Need a nonplagiarised paper and a form completed by 10/06/015 before 7:00pm. I have attached the documents along the rubics that must be followed.
Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Details:
1) Write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical significance of outcomes as presented in Messina's, et al. article "The Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals."
2) Assess the appropriateness of the statistics used by referring to the chart presented in the Module 4 lecture and the resource "Statistical Assessment."
3) Discuss the value of statistical significance vs. pragmatic usefulness.
4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
Statistics: What you Need to Know
Introduction
Often, when people begin a statistics course, they worry about doing advanced mathematics or their math phobias kick in. Understanding that statistics as addressed in this course is not a math course at all is important. The only math you will do is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In these days of computer capability, you generally don't even have to do that much, since Excel is set up to do basic statistics for you. The key elements for the student in this course is to understand the various types of statistics, what their requirements are, what they do, and how you can use and interpret the results. Referring back to the basic components of a valid research study, which statistic a researcher uses depends on several things:
·
The research question itself
·
The sample size
·
The type of data you have collected
·
The type of statistic called for by the design
All quantitative studies require a data set. Qualitative studies may use a data set or may use observations with no numerical data at all. For the purposes of the next modules, our focus will be on quantitative studies.
Types of Statistics
There are several types of statistics available to the researcher. Descriptive statistics provide a basic description of the data set. This includes the measures of central tendency: means, medians, and modes, and the measures of dispersion, including variances and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics also include the sample size, or "N", and the frequency with which each data point occurs in the data set.
Inferential statistics allow the researcher to make predictions, estimations, and generalizations about the data set, the sample, and the population from which the sample was drawn. They allow you to draw inferences, generaliza.
Statistics What you Need to KnowIntroductionOften, when peop.docxdessiechisomjj4
Statistics: What you Need to Know
Introduction
Often, when people begin a statistics course, they worry about doing advanced mathematics or their math phobias kick in. Understanding that statistics as addressed in this course is not a math course at all is important. The only math you will do is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In these days of computer capability, you generally don't even have to do that much, since Excel is set up to do basic statistics for you. The key elements for the student in this course is to understand the various types of statistics, what their requirements are, what they do, and how you can use and interpret the results. Referring back to the basic components of a valid research study, which statistic a researcher uses depends on several things:
The research question itself
The sample size
The type of data you have collected
The type of statistic called for by the design
All quantitative studies require a data set. Qualitative studies may use a data set or may use observations with no numerical data at all. For the purposes of the next modules, our focus will be on quantitative studies.
Types of Statistics
There are several types of statistics available to the researcher. Descriptive statistics provide a basic description of the data set. This includes the measures of central tendency: means, medians, and modes, and the measures of dispersion, including variances and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics also include the sample size, or "N", and the frequency with which each data point occurs in the data set.
Inferential statistics allow the researcher to make predictions, estimations, and generalizations about the data set, the sample, and the population from which the sample was drawn. They allow you to draw inferences, generalizations, and possibilities regarding the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable to indicate how those inferences answer the research question. Researchers can make predictions and estimations about how the results will fit the overall population. Statistics can also be described in terms of the types of data they can analyze. Non-parametric statistics can be used with nominal or ordinal data, while parametric statistics can be used with interval and ratio data types.
Types of Data
There are four types of data that a researcher may collect.
Nominal Data Sets
The Nominal data set includes simple classifications of data into categories which are all of equal weight and value. Examples of categories that are equal to each other include gender (male, female), state of birth (Arizona, Wyoming, etc.), membership in a group (yes, no). Each of these categories is equivalent to the other, without value judgments.
Ordinal Data Sets
Ordinal data sets also have data classified into categories, but these categories have some form or order or ranking attached, often of some sort of value / val.
Statistical Processes
Can descriptive statistical processes be used in determining relationships, differences, or effects in your research question and testable null hypothesis? Why or why not? Also, address the value of descriptive statistics for the forensic psychology research problem that you have identified for your course project. read an article for additional information on descriptive statistics and pictorial data presentations.
300 words APA rules for attributing sources.
Computing Descriptive Statistics
Computing Descriptive Statistics: “Ever Wonder What Secrets They Hold?” The Mean, Mode, Median, Variability, and Standard Deviation
Introduction
Before gaining an appreciation for the value of descriptive statistics in behavioral science environments, one must first become familiar with the type of measurement data these statistical processes use. Knowing the types of measurement data will aid the decision maker in making sure that the chosen statistical method will, indeed, produce the results needed and expected. Using the wrong type of measurement data with a selected statistic tool will result in erroneous results, errors, and ineffective decision making.
Measurement, or numerical, data is divided into four types: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The businessperson, because of administering questionnaires, taking polls, conducting surveys, administering tests, and counting events, products, and a host of other numerical data instrumentations, garners all the numerical values associated with these four types.
Nominal Data
Nominal data is the simplest of all four forms of numerical data. The mathematical values are assigned to that which is being assessed simply by arbitrarily assigning numerical values to a characteristic, event, occasion, or phenomenon. For example, a human resources (HR) manager wishes to determine the differences in leadership styles between managers who are at different geographical regions. To compute the differences, the HR manager might assign the following values: 1 = West, 2 = Midwest, 3 = North, and so on. The numerical values are not descriptive of anything other than the location and are not indicative of quantity.
Ordinal Data
In terms of ordinal data, the variables contained within the measurement instrument are ranked in order of importance. For example, a product-marketing specialist might be interested in how a consumer group would respond to a new product. To garner the information, the questionnaire administered to a group of consumers would include questions scaled as follows: 1 = Not Likely, 2 = Somewhat Likely, 3 = Likely, 4 = More Than Likely, and 5 = Most Likely. This creates a scale rank order from Not Likely to Most Likely with respect to acceptance of the new consumer product.
Interval Data
Oftentimes, in addition to being ordered, the differences (or intervals) between two adjacent measurement values on a measurement scale are identical. For example, the di ...
Statistics What you Need to KnowIntroductionOften, when peop.docxdessiechisomjj4
Statistics: What you Need to Know
Introduction
Often, when people begin a statistics course, they worry about doing advanced mathematics or their math phobias kick in. Understanding that statistics as addressed in this course is not a math course at all is important. The only math you will do is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In these days of computer capability, you generally don't even have to do that much, since Excel is set up to do basic statistics for you. The key elements for the student in this course is to understand the various types of statistics, what their requirements are, what they do, and how you can use and interpret the results. Referring back to the basic components of a valid research study, which statistic a researcher uses depends on several things:
The research question itself
The sample size
The type of data you have collected
The type of statistic called for by the design
All quantitative studies require a data set. Qualitative studies may use a data set or may use observations with no numerical data at all. For the purposes of the next modules, our focus will be on quantitative studies.
Types of Statistics
There are several types of statistics available to the researcher. Descriptive statistics provide a basic description of the data set. This includes the measures of central tendency: means, medians, and modes, and the measures of dispersion, including variances and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics also include the sample size, or "N", and the frequency with which each data point occurs in the data set.
Inferential statistics allow the researcher to make predictions, estimations, and generalizations about the data set, the sample, and the population from which the sample was drawn. They allow you to draw inferences, generalizations, and possibilities regarding the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable to indicate how those inferences answer the research question. Researchers can make predictions and estimations about how the results will fit the overall population. Statistics can also be described in terms of the types of data they can analyze. Non-parametric statistics can be used with nominal or ordinal data, while parametric statistics can be used with interval and ratio data types.
Types of Data
There are four types of data that a researcher may collect.
Nominal Data Sets
The Nominal data set includes simple classifications of data into categories which are all of equal weight and value. Examples of categories that are equal to each other include gender (male, female), state of birth (Arizona, Wyoming, etc.), membership in a group (yes, no). Each of these categories is equivalent to the other, without value judgments.
Ordinal Data Sets
Ordinal data sets also have data classified into categories, but these categories have some form or order or ranking attached, often of some sort of value / val.
Statistical Processes
Can descriptive statistical processes be used in determining relationships, differences, or effects in your research question and testable null hypothesis? Why or why not? Also, address the value of descriptive statistics for the forensic psychology research problem that you have identified for your course project. read an article for additional information on descriptive statistics and pictorial data presentations.
300 words APA rules for attributing sources.
Computing Descriptive Statistics
Computing Descriptive Statistics: “Ever Wonder What Secrets They Hold?” The Mean, Mode, Median, Variability, and Standard Deviation
Introduction
Before gaining an appreciation for the value of descriptive statistics in behavioral science environments, one must first become familiar with the type of measurement data these statistical processes use. Knowing the types of measurement data will aid the decision maker in making sure that the chosen statistical method will, indeed, produce the results needed and expected. Using the wrong type of measurement data with a selected statistic tool will result in erroneous results, errors, and ineffective decision making.
Measurement, or numerical, data is divided into four types: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The businessperson, because of administering questionnaires, taking polls, conducting surveys, administering tests, and counting events, products, and a host of other numerical data instrumentations, garners all the numerical values associated with these four types.
Nominal Data
Nominal data is the simplest of all four forms of numerical data. The mathematical values are assigned to that which is being assessed simply by arbitrarily assigning numerical values to a characteristic, event, occasion, or phenomenon. For example, a human resources (HR) manager wishes to determine the differences in leadership styles between managers who are at different geographical regions. To compute the differences, the HR manager might assign the following values: 1 = West, 2 = Midwest, 3 = North, and so on. The numerical values are not descriptive of anything other than the location and are not indicative of quantity.
Ordinal Data
In terms of ordinal data, the variables contained within the measurement instrument are ranked in order of importance. For example, a product-marketing specialist might be interested in how a consumer group would respond to a new product. To garner the information, the questionnaire administered to a group of consumers would include questions scaled as follows: 1 = Not Likely, 2 = Somewhat Likely, 3 = Likely, 4 = More Than Likely, and 5 = Most Likely. This creates a scale rank order from Not Likely to Most Likely with respect to acceptance of the new consumer product.
Interval Data
Oftentimes, in addition to being ordered, the differences (or intervals) between two adjacent measurement values on a measurement scale are identical. For example, the di ...
Assignment 2 RA Annotated BibliographyIn your final paper for .docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography
In your final paper for this course, you will need to write a Methods section that is about 3–4 pages long where you will assess and evaluate the methods and analysis of your proposed research.
In preparation for this particular section, answer the following questions thoroughly and provide justification/support. The more complete and detailed your answers for these questions, the better prepared you are to successfully write your final paper:
· What is the problem being addressed by your research study?
· State the refined research question and hypothesis (null and alternative).
· What are your independent and dependent variables? What are their operational definitions?
· Who will be included in your sample (i.e., inclusion and exclusion characteristics)?
· How many participants will you have in your sample?
· How will you recruit your sample?
· Identify the type of measurement instrument to be used to collect the raw numeric data to be statistically analyzed and the type of measurement data the instrument produces.
· What issues will you cover in the informed consent?
· If there is potential risk or harm, how will you ensure the safety of all participants?
· Name any possible threats to validity and steps that can be taken to minimize these threats.
· What type of parametric or nonparametric inferential statistical process (correlation, difference, or effect) will you use in your proposed research? Why is this statistical test the best fit?
· State an acceptable behavioral research alpha level you would use to fail to accept or fail to reject the stated null hypothesis and explain your choice.
This paper may be written in question-and-answer format rather than a flowing paper. Write your response in a 3- to 4-page Microsoft Word document.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Submission Details:
· By the due date assigned, save your document as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the Submissions Area .
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Stated the problem being addressed.
8
Stated the refined research question and hypothesis (null and alternative).
6
Stated the independent and dependent variables and provided the operational definitions.
12
Discussed sample characteristics and size.
8
Discussed a sample recruitment strategy.
6
Identified the type of measurement instrument to be used and the type of measurement data the instrument produces.
8
Discussed the informed consent and potential risk and protection factors.
12
Named the possible threats to validity and steps that can be taken to minimize these threats.
12
Discussed the type of parametric or nonparametric inferential statistical process that will be used and why it is a best fit.
8
Stated an acceptable behavioral research alpha level for analyzing the data.
4
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attrib.
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
·Quantitative Data Analysis StatisticsIntroductionUnd.docxlanagore871
·
Quantitative Data Analysis: Statistics
Introduction
Understanding the use of basic statistical strategies is part of being a critical consumer of published research literature. Unless they plan to conduct research themselves, it is not as important for counselors to understand the mathematical calculations of the statistical techniques as it is to be able to recognize the names of the common ones and what kind of information they provide. There are several commercially-available software packages for analyzing quantitative data, one of which is described in detail in Chapter 14 of
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
In quantitative studies, statistical techniques are used for data analysis. The two main categories of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the data. Some common descriptive statistics are the measures of central tendency: the mean, median, and mode. They provide information about where the middle is in distribution of scores. On the normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same. Distributions are said to be skewed when extreme scores draw the mean away from the middle of the distribution. Measures of variability, such as the range, variance, and standard deviation, provide information about how widely a distribution of scores is dispersed (Erford, 2015, p. 250). The standard deviation is a measure of how the scores cluster around the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread of scores.
Toggle DrawerHide Full Introduction
Inferential statistics are used to make inferences from the sample to the population. All inferential statistical procedures are based on probability theory. They are used to test hypotheses. Three commonly used inferential statistics are chi square, t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chi square is used with nominal data to determine if the observed expected frequency differs significantly from the expected frequency. A t-test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two groups. ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more groups.
Statistical Significance
When a quantitative study tests a hypothesis, it is technically the null hypothesis being tested. The null hypothesis says there is no difference between the groups, or relationship between the variables (depending on the research design). If the statistical procedure indicates there is statistical significance, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that the probability is high that there really is a group difference or strong relationship between the variables.
Rejecting the null hypothesis is not equivalent to proving the research or alternative hypothesis. Researchers can embrace the research hypothesis as one plausible explanation, but because only .
Need help answering this questions. Thanks.1-Why is it importa.docxlea6nklmattu
Need help answering this questions. Thanks.
1-
Why is it important to study nonverbal communication? How are nonverbal messages communicated in the online environment?
-
2-
How does culture affect word selection? Have you ever been in a situation where communication was taken out of context and caused a cultural misunderstanding? What was the situation? How did you handle it? What are the potential ramifications in business and personal settings?
.
Need help answering these questions. Thanks.1-Watch Underst.docxlea6nklmattu
Need help answering these questions. Thanks.
1-
Watch
"Understanding Body Language."
Prepare
a list of reflective thoughts from the video that you can share in a class discussion that will assist you in developing nonverbal professional communication skills.
Discuss
how nonverbal communication may affect your professional life and how you can develop your professional nonverbal communication skills.
Unders
tanding
Bo
dy
Language
.
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Assignment 2 RA Annotated BibliographyIn your final paper for .docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography
In your final paper for this course, you will need to write a Methods section that is about 3–4 pages long where you will assess and evaluate the methods and analysis of your proposed research.
In preparation for this particular section, answer the following questions thoroughly and provide justification/support. The more complete and detailed your answers for these questions, the better prepared you are to successfully write your final paper:
· What is the problem being addressed by your research study?
· State the refined research question and hypothesis (null and alternative).
· What are your independent and dependent variables? What are their operational definitions?
· Who will be included in your sample (i.e., inclusion and exclusion characteristics)?
· How many participants will you have in your sample?
· How will you recruit your sample?
· Identify the type of measurement instrument to be used to collect the raw numeric data to be statistically analyzed and the type of measurement data the instrument produces.
· What issues will you cover in the informed consent?
· If there is potential risk or harm, how will you ensure the safety of all participants?
· Name any possible threats to validity and steps that can be taken to minimize these threats.
· What type of parametric or nonparametric inferential statistical process (correlation, difference, or effect) will you use in your proposed research? Why is this statistical test the best fit?
· State an acceptable behavioral research alpha level you would use to fail to accept or fail to reject the stated null hypothesis and explain your choice.
This paper may be written in question-and-answer format rather than a flowing paper. Write your response in a 3- to 4-page Microsoft Word document.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Submission Details:
· By the due date assigned, save your document as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the Submissions Area .
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Stated the problem being addressed.
8
Stated the refined research question and hypothesis (null and alternative).
6
Stated the independent and dependent variables and provided the operational definitions.
12
Discussed sample characteristics and size.
8
Discussed a sample recruitment strategy.
6
Identified the type of measurement instrument to be used and the type of measurement data the instrument produces.
8
Discussed the informed consent and potential risk and protection factors.
12
Named the possible threats to validity and steps that can be taken to minimize these threats.
12
Discussed the type of parametric or nonparametric inferential statistical process that will be used and why it is a best fit.
8
Stated an acceptable behavioral research alpha level for analyzing the data.
4
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attrib.
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
·Quantitative Data Analysis StatisticsIntroductionUnd.docxlanagore871
·
Quantitative Data Analysis: Statistics
Introduction
Understanding the use of basic statistical strategies is part of being a critical consumer of published research literature. Unless they plan to conduct research themselves, it is not as important for counselors to understand the mathematical calculations of the statistical techniques as it is to be able to recognize the names of the common ones and what kind of information they provide. There are several commercially-available software packages for analyzing quantitative data, one of which is described in detail in Chapter 14 of
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
In quantitative studies, statistical techniques are used for data analysis. The two main categories of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the data. Some common descriptive statistics are the measures of central tendency: the mean, median, and mode. They provide information about where the middle is in distribution of scores. On the normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same. Distributions are said to be skewed when extreme scores draw the mean away from the middle of the distribution. Measures of variability, such as the range, variance, and standard deviation, provide information about how widely a distribution of scores is dispersed (Erford, 2015, p. 250). The standard deviation is a measure of how the scores cluster around the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread of scores.
Toggle DrawerHide Full Introduction
Inferential statistics are used to make inferences from the sample to the population. All inferential statistical procedures are based on probability theory. They are used to test hypotheses. Three commonly used inferential statistics are chi square, t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chi square is used with nominal data to determine if the observed expected frequency differs significantly from the expected frequency. A t-test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two groups. ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more groups.
Statistical Significance
When a quantitative study tests a hypothesis, it is technically the null hypothesis being tested. The null hypothesis says there is no difference between the groups, or relationship between the variables (depending on the research design). If the statistical procedure indicates there is statistical significance, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that the probability is high that there really is a group difference or strong relationship between the variables.
Rejecting the null hypothesis is not equivalent to proving the research or alternative hypothesis. Researchers can embrace the research hypothesis as one plausible explanation, but because only .
Need help answering this questions. Thanks.1-Why is it importa.docxlea6nklmattu
Need help answering this questions. Thanks.
1-
Why is it important to study nonverbal communication? How are nonverbal messages communicated in the online environment?
-
2-
How does culture affect word selection? Have you ever been in a situation where communication was taken out of context and caused a cultural misunderstanding? What was the situation? How did you handle it? What are the potential ramifications in business and personal settings?
.
Need help answering these questions. Thanks.1-Watch Underst.docxlea6nklmattu
Need help answering these questions. Thanks.
1-
Watch
"Understanding Body Language."
Prepare
a list of reflective thoughts from the video that you can share in a class discussion that will assist you in developing nonverbal professional communication skills.
Discuss
how nonverbal communication may affect your professional life and how you can develop your professional nonverbal communication skills.
Unders
tanding
Bo
dy
Language
.
NEED HELP ASAP Got all the materials. I need a research paper that m.docxlea6nklmattu
NEED HELP ASAP Got all the materials. I need a research paper that must be 16 paragraphs long. The topic is Racial Profiling i have the citations and i have the quotes and she wants done each paragraph Topic sentence, research, and reaction /thesis/ transition. i need help asap and its due tonight email me and let me know if you can do it. Each paragraph must be 5-10 sentences and all together must be 16 paragraphs and double spaces MLA format
.
Need help answering four discussion topics related to Information .docxlea6nklmattu
Need help answering four discussion topics related to Information Technology. See attachment for the details.
Total pages: 4-6 (don't need to follow APA style) but any assertions that you make must supported by references.
Each discussion topic should be 1 - 1 1/2 page long.
.
need feedbac to 4 posts below..no format or anything ..just copy and.docxlea6nklmattu
need feedbac to 4 posts below..no format or anything ..just copy and pase theposte and post reply after each post..
at least 3- sentenc will begreat..no sources needed...DUE in 4 hours...if u cantg coplete in time..dont waste my time thanks
POST 1:
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 established that employees have the right to join a union, collectively bargain through chosen representatives, go on strike, and also refrain from union activity (Seaquist, 2015). What this means is that employees now had the ability to negotiate wages that would allow them to cover their expenses. They could also negotiate working conditions and benefits. The NLRA also gave workers traction. They now had the ability to have leverage in negotiations. If terms could not be met, employees could strike to apply pressure to the organization to meet its terms or at least come back with a better offer. Previously all of this leverage only rested with employers. If you did not like your working conditions, or maybe started trying to get employees to join together, employers could get rid of you. By its nature, the NLRA protected people in these situations. Most of the things we enjoy as far as safety, competitive wages, and benefits can be drawn directly back to the NLRA.
POST 2:
Federal legislation was and has been a huge part of union and employer regulating. “Congress amended the Sherman Antitrust Act with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, a federal statute that added language specifically excluding labor unions from being deemed a combination or conspiracy. Unions and labor leaders alike heralded the Clayton Act. Gompers declared it the “industrial Magna Carta upon which the working people will rear their construction of industrial freedom” (Seaquist, 2015). I do think that labor groups would have evolved, but it would have taken longer and they probably wouldn’t have had much of the protection that they had with big government coming in to help regulate how organizations had/have to treat employees. Establishing and maintaining strength the way they have over the years couldn’t have happened by themselves. “The National Labor Relations Act set up a framework of protection for labor unions, only to be tempered by Taft-Hartley, which outlawed closed shops, and Landrum-Griffin, which held unions more accountable. Public unions were recognized but then saw much of their power diminished when Reagan fired all of the striking air traffic controllers and replaced them. The many strikes in the private sector led to greater negative opinion among the American public about unions in general” (Seaquist, 2015).
PST 3:
In today's world everyone needs to keep up with what is going on technology wise. The NLRA has strict rules about employers and employees conversing with one another and they describe this as coercion, surveillance and interrogation. In this comment alone 'While workers may initiate the idea of unionizing in discussions and meetings among t.
Need done ASAP.The coastlines of the world are impacted consta.docxlea6nklmattu
Need done ASAP.
The coastlines of the world are impacted constantly by waves, currents, and tides. Choose your favorite coastline (or least favorite) and describe how it is affected by those factors. You should include introductory information about how those processes are formed. Be sure to include their influence on climate
NEED DONE BY MARCH 15th
APA FORMAT
ORIGINAL
.
Need complete by Tuesday morning no exceptions!!!!In her story, .docxlea6nklmattu
Need complete by Tuesday morning no exceptions!!!!
In her story, "A White Heron," Sarah Orne Jewett includes the following description:
"The woods were already filled with shadows one June evening, just before eight o'clock, though a bright sunset still glimmered faintly among the trunks of trees. A little girl was driving home her cow. ... They were going away from whatever light there was, and striking deep into the woods, but their feet were familiar with the path, and it was no matter whether their eyes could see it or not."
Share with your classmates what feelings this setting brings to you. Why do you think the writing works? What does the writer do to create a sense of place? For example, what is the role of the cow? The woods? The path? (If you think the writer has not done a good job, share your point of view!) Then interact with the thoughts and feelings of one other student.
Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at least one other student's post
.
NEED BY February 3rdResearch the illness Cancer.Develop .docxlea6nklmattu
NEED BY February 3rd
Research
the illness Cancer.
Develop
just 3 to 4 -slide Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentation describing the following:
The major causal factors and symptoms of Cancer
Include
Speaker notes and at least four scholarly sources to support these items.
Format
your citations consistent with
APA guidelines.
.
Need by 13 Mar 2016 2300hrs EST in APA formatAnswer the follow.docxlea6nklmattu
Need by 13 Mar 2016 2300hrs EST in APA format
Answer the following questions in 250–300 word, the work should be in APA format and all references used cited:
What are the elements of culture?
How does culture function in a society?
What are the ways that culture is transmitted from one generation to the next?
How can cultural be the source of conflict?
How does sociological research help us investigate and understand culture?
The following may be used for reference:
Macionis, J. (2013). Sociology, 15th Edition. Pearson Learning
Solution
s. VitalSource Bookshelf Online.
.
Need annotated bibliography on these 5 references. No plagarism, I .docxlea6nklmattu
Need annotated bibliography on these 5 references. No plagarism, I have to run it through turnitin.
Agnew, R. (1995). Testing the leading crime theories: an alternative
strategy focusing on motivational processes. A journal of research in crime
and delinquency 30: 363-398.
Farkas, M. A. (2001). Correctional officers: what factors influence work
attitudes? Corrections management quarterly, 5, 20-26.
Mason, A. T., & Stephenson, D. G. (1993). American constitutional law.
Introductory essays and selected cases (8th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice- Hall.
Rubin, S. (1960). Sentencing and correctional treatment under the law
institutes model penal code. 46, A.B.A.J. 994.
Silberman, C. E. (1978). Criminal violence, criminal justice. New York:
Random house 305.
.
Need assistance.Question 1Discuss the changes in historical p.docxlea6nklmattu
Need assistance.
Question 1:
Discuss the changes in historical perspective of morality in aerial warfare.
Morality in Modern Aerial Warfare
outlines ethical mindsets for aerial bombing in World War II, Korea, Vietnam, and Desert Storm. Identify at least
two
aspects that you believe have changed in terms of morality of aerial bombing.
Question 2:
State whether you believe terrorists should be under the protection of the Geneva Convention or not. Since terrorists are not enemies with defined borders, how does this influence the way we think about human rights?
.
Need a sample of a speech of introduction…Introduce yourse.docxlea6nklmattu
Need a sample of a speech of introduction…
Introduce yourself. Your goal is to share what is interesting about you – your skills, talents, and the events in your life that have shaped who you are.
Must utilize the attached guidance to organize the speech.
Speech must be no less than three minutes and no more than five minutes.
Techniques for creating effective recordings: The following techniques are adapted from Kristen Bell DeTienne’s “Guide to Electronic Communication” (2002) by Prentice Hall.
.
Need a four page essay due by tomorrow before 12. Needs to be colleg.docxlea6nklmattu
Need a four page essay due by tomorrow before 12. Needs to be college writing (MLA FORMAT) and it needs six quotes. It envolves describing the Persuit of Happiness from Aristotle's point of view and Thomas Hobbes. Forehand, needs its own perspective (describe the philosophers search for happiness but have my own point of view and expose it). PROFESSIONALS ONLY.
Compare and contrast Hobbes and Aristotle on the nature of happiness and its dependence on moral virtue.
For each author you will need to explain and, when possible, provide arguments for his account of happiness or felicity, moral virtue, and how happiness or felicity depends on moral virtue. Provide an example of a moral virtue for each author and explain how having that virtue promotes an individual’s happiness.
Whose view do you find more convincing and why? Be sure to provide reasons in favor of the view you support or reasons against the view you oppose.
.
Need a 4 page APA format paper based on the case study below. Need b.docxlea6nklmattu
Need a 4 page APA format paper based on the case study below. Need by 2/3/16 @13:00 EST
Read the case study titled “GE Healthcare (A): Innovating for Emerging Markets” located in the XanEdu case pack (Below)
Write a four (4) page paper in which you:
1.
Determine two (2) emerging trends in the external environment that prompted General Electric (GE) Healthcare to develop a new strategy for the production and marketing of a low cost
Electroencephalography (
EEG) machine in bottom of the pyramid markets (BOP).
2.
Examine two (2) internal barriers GE Healthcare faced when developing its BOP market in India and determine the manner in which they hindered GE Healthcare’s growth in this market segment.
3.
Analyze two (2) of the significant external barriers that GE Healthcare faced when trying to meet its marketing goals in the Indian market. Propose two (2) ways to address these barriers.
4.
Analyze the specific steps GE took in developing its strategy to grow its BOP market. Determine the manner in which those actions apply to the principles of strategic thinking and strategic planning.
5.
Determine the manner in which GE Healthcare’s strategy to improve its position in BOP markets contributed to the organization’s value chain in both emerging and developed markets.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
·
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
·
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
GE Healthcare
As of 2010, GE Healthcare was a $17 billion division of the $180 billion giant General Electric, employing over 46,000 people worldwide. It was created in 2004 after GE Medical Systems was merged with British bioscience/medical imaging firm Amersham and several healthcare IT firms as a part of CEO Jeffrey Immelt’s increased emphasis on R&D.
2
GE Healthcare had a strong track record in selling high-end medical imaging and diagnostic products globally. It operated in India as Wipro GE Healthcare, a 51:49 joint venture with Wipro. Partnering with a leading Indian company had helped GE address the regulatory constraints and institutional complexities of operating in India as a foreign multinational.
3
India as a Base for Global R&D
GE had four major sites for its R&D efforts: the U.S. (Niskayuna), India (Bangalore), China (Shanghai) and Europe (Munich). Additional research centres in Brazil (Sao Paulo) and the U.S. (Detroit) were also being considered. In locating R&D overseas its chief considerations were availability of talent and being close to important markets.
The John F. Welch Technology Centre (JFWTC) in Bangalore was GE’s largest R&D centre outside.
Need a 6 page APA format paper based on the case study posted below..docxlea6nklmattu
Need a 6 page APA format paper based on the case study posted below. Need the paper completed by Tuesday, January 19
th
, 2016 at 13:00 EST (1pm).
Deciding to place a loved one into a long-term care facility can be extremely difficult. Even more difficult is the thought of your loved one’s rights being violated while in long-term care. Patient healthcare rights are not as clearly defined as one would expect, and there are long-term care and other healthcare facilities that create their own sets of patient rights. However, there are also certain indisputable rights afforded to patients across the board.
Read the case study titled “A Legal and Ethical Dilemma (Posted below)
Write a six (6) page paper in which you:
1.
Describe the legal and ethical dilemma discussed in the case study. Analyze the key ways in which a patient’s right to die relates to this specific case.
2.
From your research, specify the potential repercussions for failure to comply with the wishes of a patient who has requested to withhold a life-sustaining procedure. Next, take a position on whether the patient’s right to die or the patient’s right to be protected from harm should take precedence in this case. Provide a rationale for your position.
3.
Imagine that you are a part of the ethics committee investigating this case. Determine the main facts pertaining to the issue that the committee should consider. Suggest one (1) step that the facility should take next in order to resolve the dilemma. Provide a rationale for your response.
4.
Use at least three (3) quality academic resources.
Note:
Wikipedia and other similar websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
·
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format.
Case Study: A legal and Ethical Dilemma:
Background
Mary Evelyn Greene, who has memory impairment, lives in a private room at Shady Brook Skilled Nursing Facility located in a beautiful suburb of a major metropolitan city. She has resided at Shady Brook for the past 18 months. Before moving into Shady Brook, Mrs. Greene lived independently in her own home with assistance from a private-duty nursing assistant and a housekeeper. She and her husband had resided together in this home for more than 50 years. Mrs. Greene is 89 years old and suffers from several health problems associated with aging.
Mrs. Greene has one son, David Greene. David has the power of attorney to handle his mother’s health care and other personal affairs. David works as a trial attorney in one of the city’s largest and most prestigious law firms. He owns a large home in an upscale neighborhood and works hard to put two of his children through college and another one through medical school. His home is about an hour’s drive from his workplace and about 20 minutes from Shady Brook. David’s wife Barbara has ne.
Need a concert report for my MUSIC class! The requirements and the c.docxlea6nklmattu
Need a concert report for my MUSIC class! The requirements and the concert I attended both inside the attachment. Thanks! =)
2-4 pages, double space, need some music vocaulary such as forte, tempo, timbre etc.
MLA format.
These are the basic requirement, for more information please see attachment.
If doing great job will find YOU next time a couple weeks later! Thanks again!
.
Need a 3 page essay 12 font double space onAccording to Walter .docxlea6nklmattu
Need a 3 page essay 12 font double space on
According to Walter Rodney’s essay, “How Europe Underdeveloped Africa,”
what were the negative economic, environmental, social and political
consequences of colonization? Explain what Rodney means by “growth
without development.”
.
Need 5page+ cover page and workciteThe history of manufactur.docxlea6nklmattu
Need 5page+ cover page and workcite
The history of manufacturing in the State of Michigan
Create and submit for evaluation on February 17
th
, a paper version of a double-spaced single-sided report comprising at least 5 pages of double spaced 12pt text. In addition, create an elegant flamboyant sixth page; the cover-page. Append a seventh page that presents a list citing the sources that were used to develop the report. Your report will chronicle the evolution over a couple of centuries and it will discuss a very broad range of industries. Append a list citing the sources that were used to develop the report.
Please consider the period from over 500 years ago to the current time. Include the names of companies, cities and numerous
diverse
industries, as you deem appropriate.
If no use is made of past ages, the world must remain always in the infancy of knowledge.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
(106 – 46BC)
.
Need 1-2 pages, APA StyleTopic is Domestic ViolenceDevelop.docxlea6nklmattu
Need 1-2 pages, APA Style
Topic is Domestic Violence
Develop an Individual action plan for Domestic Violence.
Action Plan Example
Offer domestic violence prevention curriculum to students as part of Health Education in middle and high school to equip them with knowledge and skills to recognize abuse and develop healthy initimate partner relationships
-I think some members of the community we might consider asking to join the action planning group include: teachers at the local high school, local teenagers and their parents, members of the clergy, counselors and school nurses, staff of the county health department, and members of youth
Key actions your group will take for resolution (based on your individual action plan).
Expected objectives for the immediate future and 5–
10 years from now.
Implementation (listing concrete steps for both personal and collective steps to be taken to solve the problem)
organizations, service agencies, and other organizations that focus on youth issues.
.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Need a nonplagiarised paper and a form completed by 1006015 before.docx
1. Need a nonplagiarised paper and a form completed by 10/06/015
before 7:00pm. I have attached the documents along the rubics
that must be followed.
Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Details:
1) Write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical
significance of outcomes as presented in Messina's, et al. article
"The Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient
Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals."
2) Assess the appropriateness of the statistics used by referring
to the chart presented in the Module 4 lecture and the resource
"Statistical Assessment."
3) Discuss the value of statistical significance vs. pragmatic
usefulness.
4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines
found in the APA Style Guide located in the Student Success
Center. An abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be
using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students
should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to
become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations
for successful completion of the assignment.
Statistics: What you Need to Know
2. Introduction
Often, when people begin a statistics course, they worry about
doing advanced mathematics or their math phobias kick in.
Understanding that statistics as addressed in this course is not a
math course at all is important. The only math you will do is
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In these days
of computer capability, you generally don't even have to do that
much, since Excel is set up to do basic statistics for you. The
key elements for the student in this course is to understand the
various types of statistics, what their requirements are, what
they do, and how you can use and interpret the results.
Referring back to the basic components of a valid research
study, which statistic a researcher uses depends on several
things:
·
The research question itself
·
The sample size
·
The type of data you have collected
·
The type of statistic called for by the design
All quantitative studies require a data set. Qualitative studies
may use a data set or may use observations with no numerical
data at all. For the purposes of the next modules, our focus will
be on quantitative studies.
3. Types of Statistics
There are several types of statistics available to the researcher.
Descriptive statistics provide a basic description of the data set.
This includes the measures of central tendency: means, medians,
and modes, and the measures of dispersion, including variances
and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics also include the
sample size, or "N", and the frequency with which each data
point occurs in the data set.
Inferential statistics allow the researcher to make predictions,
estimations, and generalizations about the data set, the sample,
and the population from which the sample was drawn. They
allow you to draw inferences, generalizations, and possibilities
regarding the relationship between the independent variable and
the dependent variable to indicate how those inferences answer
the research question. Researchers can make predictions and
estimations about how the results will fit the overall population.
Statistics can also be described in terms of the types of data
they can analyze. Non-parametric statistics can be used with
nominal or ordinal data, while parametric statistics can be used
with interval and ratio data types.
Types of Data
There are four types of data that a researcher may collect.
Nominal Data Sets
The Nominal data set includes simple classifications of data
into categories which are all of equal weight and value.
Examples of categories that are equal to each other include
gender (male, female), state of birth (Arizona, Wyoming, etc.),
membership in a group (yes, no). Each of these categories is
equivalent to the other, without value judgments.
4. Ordinal Data Sets
Ordinal data sets also have data classified into categories, but
these categories have some form or order or ranking attached,
often of some sort of value / value perception. Examples include
rankings of poor, fair, good, excellent, very satisfied to very
dissatisfied, etc. While the categories may be rank ordered,
there are not equal intervals between the categories. The
difference between poor and fair is not necessarily the same
difference between good and excellent, for example.
Interval Data Sets
Interval data sets have equal intervals between the units of
measure, although they lack a true zero. For example, test
scores of 50 and 60 have the same interval between them as test
scores of 70 and 80. Degrees of body fever have the same
difference between a temperature of 97.5 and 98.5 as between a
temperature of 99 and 100. However, the body does not reach a
true zero temperature. IQ scores have the same interval between
75 and 100 as they do between 100 and 125.
Ratio Data Sets
Ratio data sets have equal intervals, and a true zero to the scale.
Examples include water temperatures when the temperature of
the water has the same interval between 20 and 25 degrees as
between 30 and 35 degrees, with a true zero at the point water
freezes solid (in Celsius; Fahrenheit is 32 degrees above
Fahrenheit "0"). Another example may be the level of a certain
drug in the blood stream. There is a true zero, and the level of
drug at 100 mcg/cc is exactly double the level of drug at 50
mcg/cc.
A Review of Data Sets:
5. Nominal − Data into categories with equal weight and value
Ordinal − Data into categories with rank ordering
Interval − Data with equal intervals between all data points, but
no true zero
Ratio − Data with equal intervals between all data points, plus a
true zero on the scale
Knowing what data type is being used in a statistical analysis is
important because all data types cannot be used by all statistics.
As noted above in Types of Statistics, nominal and ordinal data
can be analyzed with non-parametric statistics, while interval
and ratio data can be analyzed by parametric statistics. As a rule
of thumb, you should use the highest statistic your data set will
allow to extract as much information as possible.
Choosing the Right Statistics
In order to select the appropriate statistic for a research study,
start with the basics.
What Does the Research Question Ask?
If you are comparing one data set to another or one group to
another, use a method of description to see if they are alike. If
you are asking if one group is different from another in a
meaningful way, use methods of inference. For example, let's
say you have two samples of staff intention to stay on their
jobs. In the first sample, the staff has received a raise. In the
second, they have not. The samples are described as follows:
Sample 1 − mean score of 95, standard deviation + or − 4, range
of scores 91-99 (meaning a likelihood they will stay)
6. Sample 2 − mean score of 80, standard deviation + or − 16,
range of scores 64-96 (meaning a lower, and wider ranging,
likelihood of staying)
If you are asked just to compare the two data samples, you use
the data to say that the mean score in Sample 1 shows higher
intent to stay on the job than the mean score in Sample 2. Also,
the standard deviation shows that there is more consistency in
the scores in Sample 1 (smaller deviation) than in Sample 2
(larger deviation). These are methods of description from which
you can draw some conclusions. You can answer the question:
what do the data sets look like? However, if you are asked to
determine whether Sample 1 is
significantly
higher than Sample 2 in intention to stay on their jobs, you
would need to use statistics such as a t-test or ANOVA (analysis
of variance) to determine whether the difference is
statistically significant
. If you had been asked to determine whether it was likely that
the raise
contributed to the differences in intention to stay on the job,
you would also need to use an inferential statistic, such as t-test
or ANOVA, which enabled you to draw that inference. So, if the
research question asks what a data set
looks like
, you can use the descriptive statistics. If you want to know
what the variables listed are
inferring
, you must use the inferential statistics, as well.
What is the Sample Size?
Some statistics are designed to be used with small sample sizes,
generally less than 30, such as t-tests. Others fit better with
larger sample sizes, such as ANOVAs. For many statistics,
7. sample size is not a critical factor, but it is helpful to know if
the sample is large enough to warrant the use of the statistics
used.
What Type of Data is Used?
Again, nominal and ordinal data can be analyzed with non-
parametric statistics, while interval and ratio data can be
analyzed by parametric statistics. The key data type is in the
dependent variable. If you have interval or ratio data in the
dependent variable, you can use parametric statistics for your
analysis.
In order to help you review studies in terms of their selection of
statistics, refer to the following chart:
Using Statistical Assessment
Statistic
Data Type
Sample Size
Research Question
Mean and Standard Deviation
Interval or ratio
>2
What does the data set look like?
Frequency Distribution
Nominal-Ratio
>2
What does the data set look like?
Chi-Square
Nominal-Ordinal
>4
Is the variance of one variable equal to or different from
another variable
Correlation Coefficient
Interval-Ratio
8. >4
What is the relationship between two variables?
t-Test
Interval-Ratio
<30
Is there a significant difference between two groups? May be
intrinsic or may be experimental
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Interval-Ratio
>30
Is there a significant difference between 2 or more groups?
Regression Analysis
Interval-Ratio
>30
How much of the change in the dependent variable is predicted
by the independent variable or variables?
Statistical Significance
The concept of statistical significance is a part of inferential
statistics. When you are looking for differences or changes in
data sets as a result of the impact of an independent variable,
you need to be able to determine if the changes are significant
or resulting from random chance. Statistical significance
answers the question: What is the probability that the results
seen in this study are due to the effects of the independent
variable on the dependent variable rather than random chance?
Significance is also expressed as Type I Error, which is the
possibility of rejecting a true finding as false. It is depicted in
statistics as an alpha character (Greek), or "α." It can also be
expressed as
p<0.05
. The level at which alpha is set will tell you that the probability
of the finding being attributable to chance itself is less than (<)
0.05%. Other common settings for the alpha include 0.01% or
9. even 0.001%. Most studies require at least an alpha of 0.05% in
order for the results to be deemed significant.
Referring to the research study in Coyne et al (Coyne, Richards,
Short, Shultz, and Singh, 2009) on hospital cost and efficiency
and the effects of hospital size and ownership, the research
question asked if size and ownership type made a difference in
the efficiency and cost results of hospitals in the State of
Washington. The sample size was 100 hospitals. The dependent
variables, efficiency and cost measures, used numbers with a
true zero (cost, occupancy, revenue, etc) so that the data would
be classified as a ratio. The independent variables were hospital
size and ownership type, which could be classified as ordinal
for size (small, medium, large) and nominal for ownership type
(not for profit; government owned). The statistic selected was
an ANOVA (good choice), and the statistical significance was
set as 0.05% alpha. Read the results on page 168, Table 3, to
determine which results were significant, or less than 0.05%.
Note that bed size made a significant difference in two of the
efficiency ratios and two of the cost ratios. Also note which
ownership affected one of the efficiency ratios and two of the
cost ratios. The interaction of the two independent variables
affected two of the efficiency ratios.
Conclusion
Picking the correct statistic to answer the research question, fit
the sample size, and fit the data types is an essential element of
a useful and valid research study. When these are correctly
done, the results and their statistical significance can give you a
better sense of elements you want to translate into evidence-
based practice based on solid research.
Statistical Assessment
10. Use the chart in the Module 4 lecture to complete the table
below to assess the appropriateness of the statistics used, and
determine the statistical significance of outcomes in Messina’s,
et al., article “The Relationship Between Patient Satisfaction
and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching
Hospitals” . Refer specifically to the discussion on pages 189-
90 of the article.
Messina, D., Scotti, D., Ganey, R., Zipp, G., & Mathis, L.
(2009). The Relationship Between Patient Satisfaction and
Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching
Hospitals.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 54
(3), 177-89, discussion 189-90. Retrieved from
http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com.li
brary.gcu.edu:2048/pqdweb?did=1752526601&sid=1&Fmt=4&c
lientId=48377&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Statistic
Data type
Sample Size
Research Question
11. Statistical Significance:
There were three errors in Table 4 on page 185. In your
identification of significant findings, can/did you find them?
The chart from the Module 4 Readings:
Statistic
Data Type
Sample Size
Research Question
Mean and Standard Deviation
Interval or ratio
>2
What does the data set look like?
Frequency Distribution
Nominal-Ratio
>2
What does the data set look like?
Chi-Square
12. Nominal-Ordinal
>4
Is the variance of one variable equal to or different from
another variable
Correlation Coefficient
Interval-Ratio
>4
What is the relationship between two variables?
t-Test
Interval-Ratio
<30
Is there a significant difference between two groups? May be
intrinsic or may be experimental
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Interval-Ratio
>30
Is there a significant difference between 2 or more groups?
Regression Analysis
Interval-Ratio
>30
How much of the change in the dependent variable is predicted
by the independent variable or variables?
Refer to the Module 4 Readings for explanation of the chart.
