Newer Vaccines were presented. Key points include:
1) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to agents that resemble viruses or bacteria without causing illness, allowing the body to develop immunity.
2) Newer vaccines include pentavalent, fIPV, MR, and dengue vaccines that have been added to national immunization programs.
3) Other newer vaccines discussed include malaria, Japanese encephalitis, cholera, HIV, leprosy, HPV, and cancer vaccines that target specific diseases.
This document discusses newer vaccines and an MR vaccination campaign. It provides background on vaccine history and types. Recent developments include vaccines for pneumococcal, influenza, meningococcal, HPV, and rotavirus. Future vaccines discussed include ones for HIV. The document also outlines the need for vaccination, recently added vaccines in India's national program, and details of vaccination schedules and target groups for campaigns like one for MR in 2017.
This document discusses rotavirus disease and the rotavirus vaccine. It begins with an introduction about rotavirus, which causes severe diarrhea in young children globally. It then discusses the epidemiology of rotavirus including the viral agent, those affected, and transmission through the fecal-oral route. Four types of rotavirus vaccines available in India are described along with their composition, dosage, administration, and efficacy. Storage requirements are outlined, and vaccine stock management including early expiry, first out is advised. The document concludes with recommendations for phasing in the vaccine and estimating annual vaccine requirements based on the target population and doses.
This presentation is a part 2/4 of series of presentation on Paediatric immunization.This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
AFP surveillance is critical for global polio eradication. All cases of acute flaccid paralysis in children under 15 are investigated to differentiate between polio and other causes like Guillain-Barre syndrome, transverse myelitis, traumatic neuritis, and post-diphtheritic polyneuropathy. Stool specimens are collected from AFP cases and tested to isolate poliovirus. If wild poliovirus is isolated, the case is confirmed as polio. Surveillance ensures rapid detection of wild poliovirus circulation.
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
Pneumococcal disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and remains a serious global health problem. It can cause infections like pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. There are over 90 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae. Pneumonia is the most common clinical syndrome and a leading cause of death. Pneumococcal disease disproportionately affects young children, older adults, and those with underlying medical conditions. Vaccines provide an important strategy for prevention.
This document discusses newer vaccines and an MR vaccination campaign. It provides background on vaccine history and types. Recent developments include vaccines for pneumococcal, influenza, meningococcal, HPV, and rotavirus. Future vaccines discussed include ones for HIV. The document also outlines the need for vaccination, recently added vaccines in India's national program, and details of vaccination schedules and target groups for campaigns like one for MR in 2017.
This document discusses rotavirus disease and the rotavirus vaccine. It begins with an introduction about rotavirus, which causes severe diarrhea in young children globally. It then discusses the epidemiology of rotavirus including the viral agent, those affected, and transmission through the fecal-oral route. Four types of rotavirus vaccines available in India are described along with their composition, dosage, administration, and efficacy. Storage requirements are outlined, and vaccine stock management including early expiry, first out is advised. The document concludes with recommendations for phasing in the vaccine and estimating annual vaccine requirements based on the target population and doses.
This presentation is a part 2/4 of series of presentation on Paediatric immunization.This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
AFP surveillance is critical for global polio eradication. All cases of acute flaccid paralysis in children under 15 are investigated to differentiate between polio and other causes like Guillain-Barre syndrome, transverse myelitis, traumatic neuritis, and post-diphtheritic polyneuropathy. Stool specimens are collected from AFP cases and tested to isolate poliovirus. If wild poliovirus is isolated, the case is confirmed as polio. Surveillance ensures rapid detection of wild poliovirus circulation.
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
Pneumococcal disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and remains a serious global health problem. It can cause infections like pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. There are over 90 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae. Pneumonia is the most common clinical syndrome and a leading cause of death. Pneumococcal disease disproportionately affects young children, older adults, and those with underlying medical conditions. Vaccines provide an important strategy for prevention.
Bcg opv ipv vaccines and catchup vaccination (immunization)Praveen RK
This document provides information on BCG, OPV, IPV, and catch-up vaccination schedules. It discusses the vaccines' composition, administration procedures, immunization schedules, effectiveness, adverse reactions, contraindications and storage requirements. BCG protects against tuberculosis and is given at birth. OPV provides polio immunity orally while IPV is administered via injection. Catch-up vaccination allows children who missed scheduled doses to be protected as quickly as possible through accelerated schedules.
Hi Guys,
This presentation talks about Tuberculosis diagnosed in mother in the antenatal period, its treatment, implications on mother and fetus, the various protocols available currently regarding the neonatal management . Special focus being in major issues like breastmilk feeding, BCG, AKT prophylaxis, mother-child isolation.
Hope you find it useful.
P.S. - Please checkout my youtube channel - 'NEONATOHUB' & Facebook page 'Neonatohub' for lectures on neonatology.
This document discusses immunization and different types of vaccines. It describes passive and active immunization. Passive immunization provides immediate short-term protection from antibodies without immune system activation, while active immunization activates the immune system to produce long-lasting immunity. The document outlines various vaccine types including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and subunit vaccines. It provides details on vaccine administration, schedules, and contraindications.
The document summarizes key information about several vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox. It provides details on the infectious agents, reservoirs, modes of transmission, incubation periods, typical clinical manifestations, and potential complications for each disease. Vaccine recommendations for children and adolescents are also listed for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combinations.
This document discusses Covid-19 in children. It notes that while fewer Covid cases have been diagnosed in children, most pediatric cases are mild. Hospitalization rates are significantly lower in children. The pathophysiology and risk factors for children are also discussed. Common symptoms in children are cough and fever. Diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies are summarized.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a chronic infectious disease characterized by vague symptoms and a protracted course. India accounts for one third of the global TB burden, with 15 million infected people in India and 3-4 million of those being children. Tuberculosis most commonly enters the body through inhalation and can spread through droplets or ingestion. Primary infection typically occurs in the lungs or lymph nodes and may heal or progress to more serious complications affecting multiple organs if not contained. Common symptoms in children include failure to thrive, fever, and painless lymphadenopathy.
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, C) with Type A causing the most severe illness. Influenza viruses are constantly evolving through antigenic drift and antigenic shift, allowing them to evade host immunity. Vaccines aim to induce antibodies against predicted circulating strains, but the viruses' evolution requires continuous surveillance and vaccine updates. Influenza poses a significant disease burden, with estimated annual deaths ranging from 3,000 to 48,000 in the US alone.
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
This document provides statistics on the global HIV epidemic in 2018 from UNAIDS as well as information on HIV in India. Some key points:
- 37.9 million people globally were living with HIV in 2018. 1.7 million became newly infected that year while 23.3 million were accessing antiretroviral therapy.
- India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2015, the national adult prevalence was 0.26%. Prevalence is highest in certain states like Mizoram (2.04%) and Manipur (1.43%).
- Children account for 6.54% of total PLHIV in India. Early infant diagnosis, appropriate infant feeding and prophylaxis
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
Professor Ray Borrow, Head of the Vaccine Evaluation Unit of the Health Protection Agency. Given that prevention in better than cure, Professor Borrow provided an insightful round-up of where we are with vaccination against meningitis and septicaemia. Professor Borrow looked not only at the current vaccine programme in the UK, but also future challenges and vaccination in the developing world, particularly in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt in Africa where disease can affect tens of thousands of people during epidemics years.
Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is a live attenuated vaccine that contains three strains of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3). It is given orally in doses at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, with a booster between 16-24 months. OPV is 90-95% effective at preventing polio infection and paralysis for life. It should be stored at 40C and has a shelf life monitored by a vaccine vial monitor on the vial. OPV carries a small risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio from the type 3 strain.
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Two oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix and RotaTeq, were licensed in the 2000s and introduced in national immunization programs. Rotarix is a live-attenuated monovalent G1P[8] human strain, while RotaTeq is a pentavalent human-bovine reassortant vaccine. Both vaccines have shown high efficacy rates against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in clinical trials. Efforts are ongoing to develop more affordable rotavirus vaccines, such as the Indian vaccine Rotavac, which is currently in phase III trials.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is common in parts of Asia. It is transmitted to humans via bites from infected Culex mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, approximately 1 in 250 infections result in encephalitis, which can be fatal in 30% of cases. Survivors often face permanent neurological impairments. Control efforts focus on vaccination programs and reducing mosquito populations in areas like rice paddies where they breed.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus in childrenAzad Haleem
This document discusses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children. It covers the epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis of RSV. RSV is a common cause of childhood illness and lower respiratory tract infections. It most often affects children under 2 years old during winter outbreaks. Hospitalization may be required for severe cases, especially in high-risk groups like premature infants. While supportive care is usually sufficient, prophylaxis with palivizumab can help prevent severe RSV disease in high-risk infants.
Newer vaccines provide protection against additional diseases. The document discusses several newer vaccines including dengue, pentavalent, HPV, measles-rubella (MR), Japanese encephalitis (JE), oral cholera, HIV, malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and cancer vaccines. Many of these vaccines have been added to national immunization programs in recent decades to further reduce mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.
This document provides vaccination schedules and guidelines for children from various health organizations. It begins by outlining the vaccination schedule for children in India from birth through age 18-19 months. It then discusses vaccination schedules from UNICEF and provides details on specific vaccines such as BCG, DTwP/DTaP, polio, hepatitis B, and others. The document discusses administration of vaccines, contraindications, side effects of the HPV vaccine, and more. It provides comprehensive information on vaccination of children.
Bcg opv ipv vaccines and catchup vaccination (immunization)Praveen RK
This document provides information on BCG, OPV, IPV, and catch-up vaccination schedules. It discusses the vaccines' composition, administration procedures, immunization schedules, effectiveness, adverse reactions, contraindications and storage requirements. BCG protects against tuberculosis and is given at birth. OPV provides polio immunity orally while IPV is administered via injection. Catch-up vaccination allows children who missed scheduled doses to be protected as quickly as possible through accelerated schedules.
Hi Guys,
This presentation talks about Tuberculosis diagnosed in mother in the antenatal period, its treatment, implications on mother and fetus, the various protocols available currently regarding the neonatal management . Special focus being in major issues like breastmilk feeding, BCG, AKT prophylaxis, mother-child isolation.
Hope you find it useful.
P.S. - Please checkout my youtube channel - 'NEONATOHUB' & Facebook page 'Neonatohub' for lectures on neonatology.
This document discusses immunization and different types of vaccines. It describes passive and active immunization. Passive immunization provides immediate short-term protection from antibodies without immune system activation, while active immunization activates the immune system to produce long-lasting immunity. The document outlines various vaccine types including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and subunit vaccines. It provides details on vaccine administration, schedules, and contraindications.
The document summarizes key information about several vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox. It provides details on the infectious agents, reservoirs, modes of transmission, incubation periods, typical clinical manifestations, and potential complications for each disease. Vaccine recommendations for children and adolescents are also listed for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combinations.
This document discusses Covid-19 in children. It notes that while fewer Covid cases have been diagnosed in children, most pediatric cases are mild. Hospitalization rates are significantly lower in children. The pathophysiology and risk factors for children are also discussed. Common symptoms in children are cough and fever. Diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies are summarized.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a chronic infectious disease characterized by vague symptoms and a protracted course. India accounts for one third of the global TB burden, with 15 million infected people in India and 3-4 million of those being children. Tuberculosis most commonly enters the body through inhalation and can spread through droplets or ingestion. Primary infection typically occurs in the lungs or lymph nodes and may heal or progress to more serious complications affecting multiple organs if not contained. Common symptoms in children include failure to thrive, fever, and painless lymphadenopathy.
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, C) with Type A causing the most severe illness. Influenza viruses are constantly evolving through antigenic drift and antigenic shift, allowing them to evade host immunity. Vaccines aim to induce antibodies against predicted circulating strains, but the viruses' evolution requires continuous surveillance and vaccine updates. Influenza poses a significant disease burden, with estimated annual deaths ranging from 3,000 to 48,000 in the US alone.
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
This document provides statistics on the global HIV epidemic in 2018 from UNAIDS as well as information on HIV in India. Some key points:
- 37.9 million people globally were living with HIV in 2018. 1.7 million became newly infected that year while 23.3 million were accessing antiretroviral therapy.
- India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2015, the national adult prevalence was 0.26%. Prevalence is highest in certain states like Mizoram (2.04%) and Manipur (1.43%).
- Children account for 6.54% of total PLHIV in India. Early infant diagnosis, appropriate infant feeding and prophylaxis
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
Professor Ray Borrow, Head of the Vaccine Evaluation Unit of the Health Protection Agency. Given that prevention in better than cure, Professor Borrow provided an insightful round-up of where we are with vaccination against meningitis and septicaemia. Professor Borrow looked not only at the current vaccine programme in the UK, but also future challenges and vaccination in the developing world, particularly in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt in Africa where disease can affect tens of thousands of people during epidemics years.
Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is a live attenuated vaccine that contains three strains of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3). It is given orally in doses at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, with a booster between 16-24 months. OPV is 90-95% effective at preventing polio infection and paralysis for life. It should be stored at 40C and has a shelf life monitored by a vaccine vial monitor on the vial. OPV carries a small risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio from the type 3 strain.
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Two oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix and RotaTeq, were licensed in the 2000s and introduced in national immunization programs. Rotarix is a live-attenuated monovalent G1P[8] human strain, while RotaTeq is a pentavalent human-bovine reassortant vaccine. Both vaccines have shown high efficacy rates against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in clinical trials. Efforts are ongoing to develop more affordable rotavirus vaccines, such as the Indian vaccine Rotavac, which is currently in phase III trials.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is common in parts of Asia. It is transmitted to humans via bites from infected Culex mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, approximately 1 in 250 infections result in encephalitis, which can be fatal in 30% of cases. Survivors often face permanent neurological impairments. Control efforts focus on vaccination programs and reducing mosquito populations in areas like rice paddies where they breed.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus in childrenAzad Haleem
This document discusses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children. It covers the epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis of RSV. RSV is a common cause of childhood illness and lower respiratory tract infections. It most often affects children under 2 years old during winter outbreaks. Hospitalization may be required for severe cases, especially in high-risk groups like premature infants. While supportive care is usually sufficient, prophylaxis with palivizumab can help prevent severe RSV disease in high-risk infants.
Newer vaccines provide protection against additional diseases. The document discusses several newer vaccines including dengue, pentavalent, HPV, measles-rubella (MR), Japanese encephalitis (JE), oral cholera, HIV, malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and cancer vaccines. Many of these vaccines have been added to national immunization programs in recent decades to further reduce mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.
This document provides vaccination schedules and guidelines for children from various health organizations. It begins by outlining the vaccination schedule for children in India from birth through age 18-19 months. It then discusses vaccination schedules from UNICEF and provides details on specific vaccines such as BCG, DTwP/DTaP, polio, hepatitis B, and others. The document discusses administration of vaccines, contraindications, side effects of the HPV vaccine, and more. It provides comprehensive information on vaccination of children.
NEWER VIRAL VACCINE ICLUDED RECENT ADVACES IN THE VACCINE DEVELOPMENT And as per WHO 2023 data pipeline vaccine detail like HIV, TB, DENGUE, HPV,FLU VACCINE AND ALSO EMPHASIS ON THE COVID VACCINE AND AS PER LATEST 2023 GOEVENMENT OF INDIA AND WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
The document discusses adult immunization and summarizes recommendations for various vaccines. It provides an overview of the history and pioneers of immunization like Jenner and Pasteur. Data is presented showing the success of vaccines in reducing cases of diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, and invasive pneumococcal disease. Recommendations are outlined for vaccines including influenza, pneumococcal, hepatitis A/B, meningococcal, MMR, HPV, Tdap, herpes zoster and others. Contraindications and special populations are also mentioned.
The document provides information about immunization and vaccination in India. It discusses key points such as:
1) India's Universal Immunization Programme aims to vaccinate over 2.7 crore newborns and 3 crore pregnant women each year. It is one of the largest immunization programs globally.
2) The programme provides various vaccines free of cost as per the national immunization schedule. These include BCG, DPT, polio, measles etc.
3) Proper maintenance of the cold chain is important to ensure vaccines are stored and transported at recommended temperatures from the point of manufacture to use.
The document summarizes the National Immunization Program in the Philippines. It discusses the history and establishment of the Expanded Program on Immunization in 1976. It outlines the global burden of vaccine-preventable diseases in children, with an estimated 1.4 million deaths in 2002. The objectives of the program are to reduce morbidity and mortality from common vaccine-preventable diseases like measles, polio, and tetanus. It also discusses policies, strategies, vaccines, schedules, and guidelines to effectively implement the immunization program.
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
Adult immunization is important but lagging in India due to various factors like lack of universal adult immunization programs, short-term vaccine induced immunity, and lack of awareness among adults. Several vaccines are available for adults including influenza, hepatitis A and B, tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis, herpes zoster, HPV, pneumococcal, and meningococcal vaccines. Pregnant women should receive Tdap and influenza vaccines. Immunocompromised adults may receive inactivated vaccines depending on their condition. Travel vaccines like yellow fever are also important for international travel. Increasing awareness among healthcare providers and adults is key to improving adult immunization rates.
This document discusses Pakistan's Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI). It began in 1976 with the goal of preventing six major childhood diseases. However, Pakistan has yet to reach targets for polio eradication and measles. The document outlines the EPI vaccination schedule, types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and toxoid vaccines. It also discusses the importance of maintaining the cold chain for vaccine storage and transportation from manufacture to use.
The document discusses immunization and vaccines. It describes the two types of immunity - passive and active immunity. It explains different types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines. Specific vaccines like BCG, hepatitis B, oral polio, and pentavalent are also described in detail including their administration schedule, storage, benefits and side effects. The goal of immunization programs is to reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable diseases.
LATEST IAP GUIDELINES OF IMMUNISATION Dr Jishnu KR
The document discusses polio vaccines and their role in eliminating polio in India. It provides a timeline showing key events like the introduction of oral polio vaccine in 1978 and pulse polio programs starting in 1995. India was declared polio-free by the WHO in 2014. It also discusses the advantages and limitations of oral polio vaccine versus inactivated polio vaccine. Herd immunity, contraindications, and adverse effects of polio vaccines are also summarized.
Vaccinology is the study of vaccines and vaccination. Vaccines work by inducing immunity through administering live attenuated, killed, or antigenic portions of infectious agents. This stimulates both the innate and adaptive immune system. Vaccination can elicit humoral, cellular, or both immune responses. Key principles of immunization include following recommended doses, intervals between live vaccines, and that missed doses do not require restarting the full schedule. The document then discusses several specific vaccines including varicella, hepatitis A, typhoid, human papillomavirus, and meningococcal vaccines. It provides details on strains, schedules, indications, and contraindications for each vaccine.
Dr Swati Rajagopal_ ADULT VACCINATION.pptxVandanaVats8
This document discusses adult immunization guidelines in India. It covers several common vaccines recommended for adults such as the influenza, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis, pneumococcal, hepatitis A and B, herpes zoster, and HPV vaccines. For each vaccine, it describes the types available, indications for use, dosage, schedule, precautions, and high-risk groups. The document emphasizes that while childhood immunization is widespread in India, awareness and uptake of adult vaccines remains low despite the significant disease burden they can prevent.
Vaccinations during pregnancy can provide protection for both mother and baby. Common vaccines recommended include tetanus, influenza, hepatitis B, and meningococcal vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines like MMR and varicella are generally avoided due to theoretical risk of transmission to fetus. Inactivated and toxoid vaccines are considered safe. The benefits of vaccination usually outweigh potential risks. Immunoglobulins may also be recommended post exposure to certain pathogens. Timing and type of vaccine depends on the disease risk and trimester of pregnancy.
Vaccinations during pregnancy can protect both mother and baby from various diseases. Live attenuated vaccines like MMR and varicella are generally contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical risk of transmission to fetus. Inactivated vaccines and toxoids for tetanus, influenza, hepatitis B, and rabies are considered safe and recommended for pregnant women when risk of disease exposure or transmission is high. Immunoglobulins may also be administered post-exposure to provide temporary protection against certain infections. The benefits of vaccinating pregnant women usually outweigh potential risks, which are often theoretical in nature.
The document summarizes key information about inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), including that it is made from killed poliovirus strains, it produces antibodies but not intestinal immunity, it requires multiple doses for protection, and it carries no risk of vaccine-associated paralysis unlike the live oral polio vaccine (OPV). IPV is recommended for routine use in industrialized countries where the risk of vaccine-derived polio is greater than wild poliovirus, while OPV is used to contain outbreaks and in immunization programs in developing countries.
This document is a presentation on vaccines that was created by Sana Shaikh for a class. It includes an index listing the topics covered which are an introduction to vaccines, the history of vaccines including the work of Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, the production process for vaccines, and applications of specific vaccines for measles, polio, typhoid, hepatitis B, tetanus, and current research on vaccine adherence. The presentation provides overviews of the different vaccines discussed, including dosing schedules, and ends with a list of references.
Immunization for INDIAN Adolescents Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Sharda Jain Dr. J...Lifecare Centre
Vaccinations are among the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century
First recorded in 1890-95
Imminization is the action of making a person immune to infection, typically by inoculation
Immunization prevents disability & death from infectious diseases
It also helps control the spread of infections within communities
1) GSK produces vaccines for diseases like pneumonia, polio, rotavirus, cervical cancer and others. Their vaccines have helped prevent up to 3 million deaths and disability in 750,000 children annually.
2) GSK's cervical cancer vaccine, Cervarix, is dedicated to preventing cervical cancer. Clinical trials showed it has nearly 100% efficacy against HPV types 16 and 18, which cause over 50% of cervical cancer cases. It also has efficacy against other high-risk HPV types and has a good safety profile.
3) GSK provides holistic support for vaccination programs including cold chain management, training, advocacy, and monitoring to help ensure vaccines are effectively delivered and utilized. They aim
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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1. Newer Vaccines
Presented by
S. PRANAY KUMAR
“With theexception of safe water,no other intervention,not even
antibiotics, has had such a major effect on mortality
reduction”
2. ❑ “A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease”
❑A vaccine typically contains an agent:
✓ Resembles a disease-causing microorganism
✓ Often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its
toxins or one of its surface proteins
❑The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the
agent as foreign, destroy it, and “remember” it, so that the
immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of
these microorganisms if encounters later.
2
WHAT IS VACCINE ?
3. NEWER VACCINES and their
RELEVANCE
⚫‘New’ is relative:
❖New to the Immunization program
❖New because of recent discovery
❖New to the specific market or region (after Licensing)
⚫Introduction of a New vaccine may be
❖Vaccine againsta disease not previously
covered by
immunization
❖New product formulation of a
vaccine (e.g., a liquid vaccine replacing a
lyophilized vaccine)
❖New combination vaccine (e.g., DTP-HepB-Hib replacing
previous individual vaccines)
❖Vaccine that uses a new route of administration in place
replacing an oral vaccine) 9
5. ⚫ Contains 5 antigens (DPT + Hep.B + Hib)
⚫ In UIP in India, Liquid vaccine available in 10 dose vials is being used
⚫ Dose : 0.5 ml; 3 doses at 6, 10 and 14 weeks
⚫ Targeted for children aged <1 year
⚫ Booster dose is not recommended in India
⚫ Common S/E : Redness, swellingand pain
at injection site, fever, irritability for short period
⚫ AEFI is not higher than that reported with DPT vaccine alone
⚫ Complete vaccine series induces protective efficacy of 95%
PENTAVALEN
T VACCINE
5
6. Upon ingestion of OPV vaccine, the live attenuated polioviruses
replicate in the intestinal mucosa and lymphoid cells in
the oropharynx and intestine, in a similar manner to wild poliovirus
infection. Vaccine viruses are excreted in the stool
of the vaccinated person for up to 6 weeks after a dose, with
maximum shedding in the first 1 to 2 weeks after vaccination.
Revised fipv schedule in govt routine immunization started from
1 st janurary 2023.
Current doses:- 2 doses of fipv vaccine each of 0.1 ml, intradermal
route at 6 and 14 weeks
Revised schedule:- 3 does of fipv vaccine each 0.1 ml, ID at 6
weeks,14 weeks and 9 months
8. Measles-Rubella(MR)Vaccine
8
⚫ India launched one of the world’s largest vaccination campaigns
against Measles and Rubella with technical support from WHO on 5th
February, 2017
⚫ Launched in 5 states/UTs - Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry,
Goa and Lakshadweep covering nearly 3.6 crore children. The
campaign is targeted at vaccinating more than 41 crore children in the
age group of 9 months to less than 15 years over the next 2 years
across the country
⚫ MR vaccine has been introduced in routine immunization and has
replaced measles vaccine, given at 9-12 months and 16-24 months of
age, in selected states
⚫ Till Dec 2018, more than 20 crore children have been provided MR
9. 1. Killed whole bacteria with side
effects.
2. Capsular material (Vi antigen) that
is safer and more
effective.
3. Live oral vaccine, attenuated
s.thypi strain
Oral vaccines are still being
developed to distribute in
developing countries. Ty21a is also
being used to
carry foreign antigens from Shigella
and V.
cholerae.
•WHO recommends a 0.5 mL single
dose of CV in children from 6 months
and in adults up to 45 years
• In Endemic regions like India... WHO
also encourages routine programmatic
administration of CV to children at the
same time as other vaccines, at 9
months or in the second year of life.
Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever
are most common in parts of the world
where water and food may be unsafe
and sanitation is poor. Travellers to
South Asia, especially Pakistan, India,
and Bangladesh, should take
precautions to prevent infection.
The types of salomonella is organism
is salomonella thypoid and parathypoid
are more common in India
According mission
indradhanush thypoid
vaccine is included
10. MALARIA VACCINE
About half of the world's population is at risk. Large areas of
Africa and South Asia and parts of Central and South
America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, the Middle East,
and Oceania are considered areas where malaria
transmission occurs.
11. IF THE VACCINE
11
TARGETS
ITS GOAL IS TO
Pre- erythrocytic
stage
Prevent infection
Blood stage Reduce clinical disease
Sexual stage or
transmission blocking
Prevent the spread of parasites by
mosquitoes
MALARIA VACCINE
Concept of Stage Targeting
12. RTS,S/AS01(MOSQUIRIX)
12
◦ 'RTS' stands for 'repeat T epitopes' derived from the sporozoite
protein; 'S' stands for the S antigen derived from Hbs antigen; AS01
is a adjuvant
⚫ RTS,S/AS01 – most advanced vaccine candidate against most
deadly form of human malaria Plasmodium falciparum, with no
protection against P. vivax malaria
⚫ Reconstituted 0.5mL vaccine
⚫ Administered by intramuscular injection into:
▪ antero-lateral thigh in 6-12 weeks age group, and
▪ left deltoid in 5-17 months age group
13. DENGUE VACCINE
13
The disease is common in many popular tourist
destinations in the Caribbean (including Puerto Rico),
Central and South America, Southeast Asia, and the
Pacific Islands.
14. DENGUE VACCINE
14
(DENGVAXIA)
⚫World’s first vaccine against Dengue
⚫By Sanofi Pasteur – first licensed in December, 2015, in Mexico
⚫Registered for use in individuals 9-45 years of age living in endemic
areas
⚫CYD-TDV – live recombinant tetravalent vaccine
⚫3-dose vaccine given on a 0/6/12 month schedule only who had
previously infected and then do go to contact the disease.
15. DENGVAXIA (CYD-TDV)
15
⚫The pre-membrane and envelope proteins from a wild type dengue
virus are substituted into the yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine backbone
⚫The first phase I study in children was conducted in the dengue non-
endemic region of Mexico City
▪ Vaccine efficacy of CYD against all serotypes was 30.2%
▪ Vaccine efficacy 56.5% (Asian countries)
▪ Vaccine efficacy 60.8% ( Latin America)
In⚫diaAdpporuobvtefdufloervuesne ainft1e1rcWouHnOtrielisghts
green signal for dengue vaccine: More data is needed for its
universal acceptance
16. Oral Cholera
Vaccine
16
⚫ Three type of oral cholera vaccine are available : Dukoral ,Sanchol and
Euvichol.
⚫ Recently live oral cholera VA 1.4 vaccine developed by NICED, Kolkata.
⚫ 66% sero-conversion using only one dose of the vaccine, more protective
than the currently available one.
⚫ The results of the human clinical trial of vaccine has been published
⚫ The biggest differentiating factor is that unlike other three vaccines, the strain
used in the VA1.4 vaccine does not have the gene that produces the cholera
toxin.
⚫ 2main advantages:
✓ Single dose confers higher levels of protection
17. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
17
(JE) VACCINE
• JE vaccine SA-14-14-2 (live vaccine) was added to NIP in selected endemic districts in phased
manner since 2006 onwards
• Initially through mass campaign: 1-15 years (one dose during
outbreak/ahead of outbreak)
• Since 2013, became a part of ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION in
identified 181 high burden districts in 2-dose schedule
• JE-1: 9-12 months
• JE-2 : 15-18 months
• 2 types of JE vaccine are widely available
• Inactivated mouse-brain-derived vaccine (IMB)
• Cell-culture-derived live attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccine
⚫ Dose: 1.0 ml for adults, 0.5 ml for children.
⚫ Booster: single booster dose given at an interval of about 1 year
⚫ Contraindications:- Hypersensitivity to a previous dose of vaccine ,Pregnancy and immune-
suppression
19. HIV vaccine
19
⚫ Urgent global priority
Vaccine
⚫Realistic goal of HIV vaccine: to prevent viremia
Candidate Component
First generation Based on envelope proteins especially gp120
Second generation Live vectors (such as canarypox) or naked
DNA coding for different HIV genes
Third generation Regulatory non-structural proteins eg. Tat (a
transactivator of HIV gene expression) and
Nef (a multifunctional protein)
Majority of these vaccines are in phase I and phase II trials.
20. Classification of candidate LEPROSY
Vaccine
20
⚫ FIRST GENERATION
❑ Non-Cultiviable
▪ Killed M. leprae
▪ Killed M. leprae + BCG
▪ Acetoacetylated M. Leprae Dasypus novemcinctus
❑ Cultiviable
▪ BCG
▪ BCG + M. vaccae
▪ Killed M. welchii
▪ Killed ICRC
⚫ SECOND GENERATION (In vitro/ Animal studies
only)
▪ Subunit vaccines
▪ Shuttle plasmid vaccines
21. M. Indicus Pranii (MIP Vaccine)
21
⚫This Leprosy vaccine to be launched in 2018 and
developed by GP Talwar, founder-director, NII,Delhi.
⚫On Pilot basis in six districts in
Bihar(Banka and Jamui) and Gujarat( Navsari,
Tapi, Bhaurch, and Narmda)
⚫It is a preventive measures to people living in close contact
with diseased person.
⚫To be give along with a dose of Rifampcin.
⚫Trail of MIP efficacy were done in Kanpur Dehat in 2005.
Protective efficacy was 68.6% at end of 1st year, 59% at end
of 2nd year and 39.3% at 3rd year.
22. Cancer vaccine
22
❖This is two type
1)Preventive( prophylactic )
2)Treatment (therapeutic vaccine )
❖Preventive vaccine are gradsil, gradsil 9 and cervarix
for HPV type 16 and 18.
❖Therapeutic vaccine strengthening the natural
defense system of body against the cancer. These
are provenge-R, CG0070 vaccine, Neuvax (E75)
24. NEWER CANCER VACCINE
1-Ca Prostate: PROVENGE® (Sipuleucel-T)
⚫ Treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate
resistant (mCRPC) prostate cancer or androgen independent cancer .
⚫ 3 doses at 2-week intervals with I.V. route and median survival 25.8 months in
phase 3 Trial
⚫ TREATMENT IS COST EFFECTIVE
⚫ 2-BREAST CANCER:- Neuvax (E75)
⚫ An intradermal injection once per month for six months (total 6), Booster shots
once every 6 months for 30 months (total 5)
⚫ 3-Bladder cancer: CG0070 vaccine
⚫ Type of Oncolytic virus therapy for BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle- Invasive
Bladder Cancer.
⚫ Stimulates cytokine GM-CSF to enhance anti tumour immune response
⚫ 4-CERVIX:- CERVARAX :-PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AGANIST CERTAIN
TYPE OF HPV
⚫ AIMS TO PREVENT THE HPV,16 AND 18 THAT CAUSES 70% OF THE
CERVICAL CANCER CASES
28. NATIONAL IMMUNISATION
WEEK
World Immunisation Week is celebrated in the 24-30th April and is a
good opportunity for us to remember the importance of vaccination
and the role it has played in revolutionising healthcare and saving
countless lives
THEME OF THE NATIONAL IMMUNISATION:- #Long Life For All