The document discusses advancements in network cabling standards and technology. It summarizes the evolution from Category 5 to Category 5e standards, and discusses the development of Category 6 standards. It then describes a proposed low-attenuation Category 6 cable called IBDN System 4800LX that shows improved bandwidth and crosstalk performance over existing standards in testing. The cable aims to help support future multi-gigabit applications by reducing insertion losses at high frequencies.
The document discusses the fringe of the Internet, which includes low power lossy networks (LLNs) connected by radio links. It describes characteristics of LLNs like highly constrained devices, small frame sizes, and energy efficiency requirements. The routing protocol for LLNs needs to be adapted to these types of links. The document outlines different approaches for connecting LLNs to the Internet, including mesh under, route over, and overlay models. It introduces RPL as an IETF routing protocol designed for routing over radio in LLNs.
This presentation by Westermo’s Technical Lead Engineers Dakota Diehl and Benjamin Campbell, is an integral part of the Westermo webinar on March 26th 2020, covering how to get older network technology to communicate over new protocols and equipment, and bridging the gap in technologies without replacing legacy equipment. Watch it here: https://www.westermo.com/news-and-events/webinars/accessing-the-edge-with-legacy-communications
This document provides a summary of wired and wireless network infrastructures for transporting data traffic. It discusses technologies for wireline networks including fiber optic networks using GPON and wavelength division multiplexing. It also covers wireless network infrastructures such as point-to-point microwave, Wi-Fi standards like 802.11ax, and mobile cellular networks including an overview of 4G LTE and the vision for 5G. The document examines various technologies and considerations for transporting traffic between wireline and wireless networks.
Discussing the Industrial Internet and the crucial role that low-power wireless sensor networks will play to gather these vast amounts of data. Describing how existing industrial wireless technologies must be extended to reach higher scales at lower costs (albeit, with lower guarantees), and the architectural approach and standards that are being developed at 6TiSCH, which encompasses work at IETF, IEEE, and industrial standard bodies.
WLAN at 60GHz -Whitepaper from R&S-1 ma220 2e_wlan_11ad_wpSaurabh Verma
802.11ad defines WLAN standards for the 60GHz frequency band, allowing wireless data transmission rates of up to 7Gbps. It uses three different physical layer modes: single carrier, which provides data rates from 385Mbps to 4.6Gbps; OFDM, which supports up to 7Gbps; and a control mode for signaling. Key features include high throughput enabled by the wide 60GHz spectrum and use of beamforming to direct signals. The document provides details on modulation schemes, packet structures, and other technical aspects of the 3 PHY modes.
The document discusses technologies related to 100G networking. It describes:
- The need for 100G networks to support increasing bandwidth demands
- Key 100G technologies like coherent PM-QPSK transmission and 56G ADC/DAC chips
- Fujitsu's development of 56G ADC chips in 65nm and 40nm processes to enable early 100G systems, with plans for enhanced 55-65GSa/s chips for 2nd and 3rd generation 100G products.
Shenzhen KINGTON Optic Co.Ltd is a Chinese company founded in 2005 that specializes in research, production, and export of fiber optic equipment. They have attracted many optical technology experts and have over 10 years of experience in the optical telecommunications field. Their main products include optical splitters, fiber arrays, connectors, and other passive fiber optic components. In particular, their planar waveguide optical splitters perform well and meet telecommunications standards. KINGTON aims to be a leading fiber optic manufacturer worldwide through technology research, cost innovation, and management improvements.
Shenzhen Kington Optic Co. Ltd is a fiber optic equipment manufacturer founded in 2005 in China. It has attracted many optical technology experts and engineers over the past 10+ years. The company specializes in developing and producing passive optical products like optical splitters, fiber arrays, connectors, and attenuators. In particular, their planar waveguide optical splitters perform well and meet industry reliability standards. Kington aims to be a leading fiber optic equipment manufacturer worldwide through technology research, cost innovation, and management improvements.
The document discusses the fringe of the Internet, which includes low power lossy networks (LLNs) connected by radio links. It describes characteristics of LLNs like highly constrained devices, small frame sizes, and energy efficiency requirements. The routing protocol for LLNs needs to be adapted to these types of links. The document outlines different approaches for connecting LLNs to the Internet, including mesh under, route over, and overlay models. It introduces RPL as an IETF routing protocol designed for routing over radio in LLNs.
This presentation by Westermo’s Technical Lead Engineers Dakota Diehl and Benjamin Campbell, is an integral part of the Westermo webinar on March 26th 2020, covering how to get older network technology to communicate over new protocols and equipment, and bridging the gap in technologies without replacing legacy equipment. Watch it here: https://www.westermo.com/news-and-events/webinars/accessing-the-edge-with-legacy-communications
This document provides a summary of wired and wireless network infrastructures for transporting data traffic. It discusses technologies for wireline networks including fiber optic networks using GPON and wavelength division multiplexing. It also covers wireless network infrastructures such as point-to-point microwave, Wi-Fi standards like 802.11ax, and mobile cellular networks including an overview of 4G LTE and the vision for 5G. The document examines various technologies and considerations for transporting traffic between wireline and wireless networks.
Discussing the Industrial Internet and the crucial role that low-power wireless sensor networks will play to gather these vast amounts of data. Describing how existing industrial wireless technologies must be extended to reach higher scales at lower costs (albeit, with lower guarantees), and the architectural approach and standards that are being developed at 6TiSCH, which encompasses work at IETF, IEEE, and industrial standard bodies.
WLAN at 60GHz -Whitepaper from R&S-1 ma220 2e_wlan_11ad_wpSaurabh Verma
802.11ad defines WLAN standards for the 60GHz frequency band, allowing wireless data transmission rates of up to 7Gbps. It uses three different physical layer modes: single carrier, which provides data rates from 385Mbps to 4.6Gbps; OFDM, which supports up to 7Gbps; and a control mode for signaling. Key features include high throughput enabled by the wide 60GHz spectrum and use of beamforming to direct signals. The document provides details on modulation schemes, packet structures, and other technical aspects of the 3 PHY modes.
The document discusses technologies related to 100G networking. It describes:
- The need for 100G networks to support increasing bandwidth demands
- Key 100G technologies like coherent PM-QPSK transmission and 56G ADC/DAC chips
- Fujitsu's development of 56G ADC chips in 65nm and 40nm processes to enable early 100G systems, with plans for enhanced 55-65GSa/s chips for 2nd and 3rd generation 100G products.
Shenzhen KINGTON Optic Co.Ltd is a Chinese company founded in 2005 that specializes in research, production, and export of fiber optic equipment. They have attracted many optical technology experts and have over 10 years of experience in the optical telecommunications field. Their main products include optical splitters, fiber arrays, connectors, and other passive fiber optic components. In particular, their planar waveguide optical splitters perform well and meet telecommunications standards. KINGTON aims to be a leading fiber optic manufacturer worldwide through technology research, cost innovation, and management improvements.
Shenzhen Kington Optic Co. Ltd is a fiber optic equipment manufacturer founded in 2005 in China. It has attracted many optical technology experts and engineers over the past 10+ years. The company specializes in developing and producing passive optical products like optical splitters, fiber arrays, connectors, and attenuators. In particular, their planar waveguide optical splitters perform well and meet industry reliability standards. Kington aims to be a leading fiber optic equipment manufacturer worldwide through technology research, cost innovation, and management improvements.
Shenzhen KINGTON Optic Co.Ltd is a Chinese company founded in 2005 that specializes in research, production, and export of fiber optic equipment. The company has attracted optical technology experts and has over 10 years of experience in the optical telecommunications field. KINGTON's main products include optical splitters, fiber arrays, connectors, and other passive fiber optic components. In particular, the company focuses on planar waveguide optical splitters that offer good performance and stability.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
This document discusses the development of 5G networks and next generation fronthaul interface (NGFI). It summarizes:
1) CMCC has established a green communication research center in 2011 to conduct 5G key technology research, with a focus on rethinking fundamentals like Shannon's theory and signaling.
2) 5G will require new capabilities like immersive experience, seamlessness, tactility and ultra reliability. It will utilize technologies like user-centric RAN, network slicing, and flexible function splits between BBU and RRU.
3) Fronthaul interfaces pose bandwidth challenges for C-RAN deployments. NGFI aims to address this through decoupling antenna and non-ant
The document discusses various broadband technologies and their capabilities. It covers wireline technologies including hybrid fiber-coax, DSL variants, and fiber to the premises. It provides roadmaps for technologies like DOCSIS and DSL2+ over time. It also summarizes fiber to the premises deployment statistics in North America and Minnesota, which show a growing adoption rate of fiber networks.
1) A Tier 1 mobile network operator conducted a field trial of a passive centralized-RAN (C-RAN) architecture to evaluate performance, costs, and challenges.
2) Initial fiber inspection using EXFO's probe found most connectors were dirty, increasing optical loss. After cleaning, optical time domain reflectometry characterized the fiber span and found a missing connection.
3) Using real-time OTDR and a visual fault locator, technicians identified and corrected the missing connection and mislabeled fiber within the span. Characterization then verified the full fiber path with reduced optical losses.
The document discusses OIF's CEI-56G interface projects which are key building blocks for 400G data center optics. It summarizes OIF's CEI-56G projects addressing various link reaches using NRZ, PAM-4, and ENRZ modulation. It describes how the 56G VSR chip-to-module interface and IEEE 400G 802.3bs electrical and optical specifications leverage OIF's work. The document concludes that CEI-56G PAM4 interfaces will enable next generation 200G/400G client optics and OIF has additional projects addressing data center needs.
The document summarizes Cambium Networks' point-to-point and rapid deployment broadband wireless solutions for civilian and military applications. It describes their portfolio of solutions including the PTP 600 for long-distance connectivity, RDB 350 for rapid deployability, and PTP 800 for affordable microwave. It provides examples of how these solutions have been used for applications such as test range communications, convoy mobility, ship-to-shore connectivity, and more.
Fiber Technology Trends for Next Generation NetworksCPqD
This document summarizes Christopher Towery's presentation on optical networking technologies towards achieving terabit per second capacities. The presentation discusses recent experiments that have extended transmission distances and capacities. It also covers topics like quasi-single mode fibers, submarine network evolution, extending terrestrial networks through challenging terrain, and extending reach in legacy networks. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate technologies for high capacity transmission over long distances.
The document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on advances in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). It begins with definitions of DWDM and how it works by combining multiple optical transmitters onto an optical fiber using different wavelengths. It then covers optical fiber types and properties, linear and non-linear effects that impact transmission over fiber including attenuation, chromatic dispersion, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and solutions to mitigate these effects like amplifiers, dispersion compensation, and forward error correction. Finally, it reviews common DWDM components like transmitters, receivers, mux/demux filters, optical add/drop multiplexers, and reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers.
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
This document provides an introduction to MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It discusses the drawbacks of traditional IP routing, including destination-based routing lookups needed on every hop. It then describes basic MPLS concepts, including forwarding packets based on labels rather than IP addresses. The MPLS architecture uses a control plane to exchange routing information and labels, and a data plane for simple label-based forwarding. MPLS can operate in frame mode, inserting labels between layers 2 and 3. Label switch routers perform label swapping in the data plane.
The document provides an introduction to premises cabling systems, including key standards organizations and standards. It describes the elements and sub-systems of cabling infrastructure, such as work areas, horizontal cabling, telecommunications closets, backbone cabling, equipment rooms, and entrance facilities. The document also summarizes different cable and fiber types, categories, optical fiber basics, cable construction, and maximum cabling distances.
Mobility, traffic engineering and redundancy using RPLMaxime Denis
Master thesis presentation. Design and implementation of a solution to improve mobility between two physical WSNs using RPL. Based on the 6LBR implementation of the CETIC.
TRUST BASED ROUTING METRIC FOR RPL ROUTING PROTOCOL IN THE INTERNET OF THINGSpijans
While smart factories are becoming widely recognized as a fundamental concept of Industry 4.0, their implementation has posed several challenges insofar that they generate and process vast amounts of security critical and privacy sensitive data, in addition to the fact that they deploy IoT heterogeneous and constrained devices communicating with each other and being accessed ubiquitously through lossy networks. In this scenario, the routing of data is a specific area of concern especially with the inherent constraints and limiting properties of such devices like processing resources, memory capacity and battery life. To suit these constraints and to provide the required connectivity, the IETF has developed several standards, among them the RPL routing protocol for Low powerand Lossy Networks (LLNs). However, and even though RPL provides support for integrity and confidentiality of messages, its security may be compromised by several threats and attacks. We propose in this work TRM-RPL, a Trust based Routing Metric for the RPL protocol in an IIoT based environments. TRM-RPL uses a trust management mechanism to detect malicious behaviors and resist routing attacks while providing QoS guarantees. In addition, our model addresses both node and link trust and follows a multidimensional approach to enable
an accurate trust assessment for IoT entities. TRM-RPL is implemented, successfully tested and compared with the standard RPL protocol where its effectiveniness and resilience to attacks has been proved to be better.
There are numerous design challenges associated with implementing Automotive Ethernet. This session will discuss what to test in order to improve the chances of a successful design
The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks and the emergence of the "fringe" of the internet. The fringe consists of wireless networks that extend the reach of the internet in a decentralized manner using various protocols and technologies. Key aspects of the fringe discussed include the route-over fringe using protocols like RPL to allow devices to route over multi-hop topologies, the mesh-under fringe using technologies like ISA100 for industrial wireless sensor networks, and the RPL fringe protocol used to route in low-power and lossy networks.
High Speed Cabling for 10 Gigabit Ethernet discusses the need for faster network infrastructures to support emerging applications and higher data transmission speeds. As applications like Gigabit Ethernet become standard on desktops, backbone networks need even higher bandwidth capabilities like 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Cabling systems need to support the lifetime of network equipment, which is approximately 12-15 years. Proper cabling is essential to future proof networks and maximize return on investment.
This document provides information on selecting elements for horizontal cabling, including specifications for twisted-pair cables. It discusses cable categories and types, with unshielded cable being the most popular for LAN networks. Shielded cables have additional shielding to lower disturbances. Cable categories range from Class D to EA, with higher categories supporting faster transmission speeds up to 10Gbps or more. Common cable types include U/UTP, F/UTP, and S/FTP. The document also outlines cable standards and classifications.
Copper and glass securing the foundation of your 10 gigabit data centersmithponting
How much time and money would you save if you
could assure the performance of your data center’s
10 Gigabit Ethernet network, before you turned
up service? How much confidence would you gain
by knowing the 10 Gigabit cabling was installed
according to standards? This Whitepaper describes
changes 10 Gigabit Ethernet brings to the network
infrastructure and the specific steps you can take
to make your new data center network rock-solid.
Next Generation Fiber Structured Cabling and Migration to 40/100gPanduit
The new high speed Ethernet standards, 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10, will require a change in the fiber cable plant. Here we examine the media and connectivity solutions needed to ease the migration for 10 Gigabit Ethernet to 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet.
The document provides an overview of the AMP CO Plus cabling system, which allows for flexible connectivity options through the use of interchangeable adapter inserts. It discusses the system's ability to support various applications like Ethernet, telephone, CATV, and PoE through different insert configurations. The document also examines how the system meets standards for 10 Gigabit Ethernet and higher link classes through the use of shielded cabling components able to mitigate interference issues at high frequencies.
Shenzhen KINGTON Optic Co.Ltd is a Chinese company founded in 2005 that specializes in research, production, and export of fiber optic equipment. The company has attracted optical technology experts and has over 10 years of experience in the optical telecommunications field. KINGTON's main products include optical splitters, fiber arrays, connectors, and other passive fiber optic components. In particular, the company focuses on planar waveguide optical splitters that offer good performance and stability.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
This document discusses the development of 5G networks and next generation fronthaul interface (NGFI). It summarizes:
1) CMCC has established a green communication research center in 2011 to conduct 5G key technology research, with a focus on rethinking fundamentals like Shannon's theory and signaling.
2) 5G will require new capabilities like immersive experience, seamlessness, tactility and ultra reliability. It will utilize technologies like user-centric RAN, network slicing, and flexible function splits between BBU and RRU.
3) Fronthaul interfaces pose bandwidth challenges for C-RAN deployments. NGFI aims to address this through decoupling antenna and non-ant
The document discusses various broadband technologies and their capabilities. It covers wireline technologies including hybrid fiber-coax, DSL variants, and fiber to the premises. It provides roadmaps for technologies like DOCSIS and DSL2+ over time. It also summarizes fiber to the premises deployment statistics in North America and Minnesota, which show a growing adoption rate of fiber networks.
1) A Tier 1 mobile network operator conducted a field trial of a passive centralized-RAN (C-RAN) architecture to evaluate performance, costs, and challenges.
2) Initial fiber inspection using EXFO's probe found most connectors were dirty, increasing optical loss. After cleaning, optical time domain reflectometry characterized the fiber span and found a missing connection.
3) Using real-time OTDR and a visual fault locator, technicians identified and corrected the missing connection and mislabeled fiber within the span. Characterization then verified the full fiber path with reduced optical losses.
The document discusses OIF's CEI-56G interface projects which are key building blocks for 400G data center optics. It summarizes OIF's CEI-56G projects addressing various link reaches using NRZ, PAM-4, and ENRZ modulation. It describes how the 56G VSR chip-to-module interface and IEEE 400G 802.3bs electrical and optical specifications leverage OIF's work. The document concludes that CEI-56G PAM4 interfaces will enable next generation 200G/400G client optics and OIF has additional projects addressing data center needs.
The document summarizes Cambium Networks' point-to-point and rapid deployment broadband wireless solutions for civilian and military applications. It describes their portfolio of solutions including the PTP 600 for long-distance connectivity, RDB 350 for rapid deployability, and PTP 800 for affordable microwave. It provides examples of how these solutions have been used for applications such as test range communications, convoy mobility, ship-to-shore connectivity, and more.
Fiber Technology Trends for Next Generation NetworksCPqD
This document summarizes Christopher Towery's presentation on optical networking technologies towards achieving terabit per second capacities. The presentation discusses recent experiments that have extended transmission distances and capacities. It also covers topics like quasi-single mode fibers, submarine network evolution, extending terrestrial networks through challenging terrain, and extending reach in legacy networks. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate technologies for high capacity transmission over long distances.
The document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on advances in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). It begins with definitions of DWDM and how it works by combining multiple optical transmitters onto an optical fiber using different wavelengths. It then covers optical fiber types and properties, linear and non-linear effects that impact transmission over fiber including attenuation, chromatic dispersion, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and solutions to mitigate these effects like amplifiers, dispersion compensation, and forward error correction. Finally, it reviews common DWDM components like transmitters, receivers, mux/demux filters, optical add/drop multiplexers, and reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers.
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
This document provides an introduction to MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It discusses the drawbacks of traditional IP routing, including destination-based routing lookups needed on every hop. It then describes basic MPLS concepts, including forwarding packets based on labels rather than IP addresses. The MPLS architecture uses a control plane to exchange routing information and labels, and a data plane for simple label-based forwarding. MPLS can operate in frame mode, inserting labels between layers 2 and 3. Label switch routers perform label swapping in the data plane.
The document provides an introduction to premises cabling systems, including key standards organizations and standards. It describes the elements and sub-systems of cabling infrastructure, such as work areas, horizontal cabling, telecommunications closets, backbone cabling, equipment rooms, and entrance facilities. The document also summarizes different cable and fiber types, categories, optical fiber basics, cable construction, and maximum cabling distances.
Mobility, traffic engineering and redundancy using RPLMaxime Denis
Master thesis presentation. Design and implementation of a solution to improve mobility between two physical WSNs using RPL. Based on the 6LBR implementation of the CETIC.
TRUST BASED ROUTING METRIC FOR RPL ROUTING PROTOCOL IN THE INTERNET OF THINGSpijans
While smart factories are becoming widely recognized as a fundamental concept of Industry 4.0, their implementation has posed several challenges insofar that they generate and process vast amounts of security critical and privacy sensitive data, in addition to the fact that they deploy IoT heterogeneous and constrained devices communicating with each other and being accessed ubiquitously through lossy networks. In this scenario, the routing of data is a specific area of concern especially with the inherent constraints and limiting properties of such devices like processing resources, memory capacity and battery life. To suit these constraints and to provide the required connectivity, the IETF has developed several standards, among them the RPL routing protocol for Low powerand Lossy Networks (LLNs). However, and even though RPL provides support for integrity and confidentiality of messages, its security may be compromised by several threats and attacks. We propose in this work TRM-RPL, a Trust based Routing Metric for the RPL protocol in an IIoT based environments. TRM-RPL uses a trust management mechanism to detect malicious behaviors and resist routing attacks while providing QoS guarantees. In addition, our model addresses both node and link trust and follows a multidimensional approach to enable
an accurate trust assessment for IoT entities. TRM-RPL is implemented, successfully tested and compared with the standard RPL protocol where its effectiveniness and resilience to attacks has been proved to be better.
There are numerous design challenges associated with implementing Automotive Ethernet. This session will discuss what to test in order to improve the chances of a successful design
The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks and the emergence of the "fringe" of the internet. The fringe consists of wireless networks that extend the reach of the internet in a decentralized manner using various protocols and technologies. Key aspects of the fringe discussed include the route-over fringe using protocols like RPL to allow devices to route over multi-hop topologies, the mesh-under fringe using technologies like ISA100 for industrial wireless sensor networks, and the RPL fringe protocol used to route in low-power and lossy networks.
High Speed Cabling for 10 Gigabit Ethernet discusses the need for faster network infrastructures to support emerging applications and higher data transmission speeds. As applications like Gigabit Ethernet become standard on desktops, backbone networks need even higher bandwidth capabilities like 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Cabling systems need to support the lifetime of network equipment, which is approximately 12-15 years. Proper cabling is essential to future proof networks and maximize return on investment.
This document provides information on selecting elements for horizontal cabling, including specifications for twisted-pair cables. It discusses cable categories and types, with unshielded cable being the most popular for LAN networks. Shielded cables have additional shielding to lower disturbances. Cable categories range from Class D to EA, with higher categories supporting faster transmission speeds up to 10Gbps or more. Common cable types include U/UTP, F/UTP, and S/FTP. The document also outlines cable standards and classifications.
Copper and glass securing the foundation of your 10 gigabit data centersmithponting
How much time and money would you save if you
could assure the performance of your data center’s
10 Gigabit Ethernet network, before you turned
up service? How much confidence would you gain
by knowing the 10 Gigabit cabling was installed
according to standards? This Whitepaper describes
changes 10 Gigabit Ethernet brings to the network
infrastructure and the specific steps you can take
to make your new data center network rock-solid.
Next Generation Fiber Structured Cabling and Migration to 40/100gPanduit
The new high speed Ethernet standards, 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10, will require a change in the fiber cable plant. Here we examine the media and connectivity solutions needed to ease the migration for 10 Gigabit Ethernet to 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet.
The document provides an overview of the AMP CO Plus cabling system, which allows for flexible connectivity options through the use of interchangeable adapter inserts. It discusses the system's ability to support various applications like Ethernet, telephone, CATV, and PoE through different insert configurations. The document also examines how the system meets standards for 10 Gigabit Ethernet and higher link classes through the use of shielded cabling components able to mitigate interference issues at high frequencies.
Www ccnav5 net_ccna_1_chapter_4_v5_0_exam_answers_2014Đồng Quốc Vương
This document provides the answers to exam questions for CCNA 1 Chapter 4 v5.0 from 2014. It includes 23 multiple choice questions and answers related to networking concepts like physical layer protocols, fiber optic cabling, Ethernet standards, wireless networks, and more. The questions assess knowledge of topics like frame encoding techniques, multimode fiber, OSI model layers, throughput calculations, cable interference factors, wireless network concerns, and data link layer functions.
The document discusses the development of 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet standards. It notes that in 2006, the IEEE determined these faster speeds were needed - 40 Gbps for computing and 100 Gbps for network aggregation. The IEEE formed a task force in 2008 to develop these standards. Key aspects included preserving the Ethernet frame format while supporting faster speeds over fiber and copper cable. The physical coding sublayer implements a multilane distribution scheme to help meet engineering challenges, distributing data across multiple "lanes" to support various interface widths.
Tyco Electronics provides an overview of network cabling solutions and standards. 10 Gigabit Ethernet poses challenges for UTP cabling due to stringent requirements for alien crosstalk, background noise, and insertion loss. Updated standards provide specifications for higher performing cabling, including shielded cabling, to support 10GBASE-T and mitigate issues like alien near-end crosstalk.
Category 8 copper cabling has been developed that can handle data transmission speeds of up to 40Gb/s, providing a cost-effective alternative to fiber optic cables for data center network infrastructures. The new cable exceeds the bandwidth of Category 6A cables by 4 times and complies with ISO and TIA standards. While the cable is initially intended for use within data centers of up to 30m, its advantages may see it used more widely in offices in the future. Further development is needed to enable transmission speeds of 100Gb/s over copper cabling.
1) 10GBASE-T technologies are emerging that provide 10 gigabit Ethernet speeds over copper cabling, but they are susceptible to interference from crosstalk and electromagnetic noise.
2) Screened cabling is recommended to support 10GBASE-T up to its full channel length due to its superior protection against crosstalk and ability to operate in noisier environments.
3) Standards committees and cable manufacturers recognize various cabling classes, including Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat7, as supporting 10GBASE-T, with screened cables having greater maximum supported distances.
The document discusses several communication protocols that are important for the Internet of Things (IoT), including IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, Wireless HART, Z-Wave, ISA 100, Bluetooth, NFC, and RFID. It provides details on IEEE 802.15.4, including its features, variants, and introduction to related protocols like Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and Wireless HART.
The Ethernet physical layer is the physical layer component of the Ethernet standard.
The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses quite a few physical media interfaces and several magnitudes of speed. The speed ranges from 1 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s in speed while the physical medium can range from bulky coaxial cable to twisted pair to optical fiber. In general, network protocol stack software will work similarly on all of the following types.
10 Gigabit Ethernet is becoming more popular in both enterprise and carrier networks, with 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet now ratified. Higher speeds are under development. Metcalfe now believes commercial applications using terabit Ethernet may occur by 2015 though he says existing Ethernet standards may have to be overthrown to reach terabit Ethernet.ThesisScientist.com
The Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer in the Basis of Bit ...IJCI JOURNAL
Fixed Broadband Wireless Access is a promising technology which can offer high speed data rate from transmitting end to customer end which can offer high speed text, voice, and video data. IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN is a standard that specifies medium access control layer and a set of PHY layer to fixed and mobile BWA in broad range of frequencies and it supports equipment manufacturers due to its robust performance in multipath environment. Consequently WiMAX forum has adopted this version to develop the network world wide. In this paper the performance of IEEE 802.16 OFDM PHY Layer has been investigated by using the simulation model in Matlab. The Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models are selected for the performance evaluation of this standard. The Ideal Channel estimation is considered in this work and the performance evaluation is observed in the basis of BER.
The standards review board of the Institute of Elec
trical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) approved the
standard for 10 Gigabit/sec Ethernet over twisted
pair copper cabling (10GBASE-T) on June 8, 2006.
This Whitepaper provides an overview of the methods to
measure and certify the performance of the installed
cabling system for compliance with the requirements
of 10GBASE-T, as well as with the draft specifications
of Augmented Cat 6 (Cat 6A) or Augmented Class E (Class EA).
1) The document provides an introduction to microwave radio communication fundamentals and IP applications. It discusses topics such as microwave spectrum, terrestrial microwave links and applications, microwave range, how microwave radios communicate, and extenders range with repeaters.
2) It then covers Layer 2 radio technology, the importance of propagation analysis, antennas and feeder systems, and RF protection. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.
3) The goal is to provide network engineers an understanding of microwave fundamentals needed to design carrier Ethernet and IP microwave networks that transport voice, data, and online media with requirements for quality of service and reliability.
05. DF - Latest Trends in Optical Data Center InterconnectsDimitris Filippou
This document discusses the latest trends in optical data center interconnects. It notes that data center connections are moving from 10G/40G to 25G/100G, and within and between data centers. New hyperscale data center architectures are flattening traditional tiered topologies. Interconnect technologies are seeing a significant increase in 100G and 25G port densities using smaller form factors like QSFP28 and SFP28. Standards organizations are working on 50G, 200G, 400G, and next-generation 100G Ethernet to support these increases in bandwidth.
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1. The Future of Network Cabling
By Paul Kish, NORDX/CDT
June 2000
2. Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… 2
Gigabit Networking Technology ……………………………………………………. 2
Evolution of Cabling Standards …………………………………………………….. 3
Advances in Cabling Technology ………………………………………………….. 3
Shaping the Future ……………………………………………………………….….. 4
Channel Performance ………………………………………………………………. 5
Signal-to-Noise Ratio due to NEXT and FEXT …………………………………… 6
Bandwidth and Information Capacity ……………………………………………..... 9
Test Results Summary ……………………………………………………………… 11
CONCLUSIONS..…………………………………………………………………….. 14
1
3. Introduction
A lot has been written recently about better cabling to support gigabit networking.
TIA published a new cabling standard for gigabit networking over copper in
January 2000. It is available through Global Engineering Documents as
Addendum No. 5 (TIA/EIA 568-A-5) to the TIA/EIA 568-A standard. It builds
upon the installed base of Category 5 cabling and is called Category 5e, or
“enhanced Category 5”.
The TIA/EIA Category 5e cabling standard was developed by TIA in harmony
with the IEEE 802.3 committee responsible for the 1000BASE-T Ethernet
standard. It incorporates several new transmission parameters that are required
to support full duplex, parallel transmission systems, namely: Power Sum Near
End Crosstalk (PSNEXT), Power Sum Equal Level Far End Crosstalk
(PSELFEXT) and Return Loss. These are additional transmission parameters
and are intended to complement and not to supercede the transmission
parameters already specified for Category 5 cabling.
I will not spend much time in this paper to explain or define these new
transmission parameters for Category 5e. Rather, the focus of this paper will be
on what’s ahead for the next generation copper cabling standard. What types of
cables and connecting hardware will be required to support the multi-gigabit
applications that are coming in the future? What transmission parameters are
particularly important to system designers of these future networks?
Gigabit Networking Technology
Gigabit networking over copper will employ parallel, full-duplex transmission. For
example, 1000BASE-T will simultaneously transmit and receive 250 Mb/s of
information on each pair of a 4-pair Category 5 channel to achieve an aggregate
data rate of 1000 Mb/s. It will employ a five-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM-5) line code for transmission over each cable pair. PAM-5 encodes 2 bits
of information into one symbol. Thus, the actual line rate is 125 Mbaud or 125
Mega-symbols per second, the same as 100BASE-T. This facilitates the
implementation of common circuitry for both 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T. In
fact, it is envisaged that a 1000BASE-T network card will support both 100BASE-
TX and 1000BASE-T data connections using an auto-sensing feature. The first
networks based on the new gigabit Ethernet technology over copper became
commercially available in 1999
(see http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org/news/releases/090399.html).
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
2
4. Evolution of Cabling Standards
Category 5 cabling has evolved over the last 10 years to become the workhorse
in the industry. Category 5e completes the picture for Category 5 by filling in the
missing pieces that are essential to support advanced networking protocols such
as gigabit Ethernet. Looking back at the evolution of Category 5, Category 5e is
what Category 5 should have been all along once all the pieces had been put
together.
Before the ink is even dry on the Category 5e cabling standard, both TIA and
ISO are already hard at work developing the next generation standard for
Category 6 (UTP/ScTP) and Category 7 (STP) cabling. These new cabling
categories will have an extended bandwidth of at least 200 MHz. It is expected
that the standards for Category 6 and 7 cabling will be approved sometime in the
year 2001. There are many technical issues that are still open. For example,
the issue of interoperability between different vendor’s products and the issue of
backward compatibility with Category 5 and 5e connecting hardware need to be
resolved before a standard can be published. The next generation cabling
standard will also need to set a useful performance benchmark for designers of
future networking applications.
Advances in Cabling Technology
Cabling technology is advancing at a very rapid pace. The cabling industry is
undergoing an exciting phase in the development of a standard for Category 6*.
The door is open to many innovative new product ideas for cables and
connecting hardware. These have resulted in various proposals that are under
consideration by TIA TR 42.7, the Copper Cabling Systems sub-committee. One
such proposal is from NORDX/CDT for an alternate low attenuation Category 6*
cable with improved crosstalk performance.
At NORDX/CDT, we have completed an extensive series of tests in our IBDN
systems laboratory on a variety of channel configurations using a low attenuation
Category 6* cable that incorporates 23 AWG copper conductors a cross-web
separator. Our test results demonstrate that a channel comprised of IBDN
4800LX cable and newly developed PS6LX cords and GigaFlex PS6+
connectivity hardware can provide an available bandwidth of 300 MHz for a
worst case 4-connector topology. This is 50% higher than the objective for a
minimally compliant Category 6* channel (see http://www.beyondcat6.com). The
test results for the new IBDN System 4800LX are presented later in this paper.
One of the transmission parameters of paramount importance for Category 6* is
the channel attenuation. A more correct term would be the channel insertion
loss since insertion loss, by definition, includes the effects of impedance
mismatch between components and cabling terminations. Most people in the
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
3
5. industry incorrectly use the term attenuation to be synonymous with insertion
loss. The TIA TR 42.7 sub-committee members recognize this inconsistency
and intend to clarify the usage of these terms in future editions of the standard.
The IEEE 802.3 committee responsible for the gigabit Ethernet standard is on
record stating that a 1 dB improvement in cabling attenuation is more valuable to
designers of future systems than a 1 dB improvement in crosstalk performance.
This is because of advances in digital signal processing (DSP) techniques that
can be used to cancel out certain types of correlated noise such as NEXT and
echoes. Therefore, the overriding constraint becomes channel attenuation or
insertion loss as well as insertion loss deviation that is a new parameter under
study for Category 6*. NORDX/CDT understands and openly supports the IEEE
position. It is the basis of our Category 6* cable proposal to the TIA committee.
It is also the cornerstone of our IBDN System 4800LX offering.
Shaping the Future
The IBDN 4800LX Cable from NORDX/CDT sets a new performance benchmark
compared to Category 5 & 5e cables. More detailed information on the cable
construction and performance is presented in a companion article [1 ]. The new
cable provides 4 dB lower attenuation at 100 MHz and at least 6 dB lower
attenuation at 200 MHz. What does this mean to the network system designer?
First, system designers are constrained by the maximum transmit signal that can
be applied at the active equipment interface. This is because of EMC guidelines
for computer equipment and peripherals that limit the radiated emissions above
30 MHz. Typically, the output signal amplitude is constrained to about 1 volt
peak-to-peak (ATM 155) or 2 volts peak-to-peak (100BASE-TX or 1000BASE-T).
Second, system designers are constrained by the minimum level of the receive
signal because of environmental noise and receiver sensitivity. Environmental
noise is principally caused by power line disturbances, RFI, and alien crosstalk
from adjacent cabling. Other sources of noise that must be considered include
thermal noise and stray couplings within the equipment.
The above constraints place an upper bound on the level of the transmit signal
and a lower bound on the level of the receive signal. The difference between
transmit signal output and the receive signal input is the insertion loss of a
channel. Let’s assume that the maximum insertion loss of a channel is limited to
35 dB because of these constraints. This limitation would restrict the applicability
of finer gauge cables at high frequencies and is independent of any other
transmission constraints such as PSACR (Power Sum Attenuation-to-Crosstalk
Ratio).
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
The insertion loss of a channel is particularly important for future applications
that will employ crosstalk cancellation techniques. For such applications,
4
6. insertion loss, insertion loss deviation and environmental noise are the governing
factors that limit the available bandwidth of a system and not the PSACR.
Channel Performance
The transmission parameters for the IBDN System 4800LX are summarized in
table 1 below. There are major improvements in all the transmission parameters
for the IBDN System 4800LX compared to the Category 5e standard and
Category 6* proposal. The significance of this can be appreciated by looking at
the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. The signal-to-noise ratio
determines the ultimate information capacity of the channel and the system error
rate performance.
Channel Parameter Category 5e Category 6* IBDN System Comment
4800LX
Insertion Loss @ 100 MHz 24.0 21.3 18.4 The
(dB/100m) @ 200 MHz 35.3 31.5 27.0 lower
@ 300 MHz 39.7 34.1 the better
PSNEXT @ 100 MHz 27.1 37.1 42.0 The
(dB) @ 200 MHz 31.9 37.0 higher
@ 300 MHz 34.2 the better
PSACR @ 100 MHz 3.1 15.8 23.6 The
(dB) @ 200 MHz 0.4 10.0 higher
@ 300 MHz 0.1 the better
PSELFEXT @ 100 MHz 14.4 20.3 24.4 The
(dB) @ 200 MHz 14.2 18.4 higher
@ 300 MHz 14.9 the better
Return Loss @ 100 MHz 10.0 12.0 12.8 The
(dB) @ 200 MHz 9.0 9.8 higher
@ 300 MHz 8.0 the better
Table 1 - Worst case channel performance (4-connector topology)
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
5
7. Signal-to-Noise Ratio due to NEXT and FEXT
To illustrate the point, I will derive the SNR due to NEXT and FEXT. It may
seem laborious to go through this exercise, however, I have found in discussions
with my colleagues that these concepts are not well understood, particularly as it
relates to PSFEXT and PSELFEXT. Therefore, I feel that going through a
mathematical derivation will help to clarify these concepts.
First, let’s designate the two ends of the channel as end A and end B
respectively. The four pairs will be designated as pair 1,2,3 and 4 respectively.
All values derived in the following expressions are given in decibels (dB).
Tx(4A) Tx(4B)
Hybrid
Hybrid
Tx(3A) Tx(3B)
Hybrid
Tx(2A) Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid Tx(2B)
ΣNx(1A) ΣFx(1B)
Hybrid
Hybrid
Tx(1B)
Rx(1A) IL(1)
Figure 1 - Parallel, full duplex transmission using a hybrid coupler
Note: The following derivations do not include the added loss of the hybrid
circuit. The added loss of the hybrids do not affect the SNR due to NEXT and
FEXT since the signal and the noise are attenuated by the same amount.
As illustrated in Figure 1, let us designate the receive signal on pair 1A as
Rx(1A) and the transmit signal at the opposite end of pair 1A as Tx(1B).
By definition, the receive signal is
Rx(1A) = Tx(1B) - IL(1) …………………………….…………………………(1)
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
where,
6
8. IL(1) is the insertion loss for pair 1, often referred to as attenuation
The Near End Crosstalk noise on pair 1A due to a near-end transmit signal on
pair 2A is
Nx(2A,1A) = Tx(2A) - NEXT(2A,1A) ………….…..…………………………(2)
where,
NEXT(2A,1A) is the NEXT coupling loss between pair 2A and pair 1A
The total Near End Crosstalk noise on pair 1A calculated as a power sum is
ΣNx(1A) = 10*log(10Nx(2A,1A)/10 + 10Nx(3A,1A)/10 +10Nx(4A,1A)/10) ……………(3)
For the purpose of simplifying the equations, let’s assume that all the transmit
signals on all pairs are at the same level at both ends of the channel, i.e.
Tx = Tx(1A)=Tx(2A)=Tx(3A)=Tx(4A)=Tx(1B)=Tx(2B)=Tx(3B)=Tx(4B)
Using this simplification in equation (3), it follows that the total NEXT noise on
pair 1A is
ΣNx(1A) = Tx + 10*log(10-NEXT(2A,1A)/10 + 10-NEXT(3A,1A)/10 +10-NEXT(4A,1A)/10)
ΣNx(1A) = Tx - PSNEXT(1A) ……….………………..………………………..(4)
The signal-to-noise ratio due to NEXT is
SNRNx = Rx(1A) - ΣNx(1A)
SNRNx = Rx(1A) -Tx + PSNEXT(1A)
SNRNx = PSNEXT(1A) - IL(1) ………………….……….……………………(5)
SNRNx = PSACR
The Far End Crosstalk noise on pair 1A due to a far-end transmit signal on pair
2B is
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
Fx(2B,1A) = Tx(2B) - FEXT(2B,1A) …………….…..………………………..(6)
The total Far End Crosstalk noise on pair 1A calculated as a power sum is
7
9. ΣFx(1A) = 10*log(10Fx(2B,1A)/10 + 10Fx(3B,1A)/10 +10Fx(4B,1A)/10) …..………(7)
If all the transmit signals are at the same level, then the total FEXT noise power
on pair 1A is
ΣFx(1A) = Tx + 10*log(10-FEXT(2B,1A)/10 + 10-FEXT(3B,1A)/10 +10-FEXT(4B,1A)/10)
ΣFx(1A) = Tx - PSFEXT(1A) …………..………………..…………………..(8)
The signal-to-noise ratio due to FEXT is
SNRFx = Rx(1A) - ΣFx(1A)
SNRFx = PSFEXT(1A) - (Tx - Rx(1A))
SNRFx = PSFEXT(1A) - IL(1)……..…..….……………………………(9)
SNRFx = PSELFEXT
Both equation (5) and equation (9) can be used to determine the available
bandwidth of a channel. PSNEXT is usually the dominant noise source at higher
frequencies and determines the available bandwidth. If NEXT and echo
cancellation are used in the active electronics, then PSFEXT and other
environmental noise sources become the governing factors that determine the
bandwidth and the ultimate data rate capability.
From Table 1 above, the signal-to-noise ratio due to PSNEXT (PSACR) for the
IBDN System 4800LX remains positive right up to 300 MHz and establishes the
NEXT limited bandwidth for a worst-case channel configuration. At 200 MHz
there is an additional headroom of 10 dB compared with the current Category 6*
proposal.
PSELFEXT can be considered as the signal-to-noise ratio due to PSFEXT and is
important for networks that employ advanced DSP technology for NEXT
cancellation and echo cancellation. The IBDN System 4800LX provides about
the same PSELFEXT at 300 MHz as the Category 6* proposal at 200 MHz and
Category 5e at 100 MHz. The improved PSELFEXT performance ensures more
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
reliable transmission for today’s applications and additional information capacity
for multi-gigabit applications in the future.
8
10. Bandwidth and Information Capacity
There is a fundamental relationship between the bandwidth of a channel
expressed in MHz and the information capacity expressed in Mb/s. This
relationship was discovered a long time ago by Claude Shannon in his famous
work published in 1948. The maximum information capacity of a noisy channel
(C) according to Shannon is given by:
SNR
w. log2 1
10
C 10
…………………..…………..…………….(10)
where,
w is the bandwidth
S
SNR 10 . log
N
f0 w
S Signal f) d f
(
f0
f0 w
N Noise( f) d f
f0
Shannon’s equation was used to calculate the maximum information capacity for
Category 5, 5e, 6* and for an IBDN System 4800LX Channel. The data rate
capability relative to Category 5 is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Figure 2
represents the data rate capability for a channel that is limited by power sum
NEXT noise, i.e. SNRNX as given by equation (5). Figure 3 represents the data
rate capability for a channel that is limited by PSFEXT noise, i.e. SNRFX as given
by equation (9) or by the Insertion Loss which is assumed to be 35.3 dB
maximum due to EMC considerations and receiver sensitivity.
Figure 2 below, is applicable for simple electronics. Figure 3 below, is applicable
for sophisticated electronics which uses digital signal processing techniques for
NEXT cancellation.
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
From Figure 2, an IBDN System 4800LX Channel provides the capability of
supporting almost 2 ½ times the data rate of basic Category 5 for a bandwidth of
100 MHz and up to 4 times the data rate for a bandwidth of 300 MHz. Figure 3
illustrates that it is possible to increase the data rate of a Category 5 channel by
almost 2 times by using sophisticated electronics and an extended bandwidth of
9
11. 200 MHz. The comparable increase with the IBDN System 4800LX is 6 ½ times
for an extended bandwidth of 300 MHz.
Maximum Information Capacity
(PSNEXT limited bandwidth)
450%
400%
350%
300%
P Cat 5
e 250% Cat 5e
r
c 200% Cat 6
e 4800LX
n 150%
t
100%
50%
0%
100 200 300
Bandwidth (MHz)
Figure 2 - Maximum information capacity for a channel limited by PSNEXT
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
10
12. Maximum Information Capacity
(PSFEXT and Insertion Loss limited bandwidth)
700%
IL = 35.3 dB @ 320 MHz
600%
500%
P IL = 35.3 dB @ 240 MHz
e 400% Cat 5
r Cat 5e
c Cat 6
e 300% 4800LX
n IL = 35.3 dB @ 200 MHz
t
200%
100%
0%
100 200 240 300 320
Bandwidth (MHz)
Figure 3 - Max. info. capacity for a channel limited by PSFEXT & Ins. loss
Test Results Summary
The test results for the IBDN System 4800LX Channel are presented in Figures
5 through 7 for the test configuration shown in Figure 4.
Figure 5 is a plot of the PSNEXT and Insertion loss as a function of frequency.
The two curves intersect at a frequency of about 300 MHz which is the PSNEXT
limited bandwidth for the channel under test. At high frequencies it is observed
that the connector NEXT is the major contributor to the PSNEXT of a channel.
For example, we have noticed a very sharp drop in performance above 200 MHz
for certain designs of proposed Category 6 connecting hardware on the market.
The results obtained for the IBDN System 4800LX Channel are contingent upon
having well behaved connecting hardware with extended performance up to 300
MHz. Another important point is the insertion loss. The relatively smooth
insertion loss traces at frequencies above 100 MHz are contingent upon having
well matched components with good return loss performance.
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
The PSELFEXT results shown in Figure 6 and the Return Loss results shown in
Figure 7 significantly exceed the proposed Category 6* requirements.
11
13. GigaFlex GigaFlex GigaFlex
PS6+ PS6+ PS6+
Optional CP
PS6LX
Eq. Cbl. Patch Cord 4800LX IBDN cable WA cord
3m ½, 1, 2 & 3m 90m 3m
TC TO
Figure 4 - IBDN System 4800LX Channel Test Configuration
Channel Insertion Loss vs. PSNEXT
(measured from TC)
100
90 PSNEXT Pr 1
PSNEXT Pr 2
80
PSNEXT Pr 3
70
PSNEXT Pr 4
60 Ins. Loss Pr 1
dB Ins. Loss Pr 2
50
Ins. Loss Pr 3
40 Ins. Loss Pr 4
30 Ins. Loss C6a
PSNEXT C6a
20
Ins. Loss C5e
10 300 MHz PSNEXT C5e
0
1 10 100 1000 PS-6
9-Oct-98
Frequency (MHz)
Figure 5 - IBDN System 4800LX [Power Sum NEXT and Insertion Loss Results]
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
12
14. Channel PSELFEXT
0
-10
-20
-30
PSELFEXT Pr 1
PSELFEXT Pr 2
dB
-40 PSELFEXT Pr 3
PSELFEXT Pr 4
-50 PSELFEXT Cat 6
-60
-70
-80
1 10 100 1000
PS-6
Frequency (MHz) 9-Oct-98
Figure 6 - IBDN System 4800LX [Power Sum ELFEXT Results]
Channel Return Loss
(measured from TC)
0
-10
-20
RL Pair 1
RL Pair 2
dB
-30 RL Pair 3
RL Pair 4
RL Cat 6
-40
-50
-60
1 10 100 1000
PS-6
Frequency (MHz) 9-Oct-98
Figure 7 - System 4800LX [Return Loss Results]
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
13
15. Conclusions
Cabling technology is progressing at a rapid pace. The development work on a
new cabling standard for Category 6* is nearing completion. NORDX/CDT is at
the forefront of this technology by announcing two new products. The first is an
innovative UTP cable design with a cross-web filler that provides the highest
signal strength and the highest signal-to-noise performance in the industry. The
second is a new series of GigaFlex PS6+ connecting hardware and PS6LX patch
cords. The new connectivity hardware is small in size and big on performance.
The mated plug-jack connection is fully backward compatible with Category 5 as
specified in TIA/EIA 568-A, A2, A4 & A5.
The new 4800LX cable, GigaFlex PS6+ connectivity hardware and PS6LX cords
make up the IBDN System 4800LX which delivers an unsurpassed bandwidth of
300 MHz and an information capacity up to 4 times that of Category 5.
NORDX/CDT has taken a strong position in the marketplace and in the
standards forums to recognize and promote better cabling. We support the IEEE
recommendation that the next generation of cables should have a lower
attenuation performance. Our IBDN System 4800LX meets this objective while
providing more headroom. The channel attenuation (insertion loss) is 4.5 dB
lower and the PSACR is 10 dB higher than the current Category 6* proposal at
200 MHz. The additional headroom in channel attenuation and PSACR is a
safeguard against adverse environmental conditions such as elevated
temperatures, installation variables and alien crosstalk that can degrade system
performance and data throughput. It is especially important to take into account
the maximum cable operating temperature, which can significantly 20 degrees C
that is currently specified in the draft Category 6* standard.
We believe that a Category 6* channel that meets 200 MHz of bandwidth under
all worst case conditions, will become the embedded base cabling for system
designers developing new applications. Whatever the future brings, whether it’s
2.4 Gb/s, 4 Gb/s or 4.8 Gb/s, the next generation cabling system will need to
have the reserve capacity built-in for what’s coming next.
References
[1] Article “The Next Generation of Cable Technology” A technology primer from
NORDX/CDT, November 1998
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to the all the members of the PLM, Marketing and
Technology team who contributed to the success of this project.
*
TIA/EIA Category 6 working draft 6 (May 2000)
14