINGES
Absorption - by SKIN CONTACT

MEDICAL
EMERGENCIES

• Stroke
• Seizures
• Anaphylaxis
• Diabetes

STROKE
a Stroke is a disruption of blood flow to a
part of the brain which may cause
permanent damage to the brain tissue.
This is also called cerebrovascular
accident (CVA)

Recognize the “signals” and take action:
 Call the local emergency number immediately. MINUTES COUNT!
 Have the person stop what he or she is doing and have them rest
comfortably by sitting or lying down
 Give the victim supportive care and reassurance
 Be prepared to perform CPR if the victim becomes unresponsive

SEIZURES
Is when the normal functions of the brain are
disrupted by injury, disease, fever, poisoning
or infection, the electrical activity of the brain
becomes irregular.

 Reassure the victim that you are going to help
 Remove nearby objects that might cause injury
 Protect the victim’s head by placing a thinly folded towel or piece
of clothing beneath it
 Do not hold or restrain the patient when a seizure is in progress
 Do not place anything between the victim’s teeth or put anything
in the victim’s mouth
 Loosen clothing and fan the victim if the seizures was caused by a
sudden rise in body temperature
 Ensure that the victim’s airway is open and check for breathing
and other injuries once the seizure is over
 Watch over the victim until the victim is fully conscious

ANAPHYLAXIS
An allergy is caused by the over-activity of the immune
system against specific antigens.

Call the local emergency number
Calm and reassure the person
Help the person to rest in the most
comfortable position for breathing
Monitor the person’s breathing. Look for
any changes in their condition

DIABETES
Is the inability of the body to change sugar (glucose) from
food into energy

 First, check and determine if there are any life-threatening
conditions
 A person with diabetes who is experiencing a diabetic emergency
must be instructed to test his or her blood glucose level
 A victim experiencing a diabetic emergency due to hypoglycemia
must be encouraged to treat himself/herself with food or drink that
contains sugar. The same action is advised if the condition still is to
determined or still remains unknown (Are they hypoglycaemic or
hyperglycaemic?
 If the diabetic person is conscious and is able to swallow and then
states that they need sugar
 If the person is unconscious or is about to lose consciousness, call
the local emergency number. Maintain an open airway and do not
give anything by mouth.

ENVIRONMENTAL
EMERGENCIES

• Heat Emergencies
• Cold Related Emergencies

ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES
o HEAT EMERGENCIES
1. HEAT CRAMPS
A muscular pain and spasm due largely to
loss of salt from the body.
2. HEAT EXHAUSTION
A response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness,
and collapse due to inadequate intake of water to
compensate for loss of fluids through sweating.
3. HEAT STROKE
A response to heat characterized by extremely high body
temperature and disturbance of sweating mechanism.

oCOLD-RELATED EMERGENCIES
HYPOTHERMIA. Is the general cooling
of the entire body. In hypothermia, body
temperature drops below 35oC.

BASIC LIFE
SUPPORT

• What is BLS
• Heart Attack
• Cardiac Arrest
• Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation
• Demonstration on CPR

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers
to the type of care that first-responders,
healthcare providers and public safety
professionals provide to anyone who is
experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory
distress or an obstructed airway

Heart Attack
Also called myocardial infarction occurs when the
blood and oxygen supply to the heart is reduced causing
damage to the heart muscle and preventing blood from
circulating effectively. It is usually caused by coronary
heart disease.

Cardiac Arrest
Is a condition occurs when the heart stops
contracting and no blood circulates thru the blood
vessels and vital organs are deprived of oxygen.

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Is a combination of chest compression and
rescue breathing.

Table of Comparison on Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (Adult, Child, Infant)
Adult Child Infant
Compression Area Center of the Chest
Just below the imaginary nipple line
Depth At least 2 inches About 2 inches About 1 ½ inches
How to compress Heel of 1 hand,
other hand on
top
Heel of 1 hand 2 fingertips
Rate About 100/min
Compression to
Ventilation ratio
30:2
1 or 2 Rescuers
30:2 for 1 Rescuer
15:2 for 2 Rescuers
Number of Cycle/2
min.
5 cycles 5 cycles for 1 Rescuer
10 cycles for 2 Rescuers
Counting 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*10*11*12*13*14*15*16*17*18*19*20
1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9 and 1
Then breathe..breathe
(up to 5 cycles)
(10 cycles for 2 Rescuers – Infant and Child)

5 C’s in rendering CPR
C - Check
C - Call
C - Cover
C - Compress
C - Connect

WHEN TO STOP CPR
S – Spontaneous Signs of Life
T – Turn-over to Physicians
O – Operator is exhausted
P – Physicians assumes responsibility
S – Scene is unsafe

DEMONSTRATION ON
CPR

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