The Hyde Act does not impose any constraint Dr. Kalam: India has voluntarily accepted certain interna- Cooperation Act of 2006'
on India. The key points are: tional obligations and commitments with regard to non- by an overwhelming
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their deliv- majority of 86-13.
- Article 2.1 of the 123 Agreement with India clearly ery systems through its membership of various international
states that each party shall implement it according to its treaties and regimes. However, India has not signed the NPT
own laws and regulations. as it believes that the treaty perpetuates discrimination be-
tween NWS and NNWS.
Extensive efforts have been made to harvest energy f from water in the form of raindrops, river and ocean wave, tidal and others. However, achieving a high-density of electrical power generation is challenging. Traditional hydraulic power generation mainly uses electromagnetic generators that are heavy, bulky, and become inefficient with water supply. Alternative, the water droplet or solid-based electric nano-generator, has so far generated peak power densities for less than one watt per square meter, owing to the limit at ions imposed by interfacial effects as seen in characterization of the charge generation and transfer that occur at solid-liquid or liquid-solid interfaces. Here we develop a device to harvest energy from impinging water droplet s by using an architecture that compromises a polytetrafluoroethylene film on an indium oxide substrate plus an aluminium electrode. We show that spreading of an impinged water droplet on the device bridges, the originally disconnect ed component s into a closed-loop electrical system, transforming the conventional interfacial effect into bulk effect, and so enhancing device that is limited by interfacial effects.
Wireless electrical power transmission using atmospheric conduction methodMark Anthony Enoy
This document is a proposal for an undergraduate thesis project that aims to investigate wireless electrical power transmission using atmospheric conduction. A group of five undergraduate students from the Jose Rizal Memorial State University are proposing this research study to fulfill the requirements of their Research Methods course and earn their Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering. The proposal provides background on the issues with current power transmission systems, such as high transmission losses. It introduces Nikola Tesla's work on wireless power transmission and proposes investigating atmospheric conduction as a potential solution. The proposal outlines the research methodology that will be used, including developing a Tesla coil to test wireless power transfer via atmospheric conduction.
Gender and Energy, Daphné Barbotte
Southeast Asia & Pacific Regional Secretariat
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), ICRECC, Suva, Fiji, 7 December 2010
Energy can be produced anywhere as long as a single capacitor is obtained. Using the capacitor, old clothes, a branch for structure, and a material called biochar, energy can be produced from a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC).
The document summarizes the Sierra Club's activities in Wisconsin in promoting clean energy and fighting coal use. It discusses the Sierra Club's history, priorities around transitioning from coal to clean energy, and progress made in getting coal plants retired in Wisconsin. It also covers the potential for wind and solar energy in the state and debates around expanding offshore wind development on Lake Michigan.
This paper discusses different definitions of zero energy buildings and applies those definitions to analyze a sample of low-energy commercial buildings. It finds that the way zero energy is defined has a large impact on the design choices needed to achieve that goal and whether a building can claim to be zero energy. Specifically, it examines four definitions: net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, net-zero energy costs, and net-zero energy emissions. The paper concludes that establishing a clear and measurable definition is important for setting design goals and assessing progress towards zero energy buildings.
This document discusses the potential for renewable energy and the need for transitioning to more sustainable energy systems. It notes that while the share of renewable energy is still small globally, costs for some renewables are getting competitive with existing energy sources. The technical potential for renewable energy is enormous. Realizing a clean energy future will require overcoming challenges through innovation, integration of renewables at larger scales, and increased adoption of technologies.
Shuji Nakamura is a Japanese-American engineer and inventor known for inventing the blue LED. Along with Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, he received the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for developing efficient blue LEDs. Blue LEDs enabled the development of bright, energy-saving white light sources by combining blue LEDs with phosphors or using red, green, and blue LEDs. The invention of efficient blue LEDs has led to LED lighting that uses 10 times less energy than incandescent bulbs, providing significant energy savings globally.
Extensive efforts have been made to harvest energy f from water in the form of raindrops, river and ocean wave, tidal and others. However, achieving a high-density of electrical power generation is challenging. Traditional hydraulic power generation mainly uses electromagnetic generators that are heavy, bulky, and become inefficient with water supply. Alternative, the water droplet or solid-based electric nano-generator, has so far generated peak power densities for less than one watt per square meter, owing to the limit at ions imposed by interfacial effects as seen in characterization of the charge generation and transfer that occur at solid-liquid or liquid-solid interfaces. Here we develop a device to harvest energy from impinging water droplet s by using an architecture that compromises a polytetrafluoroethylene film on an indium oxide substrate plus an aluminium electrode. We show that spreading of an impinged water droplet on the device bridges, the originally disconnect ed component s into a closed-loop electrical system, transforming the conventional interfacial effect into bulk effect, and so enhancing device that is limited by interfacial effects.
Wireless electrical power transmission using atmospheric conduction methodMark Anthony Enoy
This document is a proposal for an undergraduate thesis project that aims to investigate wireless electrical power transmission using atmospheric conduction. A group of five undergraduate students from the Jose Rizal Memorial State University are proposing this research study to fulfill the requirements of their Research Methods course and earn their Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering. The proposal provides background on the issues with current power transmission systems, such as high transmission losses. It introduces Nikola Tesla's work on wireless power transmission and proposes investigating atmospheric conduction as a potential solution. The proposal outlines the research methodology that will be used, including developing a Tesla coil to test wireless power transfer via atmospheric conduction.
Gender and Energy, Daphné Barbotte
Southeast Asia & Pacific Regional Secretariat
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), ICRECC, Suva, Fiji, 7 December 2010
Energy can be produced anywhere as long as a single capacitor is obtained. Using the capacitor, old clothes, a branch for structure, and a material called biochar, energy can be produced from a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC).
The document summarizes the Sierra Club's activities in Wisconsin in promoting clean energy and fighting coal use. It discusses the Sierra Club's history, priorities around transitioning from coal to clean energy, and progress made in getting coal plants retired in Wisconsin. It also covers the potential for wind and solar energy in the state and debates around expanding offshore wind development on Lake Michigan.
This paper discusses different definitions of zero energy buildings and applies those definitions to analyze a sample of low-energy commercial buildings. It finds that the way zero energy is defined has a large impact on the design choices needed to achieve that goal and whether a building can claim to be zero energy. Specifically, it examines four definitions: net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, net-zero energy costs, and net-zero energy emissions. The paper concludes that establishing a clear and measurable definition is important for setting design goals and assessing progress towards zero energy buildings.
This document discusses the potential for renewable energy and the need for transitioning to more sustainable energy systems. It notes that while the share of renewable energy is still small globally, costs for some renewables are getting competitive with existing energy sources. The technical potential for renewable energy is enormous. Realizing a clean energy future will require overcoming challenges through innovation, integration of renewables at larger scales, and increased adoption of technologies.
Shuji Nakamura is a Japanese-American engineer and inventor known for inventing the blue LED. Along with Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, he received the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for developing efficient blue LEDs. Blue LEDs enabled the development of bright, energy-saving white light sources by combining blue LEDs with phosphors or using red, green, and blue LEDs. The invention of efficient blue LEDs has led to LED lighting that uses 10 times less energy than incandescent bulbs, providing significant energy savings globally.
This document is a seminar report on paper batteries submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Computer Applications degree. It provides an overview of paper batteries, including their basics, components, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future enhancements. Paper batteries are flexible, thin energy storage devices formed by combining carbon nanotubes with paper. They can be folded, cut, or shaped without loss of efficiency and provide both steady and burst energy output. Early prototypes provide 2.5 volts of power from an area the size of a postage stamp.
The document is an invitation letter asking Mr. Tobi Ogunlesi to serve as the treasurer for the 2016 Nigeria Energy Forum (NEF 2016) being organized by a team of young Nigerian energy experts. Some key details include:
- NEF 2016 will be held in Lagos, Nigeria from April 12-13, 2016 to facilitate access to affordable and sustainable energy in Nigeria.
- The organizing team are emerging research stars in Europe who are passionate about developing Nigeria's energy sector.
- As treasurer, Mr. Ogunlesi would be a co-signatory on the bank account set up for the forum's expenses and work with the registration team.
- In exchange, his
Energy and the Sustainable Development AgendaGlobal Utmaning
The document discusses sustainable development goals for energy access, efficiency, and low carbon energy supply for a post-2015 agenda. It proposes goals for increasing renewable energy shares, reducing costs of low carbon technologies, boosting annual investments in energy access, and improving efficiency in buildings and economic sectors. The goals would contribute to outcomes like behavioral changes and investments, and ultimately impact sustainable development through economic, environmental and social changes.
The document summarizes a student group project to design and build a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Key points:
- MFCs generate electricity through bacteria in an environmentally friendly way, but currently only produce small amounts of power. The group's goal was to further MFC technology.
- The group researched MFC designs and chose components for their prototype. It had an air cathode and used materials that were biologically compatible.
- The initial design failed due to flooding. After redesigns using sealant and tape, a new polarization curve showed maximum power of 7.69 mW and power density of 3.14 W/m3.
- Further work could improve air flow,
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
This document discusses the history and technology of LED lighting. It begins with the early sources of light from the sun and fire, through the invention of the light bulb. In the late 20th century, Shuji Nakamura invented the first blue and white LEDs, starting an LED revolution. The document then explains what an LED is - a semiconductor p-n junction that emits light when forward biased. Different semiconductor materials are used to produce light across the UV/visible/IR spectrum. Key materials for red, yellow, green and blue LEDs are gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, and gallium nitride. The green LED was an important innovation for which Shuji Nakamura received
Vasanthi Hariprakash, an English radio jockey (RJ) from Bangalore, India, has been selected to participate in the 'Salzburg Young Global Leaders' Summit' in Salzburg, Austria. She is the only representative from India among the 50 young achievers chosen from around the world. Vasanthi works for Radio City 91.1 FM in Bangalore and is considered one of the best RJs in India. Her morning radio show helps energize over 2 million listeners daily. She hopes to represent India well at the summit and learn best practices to further her work.
This document summarizes the life story of Mario Capecchi, a Nobel Prize-winning scientist. It describes Capecchi's difficult childhood, living through World War II in Italy and later moving to the U.S. as a young boy. It discusses how he initially studied other subjects but was drawn to science and molecular biology. It highlights Capecchi's pioneering research in gene targeting and development of gene manipulation techniques in mice, which led to his Nobel Prize in 2007 and has implications for curing human diseases like Alzheimer's and cancer. The document conveys that achieving great things requires persevering through challenges and not limiting one's ambitions or aims.
The epaper
should set a new tradition.
It should celebrate the
success of the people wherever
they are. It may be from an
agriculture village, or fishing
village, it may be from a
diary village, it may be from
the industrial or service sector
Nuclear power is a part of the solution that produced huge amount of electricity and has low emission of gases that cause climate change.Let's support green energy for our future generation.
This document provides biographical information about the author of the book Wind and Solar Power Systems. It summarizes that Mukund R. Patel has over 35 years of experience as a research engineer designing electrical power equipment. He has worked for major companies like General Electric and Westinghouse. The book provides an overview of wind and solar power technologies and is intended as a textbook for engineering students and a reference for industry professionals. It aims to educate about the growing renewable energy sector.
This document provides information about a seminar report on nuclear energy submitted by a student at Moradabad Institute of Technology. It includes an introduction to nuclear energy production through fission and fusion. It discusses key concepts like binding energy, controlled and uncontrolled chain reactions, and fission products. The student acknowledges those who provided guidance and support in completing the report.
This document is a seminar report on nuclear micro-batteries submitted by Vishnu M T. It discusses the historical developments of nuclear batteries dating back to the 1950s. It describes how nuclear batteries harvest energy from radioactive isotopes through alpha and beta particle emissions without nuclear fission or fusion. The report examines various isotopes considered for batteries and mechanisms to incorporate radioactive sources. It outlines advantages like high energy density and lifetime measured in decades, as well as challenges. Applications discussed include powering pacemakers, sensors, and future mobile devices.
The document discusses the design and testing of a holographic solar module system for powering rural homes in India. The system uses holographic planar concentrators to focus sunlight onto solar cells, increasing efficiency. It includes a PV module, battery, and inverter to convert DC to AC power for household appliances. The authors size system components based on a case study home's daily energy needs. Testing shows the prototype can provide up to 300W of power with over 94% efficiency. The document concludes the system is well-suited for rural electrification applications like home lighting and street lights in villages.
Lattice White Paper-LENRs: Cutting Energy's Gordian Knot-April 12 2010 Lewis Larsen
EXCERPT from Lattice Energy LLC - White Paper - Commercializing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions -LENRs: Cutting Energy's Gordian Knot- A Grand Challenge for Science and Energy- April 12, 2010
The document analyzes the current and projected future of nuclear energy. Currently there are 435 reactors producing 11% of the world's electricity. While nuclear energy faces issues, more reactors are being built and the supply is projected to increase. Demand is also expected to increase 81% by 2035 according to the World Nuclear Association. However, growth has stagnated in OECD countries. The costs of nuclear energy are high but it has advantages like low emissions. However, safety and waste concerns would prevent the author from currently investing in nuclear energy.
This document is a seminar report on paper batteries submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Computer Applications degree. It provides an overview of paper batteries, including their basics, components, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future enhancements. Paper batteries are flexible, thin energy storage devices formed by combining carbon nanotubes with paper. They can be folded, cut, or shaped without loss of efficiency and provide both steady and burst energy output. Early prototypes provide 2.5 volts of power from an area the size of a postage stamp.
The document is an invitation letter asking Mr. Tobi Ogunlesi to serve as the treasurer for the 2016 Nigeria Energy Forum (NEF 2016) being organized by a team of young Nigerian energy experts. Some key details include:
- NEF 2016 will be held in Lagos, Nigeria from April 12-13, 2016 to facilitate access to affordable and sustainable energy in Nigeria.
- The organizing team are emerging research stars in Europe who are passionate about developing Nigeria's energy sector.
- As treasurer, Mr. Ogunlesi would be a co-signatory on the bank account set up for the forum's expenses and work with the registration team.
- In exchange, his
Energy and the Sustainable Development AgendaGlobal Utmaning
The document discusses sustainable development goals for energy access, efficiency, and low carbon energy supply for a post-2015 agenda. It proposes goals for increasing renewable energy shares, reducing costs of low carbon technologies, boosting annual investments in energy access, and improving efficiency in buildings and economic sectors. The goals would contribute to outcomes like behavioral changes and investments, and ultimately impact sustainable development through economic, environmental and social changes.
The document summarizes a student group project to design and build a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Key points:
- MFCs generate electricity through bacteria in an environmentally friendly way, but currently only produce small amounts of power. The group's goal was to further MFC technology.
- The group researched MFC designs and chose components for their prototype. It had an air cathode and used materials that were biologically compatible.
- The initial design failed due to flooding. After redesigns using sealant and tape, a new polarization curve showed maximum power of 7.69 mW and power density of 3.14 W/m3.
- Further work could improve air flow,
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
This document discusses the history and technology of LED lighting. It begins with the early sources of light from the sun and fire, through the invention of the light bulb. In the late 20th century, Shuji Nakamura invented the first blue and white LEDs, starting an LED revolution. The document then explains what an LED is - a semiconductor p-n junction that emits light when forward biased. Different semiconductor materials are used to produce light across the UV/visible/IR spectrum. Key materials for red, yellow, green and blue LEDs are gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, and gallium nitride. The green LED was an important innovation for which Shuji Nakamura received
Vasanthi Hariprakash, an English radio jockey (RJ) from Bangalore, India, has been selected to participate in the 'Salzburg Young Global Leaders' Summit' in Salzburg, Austria. She is the only representative from India among the 50 young achievers chosen from around the world. Vasanthi works for Radio City 91.1 FM in Bangalore and is considered one of the best RJs in India. Her morning radio show helps energize over 2 million listeners daily. She hopes to represent India well at the summit and learn best practices to further her work.
This document summarizes the life story of Mario Capecchi, a Nobel Prize-winning scientist. It describes Capecchi's difficult childhood, living through World War II in Italy and later moving to the U.S. as a young boy. It discusses how he initially studied other subjects but was drawn to science and molecular biology. It highlights Capecchi's pioneering research in gene targeting and development of gene manipulation techniques in mice, which led to his Nobel Prize in 2007 and has implications for curing human diseases like Alzheimer's and cancer. The document conveys that achieving great things requires persevering through challenges and not limiting one's ambitions or aims.
The epaper
should set a new tradition.
It should celebrate the
success of the people wherever
they are. It may be from an
agriculture village, or fishing
village, it may be from a
diary village, it may be from
the industrial or service sector
Nuclear power is a part of the solution that produced huge amount of electricity and has low emission of gases that cause climate change.Let's support green energy for our future generation.
This document provides biographical information about the author of the book Wind and Solar Power Systems. It summarizes that Mukund R. Patel has over 35 years of experience as a research engineer designing electrical power equipment. He has worked for major companies like General Electric and Westinghouse. The book provides an overview of wind and solar power technologies and is intended as a textbook for engineering students and a reference for industry professionals. It aims to educate about the growing renewable energy sector.
This document provides information about a seminar report on nuclear energy submitted by a student at Moradabad Institute of Technology. It includes an introduction to nuclear energy production through fission and fusion. It discusses key concepts like binding energy, controlled and uncontrolled chain reactions, and fission products. The student acknowledges those who provided guidance and support in completing the report.
This document is a seminar report on nuclear micro-batteries submitted by Vishnu M T. It discusses the historical developments of nuclear batteries dating back to the 1950s. It describes how nuclear batteries harvest energy from radioactive isotopes through alpha and beta particle emissions without nuclear fission or fusion. The report examines various isotopes considered for batteries and mechanisms to incorporate radioactive sources. It outlines advantages like high energy density and lifetime measured in decades, as well as challenges. Applications discussed include powering pacemakers, sensors, and future mobile devices.
The document discusses the design and testing of a holographic solar module system for powering rural homes in India. The system uses holographic planar concentrators to focus sunlight onto solar cells, increasing efficiency. It includes a PV module, battery, and inverter to convert DC to AC power for household appliances. The authors size system components based on a case study home's daily energy needs. Testing shows the prototype can provide up to 300W of power with over 94% efficiency. The document concludes the system is well-suited for rural electrification applications like home lighting and street lights in villages.
Lattice White Paper-LENRs: Cutting Energy's Gordian Knot-April 12 2010 Lewis Larsen
EXCERPT from Lattice Energy LLC - White Paper - Commercializing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions -LENRs: Cutting Energy's Gordian Knot- A Grand Challenge for Science and Energy- April 12, 2010
The document analyzes the current and projected future of nuclear energy. Currently there are 435 reactors producing 11% of the world's electricity. While nuclear energy faces issues, more reactors are being built and the supply is projected to increase. Demand is also expected to increase 81% by 2035 according to the World Nuclear Association. However, growth has stagnated in OECD countries. The costs of nuclear energy are high but it has advantages like low emissions. However, safety and waste concerns would prevent the author from currently investing in nuclear energy.
ACTIVITY-SHEET-Energy-Resources for science 11.pdfwelfredoyu2
This document provides information about a lesson on nuclear energy taught by Mr. Vergel L. Jandayan. It discusses the objectives and materials used for the lesson. The main content covers the process of how nuclear energy is used to generate electricity through nuclear fission in a reactor. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy, as well as the history and issues surrounding the proposed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant in the Philippines. Guide questions at the end ask students about the importance of nuclear power, disadvantages, why the Bataan plant was never operational, and how much energy a standard plant can provide.
This document summarizes the linkages between energy access and micro-enterprises. It finds that providing modern energy, such as electricity, can enable the poor to improve their livelihoods and incomes through micro-enterprises. However, more data is still needed to quantify these benefits. While rural electrification was initially seen as financially unviable, later studies found economic rates of return as high as 95%. Access to electricity can increase productivity of home-based micro-enterprises and extend their operating hours. Lessons from Bangladesh found that most rural enterprises use electricity for lighting and that reliability of supply is a key issue.
This document provides a personal testimony from Sébastien about their experience using the "restraint, efficiency, renewable energy" guide from Solar Generation to make their university campus more sustainable. They found the approach clear and logical. First, they reduced energy consumption through education. Then, an energy audit identified efficiency improvements. While restraint and efficiency were easier, renewable projects require more investment but are still worthwhile. Sébastien recommends taking a holistic approach and utilizing Solar Generation's resources.
This Thesis Paper intends to make a brief conception of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Power Plant. It is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the course ‘Solid State Devices’ for B.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong. In our thesis, we tried to describe the structure, operations and impact of Nuclear Power Plant. This is a summarized collection of all necessary data to know about Nuclear Power Plant. We also tried to signify the merits of Nuclear Energy over its bad impact.
Prospect of Nuclear Power Plant in BangladeshMd Rohel Uddin
This research report examines the prospect of establishing a nuclear power plant in Bangladesh. It discusses the country's growing energy demands and shortages. The report analyzes the benefits of nuclear energy compared to traditional fossil fuels, as well as challenges such as cost, safety regulations, waste disposal, and security concerns. Primary research was conducted including surveys of existing power plants and the proposed Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant. The report recommends creating a comprehensive legal framework and enhancing domestic nuclear technology development to safely meet Bangladesh's energy needs.
A solar inverter converts the variable direct current (DC) output of solar panels into alternating current (AC) that can power homes or be fed into the electric grid. It is a critical component that allows solar power to be used with standard appliances. This document discusses the operation of solar inverters and solar panels, which use the photovoltaic effect to generate electricity from sunlight and maximize power output through techniques like maximum power point tracking. It also provides an overview of renewable energy sources like wind, hydro, and solar power and their increasing role in energy supply.
Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procureijtsrd
The utilization of sustainable power sources is ending up exceptionally essential because of the restricted stores of non-renewable energy sources and worldwide ecological worries for the creation of electrical power age and usage. In remote regions, towns, it is anything but difficult to get more sum biomass. Subsequently by the utilization of crossover frameworks comprising of Biomass and PV for creation of electrical vitality in these remote regions can be more temperate. On the off chance that the advancement of a PC based approach for assessing, the general execution of independent half and half PV-Biomass creating frameworks are broke down ,at that point these outcomes are helpful for creating and introducing cross breed frameworks in remote regions This paper centers the practical thought of independent crossover frameworks having PV and Biomass for electrical generation in remote zones. Additionally in this paper a reproduction approach has been recommended for planning remain solitary network for remote regions. The normal sun powered radiation and amount of biomass required information are to anticipate the general execution of the creating framework. The batteries can likewise be utilized as a part of this framework to store the additional vitality which can additionally be utilized for reinforcement. Likewise the additional power is utilized to supply to the network. Here the reproduction is completed utilizing HOMER programming. The outcomes and investigation can used to enhance the improvement of the proposed demonstrate. Vikash Pooniya | Mr. Pravin Kumar | Dr. Deepika Chauhan | Md. Asif Iqbal"Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procure" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11105.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11105/hybrid-biomass-solar-power-system-with-establishment-of-raw-material-procure/vikash-pooniya
Fusion Energy: When might it become economically feasible?Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss the technological trends that might make fusion energy economically feasible in the future. Steady improvements in superconductors are improving the economic feasibility of magnetic confinement, which can be measured by the "triple product." this triple product includes temperature, plasma density, and controlled reaction time. these superconductors are currently being improved for other applications such as MRI and energy transmission. Improvements in inertial laser confinement are also occurring through improvements in lasers, which are also being used in other applications. What does this mean for policy?
The document discusses solar power prospects. It notes that while solar power production is growing rapidly, it still accounts for less than 1% of U.S. electricity output. Solar is among the fastest growing renewable energy technologies but remains more expensive than conventional sources. The document explores when solar power may reach grid parity and be able to compete with other energy sources without subsidies.
The document discusses non-conventional energy resources and India's energy scenario. It notes that fossil fuel reserves are limited and global energy demand is increasing. It then summarizes several non-conventional, renewable energy sources available in India including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass and biofuels. Solar and wind energy installations in India are discussed. The document concludes by stating India has significant potential to develop additional non-conventional energy sources.
Similar to New Billion Beats Nov 08 Issue Pages1 5 (20)
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
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Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
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New Billion Beats Nov 08 Issue Pages1 5
1. E-Paper
WWW.ABDULKALAM.COM
Vol. 2, Issue : 2
Friday, November 07,
Indo-US
Nuclear “Strength respects strength”
Deal
Advanced
Nuclear
Indo-US Nuclear Deal - Explored!
Research
in India Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam answers to questions ! why now? he explains in detail.
nuclear energy and bio-fuel for the transportation
Thorium
Dear friends, I would like to answer to certain sector.
based Fast
Breeder
important questions from the youth and the common The hydel capacity generated through normal
reactor
citizens which I received by email, letter and also water sources and inter-linking of rivers is expected
during interactions for the benefit of understanding to contribute an additional 50,000 MW. Large scale
for the people, because the deal is through now solar energy farms of hundreds of megawatts capac-
without any hitch and got the approval of NSG, US ity in certain number could contribute around
Parliament and India 55,000 MW. The nuclear power plants should have a
has ratified target of 50,000 MW of power. Atleast 64,000 MW
with the of electrical power should come from wind energy.
agree- The balance 51,000 MW has to be generated
Editorial ment through the conventional thermal plants through
be- clean coal and gas and other renewable sources of
Dr. Kalam received
energy such as Biomass, Power through municipal
number of emails from the
waste and solar thermal power. The most significant
people and from large
aspect, however would be that the power generated
number of youth regarding
through renewable energy technolo-
the Indo-US nuclear deal.
gies has to be increased to 28%
Even though he has
against the present 5%
answered many questions
With these background let me
during interaction meetings,
answer to the questions
through media and also
from one of
through emails, it was felt
that large number of youth
are still repeatedly asking
questions to him through
email and it was continuing.
Hence, it was decided to
collate all the questions and
Special Issue on Indo-US Nuclear Deal
get a simple but detailed
answer from Dr. Kalam and
tween India and USA. My answers to many ques- the emails which I have received from Mr. Nitin Goel,
bring out a special issue
tions are based on my discussion with the experts in from Mumbai (<schokhi@vsnl.com>). I will also re-
through Billion beats e-paper,
the field and the actual data from Department of spond to other questions of the people from various
hence this special issue on
Atomic Energy. walks of the people who asked me starting from 10
Indo-US Nuclear deal. We
Before that let me give the background. India years old boy who sent an email.
have covered most of the
has 17% of the world’s population, but has only
questions and brought out Simple strokes by Shreyas Navare
about 0.8% of the world’s known oil and natural gas
this issue as a most
resources. Based on the progress visualized for the
comprehensive issue for the
nation during the next two decades, the power gen-
readers. We regret the delay
erating capacity has to increase to 400,000 MW by
in brining out the issues in
the year 2030 from the current 144,565 MW in
time, we assure you that we
India. This takes into consideration of energy econo-
will strive hard to bring the
mies planned and the design and production of
issues in time henceforth
energy efficient equipments and systems. Energy
regularly.
independence has got to be achieved through three Dr. Kalam’s Proximity to nature
By
V. Ponraj &
different sources namely renewable energy (solar,
Maj. Gen. R. Swaminathan wind apart from hydro power), electrical power from
2. E-Paper billion beats 2
Why do you need energy from imported Uranium?
Question No.1 overall nuclear power – 18160MW) Technology development has to be
Background There is a plan to increase this capacity accelerated for Thorium based reac-
to 50,000 MW by 2030 through ura- tors. Thorium is a non fissile material; it
When India would need 213 584 MWe
in 2015 at the present 9.4% growth nium and thorium route for which has to be converted into a fissile mate-
rate and when we have installed capac- ground work has already been done by rial through fast breeder reactor. For
ity of 135,006 MWe already thus
requiring additional only 78,578 MWe the scientists conversion of Thorium
And when our 11th Plan has provided of Depart- and maximizing its
50,000 MWe from coal, 10,000 MWe
ment of “We need uranium, when utilization develop-
from hydro, 16,000 MWe from gas and
7,500 MWe from alternative sources Atomic En- our thorium reactors are ment of Fast Breeder
total aggregating to 81,500 MWe,
ergy. becoming critical by 2025. After Reactor has been
Question Nuclear rightly taken up. But
WHY DO WE NEED energy from im- 2030, we may not require any
ported uranium? power gen- till then we cannot
imported uranium; we can be
eration has afford to exhaust our
US President George W. self-
self-sufficient with our internal
Dr. Kalam: The present nuclear power been given a own nuclear resources
Bush (R) meets with capacity which is around 3900 MW is thrust by the nuclear resources.” that is uranium. We
Indian Prime Minister
expected to go to 7160 MW by 2012 use of ura- need uranium, when
Manmohan Singh in the
Oval Office of the White with the completion of nine reactors nium based our thorium reactors
House on September which are now in progress. Eventually fuel. However to meet the increased are becoming critical by 2025–2030.
25, 2008 in Washing- as per present plan of BARC and Nu- needs of nuclear power generation, it is After 2030 , we may not require any
ton, DC. Bush told clear Power Corporation the capacity by essential to pursue the development of imported uranium; we can be self-
Singh he was "working 2020 is expected to be increased to nuclear power using Thorium, reserves sufficient with our internal nuclear
hard" to push their
24,000 MW (By the end of 12th Plan – of which are higher in the country. resources.
stalled civilian nuclear
pact through the US
Why to sign the agreement in hurry?
Question No.2 making the thorium based power plant PHWRs is reprocessed to obtain fis-
Background
When Dr. Vikram Sarabhai predicted critical after the extensive R&D within sionable plutonium. The choice of
in1974 nuclear energy 43,500 MWe next 7 years time. PHWRs in the first stage is driven by
by 2000?
When Dr. Raja Ramanna predicted in Certainly, an aggressive effort for the fact that in PHWRs, on account of
1984 nuclear energy 10,000 MWe by further exploration of uranium is being the use of heavy water as moderator
2000?
When DAE projected in 2003 nuclear pursued. Natural uranium contains only and on-power refueling, more neutrons
energy 20,000 MWe by 2020? 0.7% of 235U, the only fissionable mate- are available to convert 238U to Pu than
When all these years (since Pokharan -
I) India was faced with nuclear sanc- rial available in nature. In principle, in the case of Light Water Reactors
tion? however, the entire quantity of uranium (LWRs). In other words, for the same
Question (235U and 238U) and thorium available in amount of mined uranium, power
nature can be converted to fissionable produced as well as plutonium gener-
DID OUR SCIENTISTS made such prom-
ises on IMPORTED URANIUM? form that can be used for contributing ated is higher for PHWRs than in the
Certainly NOT! to energy security of the mankind for a case of LWRs, where the light water
It was based on India's own Uranium? few millenniums. moderator absorbs more neutrons and
WHY then this hurry to sign the Agree- With the above-mentioned per- batch-mode refueling necessitates
ment?
spective, the Indian nuclear power placing burnable neutron absorbers in
Dr. Kalam: Ans: Currently, the known programme is based on closed nuclear the core along with fresh fuel.
Indian nuclear energy resources com- The highest breeding ratio in the
prise only 61,000 tonnes of uranium FBR is achieved with plutonium-
Advanced Heavy Water which can give 10000 MWe till its uranium based metallic fuel in the core
Reactor (AHWR) - to “The known Indian nuclear
lifetime and we have more than and uranium in the blanket. Introduc-
derive two-third of its
two- energy resources comprise only
power from thorium 2,25,000 tonnes of thorium, which is tion of thorium in the blanket of a
and one third from 61,000 tonnes of uranium which
the second largest resource in the plutonium-uranium fueled FBR slightly
plutonium generated can give 10000 MWe till its
from Fast Breeder Re- world next to Australia. With the exist- increases the doubling time that has
lifetime and we have more than
actor (FBR). Implemen- an adverse impact on the rate of
ing uranium in stock and available 2,25,000 tonnes of thorium,
tation of AHWR project
uranium certainly we can achieve the growth of the installed FBR capacity in
and development of which is the second largest
associated fuel cycle target set by the DAE. But the question the initial part of the second stage.
facilities will provide
is? Is it wise to exhaust our own ura- fuel cycle, in Hence, in the second stage, the intro-
industrial scale experi-
ence in the handling of nium resources now? What will happen duction of thorium has to be done in a
thorium. which the spent fuel of the first stage timely manner, starting with the use of
when we need uranium, at the time of
November 7, 2008
3. WWW.ABDULKALAM.COM billion beats 3
uranium in the blanket and much later with plutonium- Why we have not reached 10,000 Chronology of the
uranium based metallic fuel used in the core. DAE
MWe till now? Indo-US Nuclear Deal
research studies indicate that, it would be most appro-
priate to introduce thorium in this manner, in the third Question No.3 July 18, 2005: President
decade after the launch of metallic fuel based FBRs. Background Bush and Prime Minister
When India's uranium resources are estimated at as 60,000
Hence, the introduction of thorium without going to – 90,000 t. India’s milling capacity is estimated at about Singh first announce their
FBRs is extremely counterproductive, since the installed 50-
1000 t/year which is sufficient for 50-90 years for intention to enter into a
10,000MWe energy production per year and this has been
power capacity with thorium and plutonium being used confirmed in public statements jointly by Chairman & Manag- nuclear agreement in
together in thermal reactors will be unable to rise be- ing Director NPCIL, Director BARC and Director IGCAR; Washington.
Question
yond a rather insignificant value, considering the total (a) WHY ARE we begging for uranium? And;
Indian requirement. (b) WHY have we not reached 10,000 MWe till date? March 1, 2006: Bush
visits India for the first
Dr. Kalam: As I have already mentioned, the known Indian
Thorium is an immense source of energy. The time.
nuclear energy resources is only 61,000 tonnes of uranium
Indian resources of thorium are easily one of the largest
which can give 10000 MWe only. It is not for every year. It is
and of the best quality available in the world. Studies
the total potential available in India. Presently, our nuclear
March 3, 2006: Bush and
indicate that once the FBR capacity reaches about 200
reactors are running at 50-55% load factor only. At present
Singh issue a joint
GWe, thorium-based fuel can be introduced progres-
India imports about 30% of its primary energy needs. Stud-
statement on their growing
sively in the FBRs to initiate the third stage, where the
ies done indicate that even if India exploits full potential of all
strategic partnership,
233U bred in these reactors is to be used in the thorium emphasizing their
energy resources there will be a need to continue imports at
based reactors. DAE is also envisaging use of Accelera- agreement on civil nuclear
the present level even after 5 decades. It is therefore neces-
tor Driven Sub-critical Systems (ADS) for facilitating an cooperation.
sary for us to look for options which can reduce import de-
early introduction of thorium.
pendence. I have answered to this question of requirement
of uranium in detail in the second question itself.
July 26, 2006: The US
House of Representatives
passes the 'Henry J Hyde
Why Hyde act is not important to us? United States-India
Peaceful Atomic Energy
Question No.4 them. Obviously whatever is not permitted by US laws, will Cooperation Act of 2006,'
Background
not be signed by US firms. It, however, does not impose any which stipulates that
Under Article 2.1 of the 123 Agreement with India constraint on India with regard to signing any contract with
Washington will cooperate
states
firms in other countries. Thus once international civil nuclear
with New Delhi on nuclear
"Each Party shall implement this Agreement in accor-
dance with its respective applicable treaties, national trade opens up, India can sign contract with several coun-
issues and exempt it from
laws, regulations and license requirements concerning signing the Nuclear
the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes." tries. The laws and regulations of the USA will not come in
123 Agreement with China states
Nonproliferation Treaty.
the way. To sum up, Hyde Act enables the US to have nu-
"The parties recognize, with respect to the observance clear trade with India, and as a follow up the US has to lobby
of this agreement, the principle of international law that with NSG to modify its guidelines to enable civil nuclear trade
July 28, 2006: In India,
provides that a party may not invoke the provisions of
with India. Constraints imposed by Hyde Act are applicable
the Left parties demand
its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a
treaty." to US firms only.
threadbare discussion on
the issue in Parliament.
This would mean The Hyde Act 2006 can be used
Question No.5
against India at any time but it is not so in case of
Background
China.
When India has already signatory to international Treaties on November 16, 2006: The
Question
biological, chemical and conventional weapons; US Senate passes the
Question
123-
WHY the 123-Agreement should doubly bind India by comply-
'United States-India
WHY OUR LEADERS keep telling that The Hyde Act is ing with Australia Group and Wassenaar Arrangement under Peaceful Atomic Energy
not important to us? The Hyde Act 2006.
Cooperation and US
Dr. Kalam: India has negotiated a draft of agreement of Answer: There is no clause in the agreed 123 draft with Additional Protocol
cooperation with the US. India will be signing only the regard to binding India to Australia Group and Wassenaar Implementation Act' to
agreement for cooperation and will commit itself to the Arrangement. "exempt from certain
terms as included in the text of the Agreement. India requirements of the
has to ensure that the text of the agreement is in accor- Question No.6 Atomic Energy Act of
dance with the national laws and regulations in India Background
1954 United States exports
while the US would do the same with respect to its laws When India is a sovereign State: of nuclear materials,
and regulations. Please note that 123 agreement is a
equipment, and technology
Question
framework agreement and not an implementing con-
to India."
WHY the US President is required to submit to the Congres-
tract. Whenever implementing agreements or contracts sional committees a report
are signed between Indian entities and US energy firms,
(a) Whether India is fully and actively participating in the US
Indian and the US firms have to ensure that they are in and international efforts to dissuade, isolate and if
accordance with laws and regulations as applicable to necessary, sanction and contain Iran for its efforts to
acquire weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear
4. E-Paper billion beats 4
Where is the assurance for Fuel supply?
(Continued from page 3) Question No.8
Background
weapons capability Article 5.6(c) of the Agreement provides as follows:
(b) AND a description of the specific measures that India ".... Taking this into account, India will place its civilian
has taken in this regard and if not so assessed what India-
nuclear facilities under India-specific safeguards in
measures US Government has taken to secure In- perpetuity and negotiate an appropriate safeguards
dia’s full and active participation in such efforts. agreement to this end with the IAEA."
(c ) DOES it mean Iraq like measures? Question
WHY should India's nuclear installations remain under
Dr. Kalam meets the Answer: It is not our concern as to what the US President IAEA safeguards in PERPETUITY once the 123- 123-
Nuclear Experts during Agreement is terminated by either party?
is required to submit to the Congressional Committees. It
the DAE Award ceremony
is between the US President and the US Congress to Answer: The Safeguards Agreement negotiated with the
at National Technology
Day & Function for Distri- determine as to what they should do. IAEA Secretariat ensures that PERPETUITY with regard to
ution of DAE Awards. 11 safeguards is linked to PERPETUITY with regard to fuel
May 2008, BARC, Mumbai Question No.7 supplies.
Background
When
states:-
The Hyde Act 2006 under Section 102 (13) states:- Question No.9
"---- the United States should not seek to facilitate or Background
encourage the continuation of nuclear exports to India by The Hyde Act under Section 104(d)(5)(B)(iii) provides:
any other party if such exports are terminated under the “In the event the IAEA is unable to implement safe-
US law." And When The Hyde Act under Section 103 (b) guards as required by an agreement for cooperation
states:
(10) states: "Any nuclear power reactor fuel reserve pro- arranged pursuant to section 123 of the Atomic Energy
safe-
vided to the Government of India for use in safe-guarded Act of 1954 (42USC 2153), appropriate assurance that
civilian nuclear facilities should be commensurate with arrangements will be put in place expeditiously that are
Hydrogen BUS reasonable operating requirements." And When The Joint consistent with the requirements of section 123a.(1) of
Explanatory Statement of The Committee of Conference such Act (42USC 2153(a)(1) regarding the maintenance
describing the Background and Need for the Legislation of safeguards as set forth in the agreement regardless
states:-
(page 12) states:- of whether the agreement is terminated or suspended
for any reason”.
".... US Officials testified, however, that the US does not It is easy for the US to disable the IAEA financially or
intend to help build a stockpile of nuclear fuel for the even otherwise.
purpose of riding out any sanctions that might be im-
posed in response to Indian actions such as conducting Question
another nuclear test. ---- . They endorse the Senate pro-
posal, however, that there be a clear US policy that any DOES it mean that US Atomic Energy Act 1954 will
fuel reserve provided to India should be commensurate prevail when IAEA is not able to implement the safe-
with normal operating requirements for India's safe- guards?
guarded reactors".
Answer: Article 10.4 of the agreed draft of the 123
Question Agreement is relevant in this regard and is reproduced
WHERE is the assurance for fuel supply?
below:
Dr. Kalam: As a background to this question, you have “If the IAEA decides that the application of
IAEA safeguards is no longer possible, the
quoted from Hyde Act and the Joint Explanatory Statement supplier and recipient should consult and agree
of the Committee of Conference. India has not signed any on appropriate verification measures.”
.”
of these documents and therefore whatever is written in You may note that it is not the same as quoted by you in
those documents is internal to the US. India will be sign- the background to this question.
ing the agreed text of the 123 Agreement and subse-
quently Indian entities will sign implementing contracts
Question No.10
with US energy firms provided they come to an agreement Background
on techno-economic terms and conditions. Indian entities Article 10 of the agreement provides that on termination
of the 123-Agreement either Party shall have the right to
123-
will also enter into implementing contracts with compa- require the return by the other Party of any nuclear
nies in other interested countries. material, equipment etc. transferred under the Agree-
ment. It is also provided that all legal obligations per-
taining to the Agreement shall cease except that those
ADS - Accelerator relating to the Safeguards and other related issues shall
Driven System India will undertake obligations with regard to apply with respect to any nuclear items still remaining
safeguards only when India is satisfied that on the territory of the Party concerned.
An important basic It is further provided that either Party exercising the
contracts with regard to fuel supplies are in place. right of return shall compensate, prior to removal of
research area is to items, promptly that Party for the fair market value
develop reactor thereof and for the costs of such removals.
systems based on Fuel supply assurances have to be embedded into these Question
thorium wherein implementing contracts. While negotiating Safeguards (a) WHAT is the relative cost of such buildings and
power derived from
Agreement with the IAEA Secretariat, it has been ensured infrastructure with the Uranium Fuel?
thorium can be (b) WHAT does DAE intend to do with the empty
increased and ex- that India will move forward with implementation of safe- nuclear buildings once the fuel is taken away?
ternal input of fis- guards on indigenous reactors only when all conditions
sile material can be Answer: The Article 14.6 of the agreed text of the draft
conducive to the implementation of the safeguards agree-
minimized 123 Agreement is relevant to this question and it says:
ment are in place. India will undertake obligations with
“If either Party exercises its right of return pursuant
regard to safeguards only when India is satisfied that to paragraph 4 of this Article, it shall, prior to the
contracts with regard to fuel supplies are in place. removal from the territory or from the control of the
November 7, 2008
5. WWW.ABDULKALAM.COM billion beats 5
Chronology of the
other Party, compensate promptly that Party for the fair market value thereof and for the costs incurred as a conse-
quence of such removal. If the return of nuclear items is required, the Parties shall agree on methods and arrange-
Indo-US Nuclear Deal
ments for the return of the items, the relevant quantity of the items to be returned, and the amount of compensation
that would have to be paid by the Party exercising the right to the other Party”
December 18, 2006:
As you notice from the above article, consequence of removal of items would entail financial loss resulting from non- President Bush signs into
availability of electricity from such reactors. The party asking for return of items will have to compensate for such losses. This law congressional
is likely to be a huge amount and therefore could make such a demand prohibitively expensive for the party asking for return legislation on Indian
of nuclear material. atomic energy.
Dear friends, with this question in detail, there are number of other questions also which I have received number
July 27, 2007:
of emails expressing their interest to find answers to many questions.
Negotiations on a bilateral
agreement between the
There are lot of questions that nuclear energy at present gives only 3% of the total power generation in India and
United States and India
also is it worth spending huge amount to get the nuclear power by importing uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group coun-
conclude.
tries by accepting the Indo-US Nuclear agreement on Civil Nuclear Cooperation agreeing to the Safeguards agreement with
IAEA. Is it essential? Is it required or not? Why not we live with whatever we have? Will it not compromise the sovereignty and
Aug 3, 2007: The text of
security of the nation? Will it not deter our right to do the nuclear test? Will it not compromise India’s foreign policy in favor of
the 'Agreement for
USA? Why the IAEA Safeguards agreement doesn’t allow the un-interrupted nuclear fuel supply and makes the safeguards in
Cooperation between the
perpetuity? In the event of breach of Indo-US nuclear agreement in order to protect the security of the nation and maintain
Government of the United
the integrity of the nation, the US will put sanction and NSG will withdraw the nuclear fuel, will it not waste of investment and
States of America and the
ultimately all the nuclear fuel will get emptied? The corrective measure included in the preamble of safeguards agreement is
Government of India
not tenable in view of the specific provisions of the Withdrawals and termination clauses govern the actual withdrawal or
concerning peaceful uses
termination? How to find an answer to these genuine questions?
of nuclear energy' (123
Agreement) is released by
Before let me attempt to answer the questions., let us look at the three state Indian Nuclear Power Programme as per the
both governments.
DAE sources (Ref Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Atomic Energy Commission lecture at Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore on 4th July
2008).