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Network-Internet
- 1.
- 2. Basic Telecom Model ComputerComputer Channel interface Channel interface Communication Channel
- 3. Typical Home TelecomModel Computer Computer Modem Modem Audio Phone Lines Digital signals Digital signals Analog signals
- 4. Channels • Twisted wire(twisted pair) • Coaxial Cable • Fiber Optics • Microwave • Newer Wireless
- 5. Twisted Pair • Lowcost • easy to work with • installed infrastructure • crosstalk • 300bps to 100Mbps • “This modem is 56Kbps capable. However, current regulations limit download speeds to 53Kbps,” the fine print from a typical modem advertisement.
- 6. DSL • Uses existingtwisted pair • 256Kbps to 40Mbps • Loop length max about 18,000 ft. • More correctly ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) with download speeds different from upload speeds.
- 7. Coaxial Cable • Moreexpensive • harder to work with • not as extensive an existing infrastructure – cable TV companies are changing this • 56Kbps to 550Mbps
- 8. Fiber Optics • Veryexpensive • difficult to work with • existing infrastructure limit to backbones • 500Kbps to 30Gbps
- 9. Microwave • Not asexpensive as land lines • Limited to line of site, (towers) – reasonable infrastructure • Satellite bounce, increases expense – geo-synchronous (22,000 miles) – low earth orbit (cheaper, lower power) • 256Kbps to 100Mbps
- 10. Newer Wireless – Cellular –mobile data networks – personal communications services (PCS) – note: pagers & PDAs are not channels, they would be nodes on one end of a channel
- 11. Transmission Speed • BPS,bits-per-second, the amount of information that can be transmitted through a channel • BAUD - a binary event, a signal change from positive to negative or vice versa.
- 12. Speed II • Athigher speeds a single signal change can transmit more than one bit at a time, so the bit rate will generally be higher that the baud rate. • Transmission capacity is a function of the frequency, higher frequency means higher capacity
- 13. More Speed • Bandwidth= range of frequencies that a channel can support (difference between highest and lowest frequency). • Greater range means greater bandwidth. • Greater bandwidth means greater transmission capacity.
- 14. Faster Yet • Bandwidthis like pipe diameter. • Larger diameter pipes can transmit more water in a given period of time. • Personal Communication Services, PCSs, have a greater bandwidth than fiber optics.
- 15. Communications Processors Front End Processor CPU Controller Computer C h a n n e l Multiplexer PCPC PC T T T T Concentrator Channel
- 16. Network Topology • StarNetwork • Bus Network • Ring Network C C C C C C C C C C C C P P P
- 17. Networks • Local AreaNetwork, LAN • Wide Area Network, WAN • Value Added Network, VAN
- 18. Network Terms • Fileserver • Print server • Gateway - connects dissimilar networks • Bridge - connects similar networks • Routers - connects networks & directs traffic • Similar networks = same network protocols
- 19. 20 Chapter 8 Transmission onLANs • Token Ring – can talk only when you have the token – cost more than Ethernet – better for high volume traffic • Ethernet – talk whenever you want – send again if collision – works best with low volume traffic
- 20. Transmission on WANs& VANs • Packet Switching – message broken into packets – packets may take various routes – message reassembled at destination – allows load balancing on channels • Frame Relay – like packet switching, no error correction
- 21. The Internet • Whatis the Internet? • Who owns the Internet? • Why does the Internet exist?
- 22. Evolution of theInternet • 1970 ARPANET - 15 nodes • 1972 first email • 1982 TCP/IP becomes internet standard – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol • 1984 ARPANET - 1,000 nodes • 1986 NSF-Net backbone on ARPANET • 1987 ARPANET - 10,000 nodes
- 23. Evolution of theInternet • 1988 - businesses begin to connect to system for research purposes • 1989 ARPANET - 100,000 nodes • 1989 link email between CompuServe and ARPANET • 1990 ARPANET becomes the Internet
- 24. Public Networks CompuServe • 1969started in Cleveland with single computer • 1979 provided first email • 1980 started national service • Mid-1980s largest online service • 1995 3 Million users • 1997 purchased by AOL
- 25. Public Networks Prodigy • 1986pilot in Atlanta, Hartford, San Francisco • 1988 national service launched • 1994 1st to offer WWW access • 1999 Prodigy Classic discontinued (209,000 members)
- 26. Public Networks AOL • 1991AOL for DOS • 1993 AOL for Windows • 1997 bought CompuServe • 1999 10 Million users • Estimated to have distributed over 1 Billion discs of over 1,000 different disk/CD styles
- 27. Internet Statistics • http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm –User Counts, updated daily • http://whois.sc/internet-statistics/ – Domain Counts, updated daily
- 28. The Keys toInternet Growth • 1991 WAIS and Gopher provide Internet search and navigation • 1992 WWW hyperlink software released • 1992 NSF relaxes its restriction on commercial Internet traffic • 1992+ explosive growth in usage
- 29. Internet Capabilities • Communications –E-mail – Usenet – Chatting – Telnet • Information Retrieval – Gopher – Archie – WAIS – FTP http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/info/guide/Using_archie_Today.html
- 30. World Wide Web •Set of standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using a client/server architecture • Hypertext markup Language (HTML) • browser • search engines
- 31. Putting It AllTogether AT&T Level 3 Centurylink I29 Cable One Consumer Consumer Consumer
- 32. Some Upper TierProviders • AT&T • Bell Atlantic • Bell South • Cable and Wireless • Cable One • GTE • IBM • MCI • Pacific Bell • QUEST • Sprint • US West
- 33. Tier 1 Networks •The largest backbones on the Internet: • Centurylink, Telecom Italia, Verizon, Sprint, TeliaSonera International, NTT Communications, Deutsche Telekom, Level 3, AT&T • These top branded backbones only trade peering traffic among themselves.
- 34. Common Bandwidths • 56Kmodem 0.056 Mbps • ADSL 40 Mbps • Cable Modem 50 Mbps • T1 1.5 Mbps • Ethernet 10 to 1,000 Mbps • T3 44.7 Mbps • See http://bandwidthplace.com/
- 35. Upper Tier Bandwidths OC-xmulitples of 51.85 Mbps • OC-3 155 Mbps • OC-12 622 Mbps • OC-48 2,488 Mbps • OC-96 4,977 Mbps • OC-192 9,953 Mbps • OC-768 39,812 Mbps
- 36. Organization Benefits ofInternet • Reducing Communication Costs – virtual private net • Enhancing Communication and Coordination • Accelerating the Distribution of Knowledge • Facilitating Electronic Commerce
- 37. Intranets • An internalnetwork based on World Wide Web technology • Firewall – security software to prevent unauthorized access to an intranet • Firebreak – a physical break between the Internet and Intranet
- 38. Internet Challenges • Security •Technology Problems – incompatibility – limited bandwidth – telecommunications infrastructure – internet specialists • Legal Issues
- 39. IP Addresses • Anidentifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.
- 40. IP Address Classes •Class A - 168.212.226.204 • supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks • Class B - 168.212.226.204 • supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks – NDUS has two Class B addresses • 134.129.xxx.xxx Eastern ND • 134.234.xxx.xxx Western ND • Class C - 168.212.226.204 • supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks
- 41. IPv4 vs. IPv6 •IPv4 – 32 bits used for address – 4,294,967,296 – Addresses not assigned by geographic region (see map) • IPv6 – 128 bits used for address – 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 – That about 3.7x10^21 addresses per square inch of the earth’s surface – Addresses will be assigned by geographic region
- 42. IPv4 vs. IPv6 •IPv4 addresses written as four octets (8 bits) separated by periods. – 134.129.67.235 • IPv6 address written as eight 4-digit (16-bit) hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. – 1080:0:0:0:0:800:0:417A
- 43. Uniform Resource Locator •http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/latimer/index.html#events • http:// communication protocol • www.ndsu.nodak.edu web server hosting the page • /ndsu/latimer/ path to the page on the host server • index.html filename of the page • #events anchor in the page
- 44. IP & DomainName Examples • IP: 134.129.67.85 • URL: gdc.busad.ndsu.nodak.edu • IP: 134.129.67.235 • URL: dyn235.minard-67.ndsu.nodak.edu
- 45. ICANN • Internet Corporationfor Assigned Names and Numbers • a private sector, nonprofit organization • responsibility for IP address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management and root server system management functions previously performed under U.S. Government contract • ICANN's diverse board consists of nineteen Directors, nine At-Large Directors, who serve one-year terms and will be succeeded by At-Large Directors elected by an at-large membership organization. None of the present interim directors may sit on the board once the permanent members are selected.
- 46. IP Address Registries •Regional Internet Registries: • American Registry for Internet Numbers, ARIN • Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre, RIPE NCC • Asia Pacific Network Information Centre, APNIC • Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry, LACNIC
- 47. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority http://www.iana.org/ •Generic Top-Level Domains – http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm • ccTLD Database (country codes) – http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm • IP Address Services – http://www.iana.org/ipaddress/ip-addresses.htm
- 48. New Top-Level DomainNames (TLDs) • ICANN is accepting applications for new TLDs. – Application window Jan. 12, 2012 to Apr. 12, 2012 – Application fee: $185,000 – Annual fee: $25,000 • Intent is to move towards more descriptive names • Companies (organizations) can create – Brand domains e.g. .pepsi .coke – Generic domains e.g. .car .green • http://mashable.com/2011/06/20/icann-top-level-domains/