Neurological examination
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The document outlines the key areas examined during a clinical neurological examination, including: 1) General appearance, mood, facial expressions, handedness, and nutritional status. 2) Stance, gait, posture, and balance tests. 3) Examination of the back, neck, and skull. 4) Assessment of the cranial nerves and optic fundi. 5) Evaluation of motor functions, muscle tone, strength, coordination and reflexes. 6) Sensory testing including pain, temperature, position, vibration and discrimination. 7) Assessment of higher cerebral functions such as orientation, memory and speech.
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Feminine masculine
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
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Neurological examination
- 1. CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM QURATULAIN MUGHAL BATCH IV ISRA UNIVERSITY 1
- 2. OBSERVATION • General appearance • Mood (e.g. anxious, depressed) • Facial expression (or lack thereof) • Handedness(the tendency to use either the right or the left hand more naturally than the other). • Nutritional status • Blood pressure 2
- 3. STANCE AND GAIT • Posture • Romberg’s test • Arm swing • Pattern of gait • Tandem (heel-toe) gait 3
- 4. BACK • Scoliosis • Operative scars • Evidence of spina bifida occulta • Winging of scapula 4
- 5. NECK AND SKULL • Skull size and shape • Neck stiffness • Kernig’s test • Carotid bruit(A carotid bruit is a systolic sound heard over the carotid artery area during auscultation). 5
- 7. OPTIC FUNDI • Papilloedema • Optic atrophy • Cupping of disc (glaucoma) • Hypertensive changes • Signs of diabetes 7
- 8. MOTOR • Wasting, fasciculation • Abnormal posture • Abnormal movements • Tone (including clonus) • Strength • Coordination • Tendon reflexes • Abdominal reflexes • Plantar reflexes 8
- 9. SENSORY • Pin-prick • Temperature • Joint position • Vibration • Two-point discrimination 9
- 10. HIGHER CEREBRAL FUNCTION • Orientation • Memory • Speech and language • Localised cortical functions 10
- 11. REFERENCES • Davidsons Principles & Practice of Medicine 22nd Edition. 11
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