First aid training

1. What is First-Aid
• First aid is the first assistance or treatment given to
a casualty on the spot for any injury or sudden
illness before arrival any medical help.
• It may involve improvising with facilities and
materials available at the site.
• It should be compatible to modern medical science

2. Methodology
• Do lesson plan
• I- Introduction (self & lesson)
- Key message & key points, Safety
• D- Demonstration
• P- Practice
• S- Scenario
SWOT analysis
- Strength
- Weakness
- Opportunity
- Threat

3. Why First-Aid ?

4. Why First-Aid
• Life saving process
• During disaster
• Trauma patient
• Every day life
• Saving yourself & others

5. Why Training ?
• It is true that ”The response of a person
closest to the place of emergency will be the
fastest and most effective ,provided he is
well trained”

6. Why Training ?
• It is true that ”The response of a person
closest to the place of emergency will be the
fastest and most effective ,provided he is
well trained”

7. The Utilities
• DRABC, CPR ,AR
• Management of suffocation, Chocking,
Asphyxia, Shock, Unconsciousness, Wounds
and Bleeding, Fracture, Burn, Drowning,
Sprain, Strain.
• Dressing and Bandage
• Poisoning, Blood Donation.

8. Aims of First Aid
• P- Preserve Life
• P- Prevent Worsening of the
condition
• P- Promote Recovery
• P- Prepare early transportation

9. Scope of First-Aid
• R-Rush to the spot
• A-Assessment of the situation
• Call 108/102/100/101
• D-Diagnosis
• T-Treatment
• T-Transport

10. Assessment
• Assess from head to feet
• Compare one side of the casualty’s body with
the other, as this makes it easier to detect
any swelling or irregularities that require FA.
• Movement should be as little as possible to
avoid further injury.
• If casualty’s breathing becomes noisy, place
him in the recovery position.

11. Instruction for First Aider
• Reach the spot as fast as possible and carry out
the appropriate First Aid quickly.
• Reassure and encourage the casualty.
• Work calmly and efficiently
• Pay attention to any remarks or request that the
casualty makes
• After giving the necessary First Aid, place the
casualty in the appropriate position
• Keep a watch until help arrives.

12. Responsibility of First Aider
• Assess the situation
• Identify the injury or condition(provisional
diagnosis)
• Give immediate and appropriate assistance
• A casualty may have more than one injury and
some may require more urgent attention than
others(prioritization)
• According to the seriousness of the casualty’s
condition, arrange to shift to a medical facility.

13. Quick Reminder
• Call 108/102/100/101
• A—Allergy – does the person have any allergy
• M– Medications – is the person on any
medication ?
• P– Previous medical history
• L– last meal- when did the person last meal
• E– Event History – what happened ?

14. Diagnosis
• History- story of the accident
• Sign- first aider feels and finds out
for himself
• Symptom- what the casualty tells
the first aider

15. History
• Event History
• Medical History

16. Sign
• You find on examination of casualty
• Such as swelling, bleeding, discoloration,
deformity and smells by observing and feeling
• Use all of your senses- look, listen, feel, touch and
smell
• Always compare injured limb to uninjured
• Function and movement of the body & limbs
• Any superficial injuries

17. Symptoms
• Information that casualty gives about his
condition
• These are the sensation the casualty feels
and describes
• Ask him about his complains- pain, nausea,
giddiness, loss of normal movement

18. Golden Rule of First-Aid
• D-Danger
• R-Response
• A-Airway
• B-Breathing
• C-Circulation
• D-Defibrillation

19. DANGER
•Danger from the
casualty or casualty
from danger.
•Save yourself

20. RESPONSE
• To know casualty conscious or
unconscious
• A- Alert S- Shaking
• V- Voice Response S- Shouting
• P- Pain P- Pain
• U- Unconscious

21. AIRWAY
• Open Airway
• Clean it(Finger sweep
In D style)
• Do straight the Airway

22. BREATHING
• To check Breathing Absent/Present
• 12-20/15-18/min
• Less or More is Life threatening
• How to Know ?(LLF)
• Look
• Listen
• Feel

23. Respiration Rate
• Adult-15 to20 times/Minute
• Child-20 t0 25 times/Minute
• Infant-25 to 30 times/Minute
• Less or More than Breathing Rate is
Danger

24. RULE OF THREE
• Without hope (Lonely) life - 3 Months
• Without Food - 3 Weeks
• Without Water - 3 Days
• Temperature - 3 Hour
• Without Air - 3 Minute

25. CIRCULATION
• Radial Pulse
• Brachial Pulse
• Femoral Pulse
• Carotid Pulse

26. PULSE RATE
• Adult- 60 to 80/min
• Child- 80-100/min
• Infant-100 to 120/min

27. GOLDEN MOMENT
 No respiration - 3 min circulation
 No circulation - 3 min Brain active
 3min+3min = 6min (Golden moment)
(Clinically Death)
 After Brain Damage (Biological Death)

28. What To Do ?
• If No Respiration ?
• If No Circulation ?
• If Both are Absent?
• If Both are Present But Unconscious ?

29. MANAGEMENT
• 1-Artificial Respiration
• 2-External Chest Compression
• 3-CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
• 4-Recovery Position

30. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
• MOUTH TO MOUTH
• MOUTH TO NOSE
• MOUTH TO MOUTH & NOSE

31. Two times Rescue Breath
• 10 times per minute
• Continue if only Breathing is Absent till
breathing activation.

32. ECC(External chest
compression)
• 30 times
• Speed- 100 times/min.
• Position of on middle of the chest
• Compression 1/3 of Chest height

33. C.P.R
• C- Cardio
• P- Pulmonary
• R- Resuscitation
Ratio :- 30:2(E.C.C+A.R)

34. Application of Live Saving Process
DANGER NO CONSCIOUS Give proper F.A.
UNCONSCIOUS
RESPIRATION NO RESPIRATION, Take Help
Recovery Position Two Rescue Breathe
Examine Carotid Pulse
Pulse present but no breathing No pulse
Artificial Respiration-10/M CPR=30:2(ECC+AR)

35. RECOVERY POSITION
-place inside hand 90 degree
-lock another hand and place under chin
-break straight the outside leg at knee
-tilt towards you
-make distant leg straight and nearest leg 90 degree
-open the airway

36. Recovery Position

37. ADVANTAGES
• Respiration
• No Tilting
• Free Drain out
• Straight Airway

38. Dressing
A medically prepared soft cloth which keeps
the wound dry and safe.
Prevents Infection
Control Bleeding
Absorbs liquid
Protect against hurt

39. Types Dressing
• Adhesive Dressing
• Non Adhesive Dressing
• Gauze Dressing
• Improvised Dressing

40. Rules of Using
• Wash your hand before using.
• Don’t touch the dressing and the wound.
• Don’t cough or spit during dressing.
• Replace sterilized dressing if necessary.
• Aware of cross infection.

41. Bandage
Bandage is soft cloth used for medical purpose and
to hold the dressing.
 It helps controlling bleeding.
 It helps fixing the dressing, splint and plaster.
 Protects swelling
 Immobilize the injured part
 Protect against more hurt
 Don’t tie it tight or loose , Tie it firm.

42. Types of Bandage
• Triangular Bandage
• Roller Bandage

43. ROLLER BANDAGE
Sizes of roller bandage
a)1”-1.5”-For Fingers & Toes
b)2”-For Hand & Head
c)2.5”-3.5”-For Arm & Leg
d)4”-6”-For Chest, Abdomen, Back, Thigh

44. TYPES OF BANDAGING
• Simple Spiral
• Reverse Spiral
• Figure of Eight
• Spica

45. Techniques of Bandaging
• Stand/Sit face to face when on head be at back
side
• Stand opposite of the wounded part
• Tie two times at the beginning
• Start tying from below to above
• Don’t tie loose or tight, tie firmly
• Overlap two third on every round
• Use Reef/Doctor Knot at the end

46. Triangular Bandage

47. Folds Of Triangular Bandage
Broad Bandage
Narrow Bandage

48. Slings
• Triangular Sling/Elevated sling
• Arm/Large Arm Sling
• Collar & Cuff
• Small Arm Sling
• Improvised Sling

49. Slings
Elevated Sling/Triangular sling meant for
fracture of collar bone, shoulder blade and
shoulder dislocation
Arm Sling meant for fore arm, upper arm and
rib cage
Collar & Cuff Sling is meant for wrist bone
fracture
Small Arm sling to support the fractured
forearm

50. Slings are of three types.
1.Arm sling Used
in fracture
between wrists to
2.Triangular sling Used
in fracture between
elbows to neck.
3. Collar and cuff
sling- Used for
support wrist

51. Triangular Bandage for different Parts
of Body
• Head Bandage
• Bandage for Chest & Back
• Bandage for Elbow
• Hip Bandage
• Knee Bandage
• Palm/Foot Bandage

52. Wounds and Bleeding
• Any breakage or opening on the continuity of
skin is called wound

53. 7) Gun shot wound:
Types of wounds
1) Incised wounds 2)Lacerated
wounds
3) Abrasion (graze) 4) Puncture wound
5) Stab wound 6) Contused
wound:

54. Types of Wound
• Incised wound
• Abrasion/Graze wound
• Lacerated wound
• Contused wound
• Punctured wound
• Stab wound
• Gun shot wound

55. Dangers of Wound
• Bleeding
• Infection

56. Bleeding
Flowing of Blood outside the body
• External
• Internal
• Major
• Minor

57. Bleeding
• From Artery- Spurts
• From Capillary-oozes
• From Venn- Straight

58. Infection
• Septicemia
• Create pause
• Swelling, Tenderness
• Septic, Tetanus & Cancer

59. Treatment
• Wash & clean
• Cover the wound

60. Sign And Symptom
• Bleeding
• Dizziness
• Shock
• Paleness
• Unconsciousness

61. Treatment
• Wash your Hand
• Close two sides of wound
• Put a pad/dressing
• Tie Bandage
• If severe bleeding put another pad
• If bleeding do not stop remove both and tie new
pad
• Elevate the affected part above the chest level
• Transport to medical

62. Bleeding From Brain/Skull
• Lie him/her in comfortable position so that
drainage blood will be easy through
ear/nose/mouth
• Do not obstruct drainage blood

63. Amputation
• Cover and Protect both the part
• Stop bleeding and elevate to chest level
• Treat for shock
• Bandage the amputated part
• Keep in a plastic/polythene bag
• Again keep in plastic/polythene with ice
• Transport to hospital immediately

64. Nasal Bleeding
• Bleeding from the nose most commonly
occurs when tiny blood vessels inside the
nostrils are ruptured either by blow to the
nose, or as a result of sneezing, picking or
blowing
• Also occur as a result of high blood pressure
• Anti clotting medication

65. Dangers
• If Lot of bleeding from nose
• Followed by a head injury(appear thin and
watery)

66. Aim of first Aid
• To maintain an open airway
• To control Bleeding

67. Management
• Tell the casualty to sit down and tilt his head
forward to allow the blood to drain from the
nostrils
• Ask him to breathe through his mouth
• To pinch the soft part of his nose for ten
minutes
• Reassure and help him if necessary

68. Management
• Advise the casualty not to speak, swallow,
cough, spit or sniff since this may disturb
blood clots that have formed in the nose
• Give him a clean cloth or tissue to mop up
any dribbling
• After ten minute release pressure at bony
part of the nose
• If bleeding not stopped apply the pressure
for two further periods of 10 min.

69. Management
• Once the bleeding stopped, clean around his
nose with lukewarm water
• Advise him to take rest quietly for a few
hours
• If bleeding stops and restarts, help the
casualty to reapply pressure
• If the nose bleed is severe or it lasts for
longer than 30 min. arrange to take or send
hospital

70. Special Case for a young Child
• Tell her to lean forward, and then pinch her
nose for her, reassure and give a bowl to spit
or dribble in to

71. Caution
• Do not let the casualty tip his head back since
blood may then run down the throat and
induce vomit

72. Shock
• This life-threatening condition
occurs when the circulatory
system(which distributes oxygen to
the body tissues and removes waste
products) fails and as a result, vital
organs such as the heart and brain
are deprived of oxygen.

73. Sign & Symptom
Initially
•Rapid pulse
•Pale, cold and clammy skin
•Sweating
As shock develops
•Rapid, shallow breathing
•A weak ‘thready’ pulse
•Grey blue skin (Cyanosis)
•Weakness, dizziness
•Nausea and possibly vomiting
•Thirst
As the brain’s oxygen supply
weakens
•Restlessness and
aggressiveness
•Yawning and gasping for air
•Unconsciousness
Finally, the heart will stop

74. Types Of Shock
• Psychogenic Shock
• True Shock
• Electric Shock

75. Psychogenic Shock
Due To:
• Excessive hurt / excitement
• Fear
• Pain
• Sorrow
• Pleasure

76. Management
• Remove the cause
• Reassure

77. Caution
• Victim recovers quickly
• If condition worsens give treatment for true
shock and transport to hospital

78. True Shock
Due to….
• Severe blood loss
• More than 50% burn
• Heart attack
• Dehydration
• Sunstroke
• Severe pain
• Severe Infection
• Severe allergic reaction
• Drug overdose
• Spinal cord injury

79. Management of True shock
• Treat the cause you detect
• Reassure the casualty
• Keep the casualty warm by covering his body and legs with coats
and blankets
• Help the casualty lie down
• Raise and support his legs above the heart level
• Stop him making unnecessary movements
• Loosen tight clothing at the neck, chest, and waist to reduce
constriction
• Monitor and record vital signs- level of response, breathing and
pulse while waiting for help to arrive

80. Fracture
Any breakage/scar/bend on the continuity
of bone is called Fracture

81. Types Of Fracture
1.Simple /Closed Fracture-In side
the muscle with all sign &
symptoms of Fracture
2.Compound/Open Fracture-See
Outside of muscle having all sign
& symptom with bleeding
3.Complicated Fracture-Fracture
with damage to important organ
of the body
4.Green Stick- In case of children
the bone bends

82. Bones
• Adult – 206
• Child - 217

83. Bones
• Face – 14
• Head – 8
• Ribs – 24+1(sternum)
• Hands – 30*2= 60
• Spine – 33
• Legs – 31*2= 62
• Sternum – 1
• Collar bone – 2
• Scapula – 2

84. Causes of Fracture
• Direct Force- Where force applied the bone
breaks
• Indirect Force-Force applied on a place but
another bone breaks
• Muscular Action-Due to Muscular contraction
the bone breaks

85. Sign & Symptom
• Pain
• Tenderness
• Swelling & discolorization
• Immobilization
• Deformity
• Shortness
• Crepetus
• No sensation
• Internal bleeding
• Bend

86. Management
• Call 108/102/100/101
• Treat the life threatening condition
• No movement of the broken part
• Immobilize the part by splint
• Do not test tenderness or crepetus sound
• Cover the open fracture and transport to
hospital immediately

87. Burns & Scalds
If skin / body comes in contact
with higher/lower than our body
temperature it creates burn.

88. Why Death Due to Burn ?
• Suffocation
• Dehydration
• Shock
• Infection

89. Types of Burn
• Dry burn-caused by fire
• Scald-caused by hot water/liquid
• Chemical burn-caused chemicals
• Radiation burn
• Ultraviolet Ray burn
• Electric burn
• Cold burn
• Friction burn

90. Types Of Burn
• First Degree
• Second Degree
• Third Degree

91. DEEP (full thickness or 3rd degree burn)
SURFACE (superficial burn
or 1st degree burn)
Pain, Redness,Tenderness, and
Swelling
MEDIUM (partial thickness
or 2nd degree burn)
Pain, Redness,Tenderness,
Swelling and Blisters
Depth of burns

92. Management
• 1st Degree – Cool/Ice water till pain relives
• 2nd Degree –Running cool water for more
than 15 minutes cool the burn, apply silverex,
• 3rd Degree –Sufficient running water, Cover
the burn with water/Paraphin gel dressing

93. Rule of Nine
“Rule of Nine” is
meant for
measuring the
Burn area of the
body.

94. Emergency Hospitalization
• All 3rd degree burn
• All 2nd degree burn more than 1%
• All 1st degree more than 5%
• All burns at joints of bone
• Burns on face or perennial part

95. Drowning
• Drowning can result in death from
hypothermia due to immersion in cold water,
sudden cardiac arrest due to cold water,
spasm of the throat blocking the airway
and/or inhalation of water and consequent
airway obstruction.

96. Management
• After rescue help the casualty lie down on
recovery position on a rug or coat/flat surface.
• Treat the casualty for hypothermia
• If the casualty is fully conscious give him warm
drink
• If the casualty is unconscious conduct DRABC
• If the casualty is not breathing give five initial
rescue breaths and start chest compressions.
Then conduct CPR

97. Types of poisonous snake
King Cobra
Affects the Nervous system

98. Cobra Group
Monocled Cobra
Its venom Affects
the nervous system

99. Cobra Group
COMMON
COBRA

100. Common
krait

101. Banded
Krait

102. BAMBOO PIT VIPER

103. RUSSELLS VIPER
Its venom affects the
circulatory system

104. SAW-SCALED VIPER
AFFECTS THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

105. Effects Of Snake Bite
• Cobra & Krait:- the bites of cobra and krait
lead to the same type of sign and symptoms.
The poison acts on the nervous system and
the victim acts as if he is drunk. Later on
there is paralysis of respiratory centre in the
brain person dies of suffocation etc. with in a
few hours, if untreated. The pupils remain
contracted.

106. Effects Of Snake Bite
• A viper bites causes changes in the blood
which interfere with the normal clotting
powers of blood and bleeding takes place
from tongue, gums, under the skin of limbs
and stools etc. the person remains fully
conscious but get progressively weak anemic
and dies if untreated usually after a few days.

107. Sign & Symptom
• Pain & Swelling
• Biting spot
• Odima
• Blueness of skin

108. Snake Bites

109. Management

111. Know this !

114. Known Matters

115. Known Matters

116. ANY
QUESTION
?

117. THANKS