This document provides information about descriptive statistics and how to calculate various descriptive statistics measures. It defines four types of measurement data: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data. It then explains how to calculate and interpret the mean, median, mode, variability measures including range, variance and standard deviation. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating these descriptive statistics on sets of sample data. The document emphasizes that descriptive statistics alone cannot be used to draw conclusions, but rather just describe patterns in the data.
Statistical Processes
Can descriptive statistical processes be used in determining relationships, differences, or effects in your research question and testable null hypothesis? Why or why not? Also, address the value of descriptive statistics for the forensic psychology research problem that you have identified for your course project. read an article for additional information on descriptive statistics and pictorial data presentations.
300 words APA rules for attributing sources.
Computing Descriptive Statistics
Computing Descriptive Statistics: “Ever Wonder What Secrets They Hold?” The Mean, Mode, Median, Variability, and Standard Deviation
Introduction
Before gaining an appreciation for the value of descriptive statistics in behavioral science environments, one must first become familiar with the type of measurement data these statistical processes use. Knowing the types of measurement data will aid the decision maker in making sure that the chosen statistical method will, indeed, produce the results needed and expected. Using the wrong type of measurement data with a selected statistic tool will result in erroneous results, errors, and ineffective decision making.
Measurement, or numerical, data is divided into four types: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The businessperson, because of administering questionnaires, taking polls, conducting surveys, administering tests, and counting events, products, and a host of other numerical data instrumentations, garners all the numerical values associated with these four types.
Nominal Data
Nominal data is the simplest of all four forms of numerical data. The mathematical values are assigned to that which is being assessed simply by arbitrarily assigning numerical values to a characteristic, event, occasion, or phenomenon. For example, a human resources (HR) manager wishes to determine the differences in leadership styles between managers who are at different geographical regions. To compute the differences, the HR manager might assign the following values: 1 = West, 2 = Midwest, 3 = North, and so on. The numerical values are not descriptive of anything other than the location and are not indicative of quantity.
Ordinal Data
In terms of ordinal data, the variables contained within the measurement instrument are ranked in order of importance. For example, a product-marketing specialist might be interested in how a consumer group would respond to a new product. To garner the information, the questionnaire administered to a group of consumers would include questions scaled as follows: 1 = Not Likely, 2 = Somewhat Likely, 3 = Likely, 4 = More Than Likely, and 5 = Most Likely. This creates a scale rank order from Not Likely to Most Likely with respect to acceptance of the new consumer product.
Interval Data
Oftentimes, in addition to being ordered, the differences (or intervals) between two adjacent measurement values on a measurement scale are identical. For example, the di ...
In research, one of the important aspects is analyzing the data appropriately in order to derive the findings. Statistics is majorly applied in quantitative research to do the analysis of the research. Data collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization are all part of the mathematical field of statistics. Making sense of the data, making judgments, and coming to trustworthy findings are its main goals. Numerous disciplines, including science, economics, business, medicine, and social sciences, heavily rely on statistics. Statistical assignment help Canada emphasizes that statistics offers helpful methods and instruments for interpreting data, coming to trustworthy judgments, and bolstering evidence-based decision-making.
Statistical Processes
Can descriptive statistical processes be used in determining relationships, differences, or effects in your research question and testable null hypothesis? Why or why not? Also, address the value of descriptive statistics for the forensic psychology research problem that you have identified for your course project. read an article for additional information on descriptive statistics and pictorial data presentations.
300 words APA rules for attributing sources.
Computing Descriptive Statistics
Computing Descriptive Statistics: “Ever Wonder What Secrets They Hold?” The Mean, Mode, Median, Variability, and Standard Deviation
Introduction
Before gaining an appreciation for the value of descriptive statistics in behavioral science environments, one must first become familiar with the type of measurement data these statistical processes use. Knowing the types of measurement data will aid the decision maker in making sure that the chosen statistical method will, indeed, produce the results needed and expected. Using the wrong type of measurement data with a selected statistic tool will result in erroneous results, errors, and ineffective decision making.
Measurement, or numerical, data is divided into four types: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The businessperson, because of administering questionnaires, taking polls, conducting surveys, administering tests, and counting events, products, and a host of other numerical data instrumentations, garners all the numerical values associated with these four types.
Nominal Data
Nominal data is the simplest of all four forms of numerical data. The mathematical values are assigned to that which is being assessed simply by arbitrarily assigning numerical values to a characteristic, event, occasion, or phenomenon. For example, a human resources (HR) manager wishes to determine the differences in leadership styles between managers who are at different geographical regions. To compute the differences, the HR manager might assign the following values: 1 = West, 2 = Midwest, 3 = North, and so on. The numerical values are not descriptive of anything other than the location and are not indicative of quantity.
Ordinal Data
In terms of ordinal data, the variables contained within the measurement instrument are ranked in order of importance. For example, a product-marketing specialist might be interested in how a consumer group would respond to a new product. To garner the information, the questionnaire administered to a group of consumers would include questions scaled as follows: 1 = Not Likely, 2 = Somewhat Likely, 3 = Likely, 4 = More Than Likely, and 5 = Most Likely. This creates a scale rank order from Not Likely to Most Likely with respect to acceptance of the new consumer product.
Interval Data
Oftentimes, in addition to being ordered, the differences (or intervals) between two adjacent measurement values on a measurement scale are identical. For example, the di ...
In research, one of the important aspects is analyzing the data appropriately in order to derive the findings. Statistics is majorly applied in quantitative research to do the analysis of the research. Data collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization are all part of the mathematical field of statistics. Making sense of the data, making judgments, and coming to trustworthy findings are its main goals. Numerous disciplines, including science, economics, business, medicine, and social sciences, heavily rely on statistics. Statistical assignment help Canada emphasizes that statistics offers helpful methods and instruments for interpreting data, coming to trustworthy judgments, and bolstering evidence-based decision-making.
Need a nonplagiarised paper and a form completed by 1006015 before.docxlea6nklmattu
Need a nonplagiarised paper and a form completed by 10/06/015 before 7:00pm. I have attached the documents along the rubics that must be followed.
Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Details:
1) Write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical significance of outcomes as presented in Messina's, et al. article "The Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals."
2) Assess the appropriateness of the statistics used by referring to the chart presented in the Module 4 lecture and the resource "Statistical Assessment."
3) Discuss the value of statistical significance vs. pragmatic usefulness.
4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
Statistics: What you Need to Know
Introduction
Often, when people begin a statistics course, they worry about doing advanced mathematics or their math phobias kick in. Understanding that statistics as addressed in this course is not a math course at all is important. The only math you will do is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In these days of computer capability, you generally don't even have to do that much, since Excel is set up to do basic statistics for you. The key elements for the student in this course is to understand the various types of statistics, what their requirements are, what they do, and how you can use and interpret the results. Referring back to the basic components of a valid research study, which statistic a researcher uses depends on several things:
·
The research question itself
·
The sample size
·
The type of data you have collected
·
The type of statistic called for by the design
All quantitative studies require a data set. Qualitative studies may use a data set or may use observations with no numerical data at all. For the purposes of the next modules, our focus will be on quantitative studies.
Types of Statistics
There are several types of statistics available to the researcher. Descriptive statistics provide a basic description of the data set. This includes the measures of central tendency: means, medians, and modes, and the measures of dispersion, including variances and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics also include the sample size, or "N", and the frequency with which each data point occurs in the data set.
Inferential statistics allow the researcher to make predictions, estimations, and generalizations about the data set, the sample, and the population from which the sample was drawn. They allow you to draw inferences, generaliza.
Data Presentation & Analysis Meaning, Stages of data analysis, Quantitative & Qualitative data analysis methods, Descriptive & inferential methods of data analysis
Chapter 19Basic Quantitative Data AnalysisData Cleaning.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 19
Basic Quantitative Data Analysis
Data Cleaning
Check for odd symbols, truncated or overlong times
Recheck scoring
Recheck coding categories
Compare one variable value with value in second variable
Look for outliers
2
Reasons for Missing Data
Participant skipped item or questionnaire, purposely or inadvertently
Participant withdrew, became ill, or died
Had to omit all or part of the data collection
Poor directions or poorly worded question
Data missed during data entry
3
Categorizing Missing Data
Missing completely at random (MCAR)
Missing at random (MAR)
Missing not at random (MNAR)
4
Replacing Missing Data
Complete case analysis is when you drop any participant from the analysis when they have missing data
If a lot of participants are missing data it may negatively impact the results
5
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
Some missing data cannot be replaced
Imputation uses existing information to estimate the missing values
The easiest approach is to replace missing data with the group’s mean (average) on the item
6
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
A more justifiable approach is to use the average of the individual participant’s scores or ratings on the remaining items of a multi-item scale
Missing values may be estimated from values at previous time points
7
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
Incomplete cases (participants) may be deleted and the analysis may be done on those who completed the study
A regression imputation may be done to estimate the values of the missing data
8
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
Expectation maximization uses a series of iterations to reach convergence
Multiple imputation contrasts and combines replacement values to find the best estimates
9
Visual Representations
Stem and leaf illustrates distribution of values
Box plots illustrate distribution of values
Bar and pie charts demonstrate differences between groups and subgroups
Plots can show relationships between interval level variables
10
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Normal distribution is represented by a symmetrical bell-shaped curve
Positive skew has more cases at low end of values
Negative skew has more cases at high end of values
11
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Mode is the value that occurs most often
Median is the middle score in the distribution
Mean is the average of all scores
12
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Range is the distance between the highest and lowest scores
The range or distance between these endpoints can be divided into various portions
13
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean
Standard deviation is the square root of the variance
14
Bivariate Association
Bivariate refers to relationships between a set of variables
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient represented as r is the most c ...
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
·Quantitative Data Analysis StatisticsIntroductionUnd.docxlanagore871
·
Quantitative Data Analysis: Statistics
Introduction
Understanding the use of basic statistical strategies is part of being a critical consumer of published research literature. Unless they plan to conduct research themselves, it is not as important for counselors to understand the mathematical calculations of the statistical techniques as it is to be able to recognize the names of the common ones and what kind of information they provide. There are several commercially-available software packages for analyzing quantitative data, one of which is described in detail in Chapter 14 of
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
In quantitative studies, statistical techniques are used for data analysis. The two main categories of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the data. Some common descriptive statistics are the measures of central tendency: the mean, median, and mode. They provide information about where the middle is in distribution of scores. On the normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same. Distributions are said to be skewed when extreme scores draw the mean away from the middle of the distribution. Measures of variability, such as the range, variance, and standard deviation, provide information about how widely a distribution of scores is dispersed (Erford, 2015, p. 250). The standard deviation is a measure of how the scores cluster around the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread of scores.
Toggle DrawerHide Full Introduction
Inferential statistics are used to make inferences from the sample to the population. All inferential statistical procedures are based on probability theory. They are used to test hypotheses. Three commonly used inferential statistics are chi square, t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chi square is used with nominal data to determine if the observed expected frequency differs significantly from the expected frequency. A t-test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two groups. ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more groups.
Statistical Significance
When a quantitative study tests a hypothesis, it is technically the null hypothesis being tested. The null hypothesis says there is no difference between the groups, or relationship between the variables (depending on the research design). If the statistical procedure indicates there is statistical significance, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that the probability is high that there really is a group difference or strong relationship between the variables.
Rejecting the null hypothesis is not equivalent to proving the research or alternative hypothesis. Researchers can embrace the research hypothesis as one plausible explanation, but because only .
ANALYSIS ANDINTERPRETATION OF DATA Analysis and Interpr.docxcullenrjzsme
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
https://my.visme.co/render/1454658672/www.erau.edu
Slide 1 Transcript
In a qualitative design, the information gathered and studied often is nominal or narrative in form. Finding trends, patterns, and relationships is discovered inductively and upon
reflection. Some describe this as an intuitive process. In Module 4, qualitative research designs were explained along with the process of how information gained shape the inquiry as it
progresses. For the most part, qualitative designs do not use numerical data, unless a mixed approach is adopted. So, in this module the focus is on how numerical data collected in either
a qualitative mixed design or a quantitative research design are evaluated. In quantitative studies, typically there is a hypothesis or particular research question. Measures used to assess
the value of the hypothesis involve numerical data, usually organized in sets and analyzed using various statistical approaches. Which statistical applications are appropriate for the data of
interest will be the focus for this module.
Data and Statistics
Match the data with an
appropriate statistic
Approaches based on data
characteristics
Collected for single or multiple
groups
Involve continuous or discrete
variables
Data are nominal, ordinal,
interval, or ratio
Normal or non-normal distribution
Statistics serve two
functions
Descriptive: Describe what
data look like
Inferential: Use samples
to estimate population
characteristics
Slide 3 Transcript
There are, of course, far too many statistical concepts to consider than time allows for us here. So, we will limit ourselves to just a few basic ones and a brief overview of the more
common applications in use. It is vitally important to select the proper statistical tool for analysis, otherwise, interpretation of the data is incomplete or inaccurate. Since different
statistics are suitable for different kinds of data, we can begin sorting out which approach to use by considering four characteristics:
1. Have data been collected for a single group or multiple groups
2. Do the data involve continuous or discrete variables
3. Are the data nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio, and
4. Do the data represent a normal or non-normal distribution.
We will address each of these approaches in the slides that follow. Statistics can serve two main functions – one is to describe what the data look like, which is called descriptive statistics.
The other is known as inferential statistics which typically uses a small sample to estimate characteristics of the larger population. Let’s begin with descriptive statistics and the measures
of central tendency.
Descriptive Statistics and Central Measures
Descriptive statistics
organize and present data
Mode
The number occurring most
frequently; nominal data
Quickest or rough estimate
Most typical value
Measures of central
tendenc.
Assignment 2 Recipe for Success!Every individual approaches life .docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Recipe for Success!
Every individual approaches life and situations differently. We all use communication as a means to express ourselves. However, communication is as much about listening as it is about talking. Communication is a mutual exchange.
Everyone has had a disagreement with someone in which the other person may respond with “You aren’t listening to me!” or “You don’t understand me!” The fact is, you are not validating the other person or are perceived as someone who is not providing validation. Validation can defuse a potentially explosive scenario.
Consider your personal experiences and communication skills.
What are the skills you use to communicate and how do they impact your interactions with others?
How do you plan to manage conflict communication?
Do you set a goal for the outcome you are seeking to achieve?
Do you consider your audience?
What point of view do you try to convey?
What is your message or argument in communication?
Have you ever applied the principles above? Have they worked for you? If not, what has worked for you?
Write your responses in two to three paragraphs. Be sure to incorporate terms, concepts, and theory from your readings to support your comments.
By
Saturday, April 19, 2014
, post your response to the appropriate
Discussion Area
. Through
Wednesday, April 23, 2014
, review and comment on your peers’ responses.
.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Personality Characteristics and Criminal Behavio.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: RA 2: Personality Characteristics and Criminal Behavior
A particular set of personality characteristics does not turn a person into a criminal. However, a criminal will have the same set of characteristics. This concept may not be easy to understand. Here is another example: all college graduates have attended college, but not everyone who attended college is a college graduate. The mistake "if A then B" is the same as "if B then A" is a common one in research, criminal investigation, and profiling.
Criminal profiling is a difficult task. Complete the following three parts and present it in your report.
Part I
Identify at least five offense characteristics of each of the following crimes: sex offense, murder, acquisitive crime, organized crime, and terrorism.
Part II
Choose two offenses for those listed in
Part I
. Using the selected characteristics, complete the following for each of the two offenses you selected:
Analyze the selected characteristics to develop a forensic profile for that particular type of offense. For example, how would you use the two offense characteristics you have selected for murder to develop inferences regarding the personality of a murderer?
Explain how an offender's level of cognitive and emotional functioning, as well as social and environmental factors, could contribute to his or her maladaptive behavior in each of the above offenses.
Identify and justify the types of tests and/or personality measures that might be used to gather additional information for each of the two offenses.
Identify and justify the type of collateral information you would need to learn about the offender in the case of each of the two crimes.
Part III
Identify the differences in ethical standards between a criminal investigation and a psychological interview.
Offer your recommendations for future research needed to advance the science and research of psychological profiling techniques.
Discuss the different ethical considerations one must follow as an investigator and as a psychologist.
Support your responses giving reasons and examples from 8–10 scholarly resources.
Write a 7- to 9-page report in a Microsoft Word document. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
Your paper should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
.
More Related Content
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Need a nonplagiarised paper and a form completed by 1006015 before.docxlea6nklmattu
Need a nonplagiarised paper and a form completed by 10/06/015 before 7:00pm. I have attached the documents along the rubics that must be followed.
Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Details:
1) Write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical significance of outcomes as presented in Messina's, et al. article "The Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals."
2) Assess the appropriateness of the statistics used by referring to the chart presented in the Module 4 lecture and the resource "Statistical Assessment."
3) Discuss the value of statistical significance vs. pragmatic usefulness.
4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
Statistics: What you Need to Know
Introduction
Often, when people begin a statistics course, they worry about doing advanced mathematics or their math phobias kick in. Understanding that statistics as addressed in this course is not a math course at all is important. The only math you will do is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In these days of computer capability, you generally don't even have to do that much, since Excel is set up to do basic statistics for you. The key elements for the student in this course is to understand the various types of statistics, what their requirements are, what they do, and how you can use and interpret the results. Referring back to the basic components of a valid research study, which statistic a researcher uses depends on several things:
·
The research question itself
·
The sample size
·
The type of data you have collected
·
The type of statistic called for by the design
All quantitative studies require a data set. Qualitative studies may use a data set or may use observations with no numerical data at all. For the purposes of the next modules, our focus will be on quantitative studies.
Types of Statistics
There are several types of statistics available to the researcher. Descriptive statistics provide a basic description of the data set. This includes the measures of central tendency: means, medians, and modes, and the measures of dispersion, including variances and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics also include the sample size, or "N", and the frequency with which each data point occurs in the data set.
Inferential statistics allow the researcher to make predictions, estimations, and generalizations about the data set, the sample, and the population from which the sample was drawn. They allow you to draw inferences, generaliza.
Data Presentation & Analysis Meaning, Stages of data analysis, Quantitative & Qualitative data analysis methods, Descriptive & inferential methods of data analysis
Chapter 19Basic Quantitative Data AnalysisData Cleaning.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 19
Basic Quantitative Data Analysis
Data Cleaning
Check for odd symbols, truncated or overlong times
Recheck scoring
Recheck coding categories
Compare one variable value with value in second variable
Look for outliers
2
Reasons for Missing Data
Participant skipped item or questionnaire, purposely or inadvertently
Participant withdrew, became ill, or died
Had to omit all or part of the data collection
Poor directions or poorly worded question
Data missed during data entry
3
Categorizing Missing Data
Missing completely at random (MCAR)
Missing at random (MAR)
Missing not at random (MNAR)
4
Replacing Missing Data
Complete case analysis is when you drop any participant from the analysis when they have missing data
If a lot of participants are missing data it may negatively impact the results
5
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
Some missing data cannot be replaced
Imputation uses existing information to estimate the missing values
The easiest approach is to replace missing data with the group’s mean (average) on the item
6
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
A more justifiable approach is to use the average of the individual participant’s scores or ratings on the remaining items of a multi-item scale
Missing values may be estimated from values at previous time points
7
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
Incomplete cases (participants) may be deleted and the analysis may be done on those who completed the study
A regression imputation may be done to estimate the values of the missing data
8
Replacing Missing Data
Principles in handling missing data are:
Expectation maximization uses a series of iterations to reach convergence
Multiple imputation contrasts and combines replacement values to find the best estimates
9
Visual Representations
Stem and leaf illustrates distribution of values
Box plots illustrate distribution of values
Bar and pie charts demonstrate differences between groups and subgroups
Plots can show relationships between interval level variables
10
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Normal distribution is represented by a symmetrical bell-shaped curve
Positive skew has more cases at low end of values
Negative skew has more cases at high end of values
11
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Mode is the value that occurs most often
Median is the middle score in the distribution
Mean is the average of all scores
12
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Range is the distance between the highest and lowest scores
The range or distance between these endpoints can be divided into various portions
13
Basic Descriptive Statistics
Variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean
Standard deviation is the square root of the variance
14
Bivariate Association
Bivariate refers to relationships between a set of variables
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient represented as r is the most c ...
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
·Quantitative Data Analysis StatisticsIntroductionUnd.docxlanagore871
·
Quantitative Data Analysis: Statistics
Introduction
Understanding the use of basic statistical strategies is part of being a critical consumer of published research literature. Unless they plan to conduct research themselves, it is not as important for counselors to understand the mathematical calculations of the statistical techniques as it is to be able to recognize the names of the common ones and what kind of information they provide. There are several commercially-available software packages for analyzing quantitative data, one of which is described in detail in Chapter 14 of
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
In quantitative studies, statistical techniques are used for data analysis. The two main categories of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the data. Some common descriptive statistics are the measures of central tendency: the mean, median, and mode. They provide information about where the middle is in distribution of scores. On the normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same. Distributions are said to be skewed when extreme scores draw the mean away from the middle of the distribution. Measures of variability, such as the range, variance, and standard deviation, provide information about how widely a distribution of scores is dispersed (Erford, 2015, p. 250). The standard deviation is a measure of how the scores cluster around the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread of scores.
Toggle DrawerHide Full Introduction
Inferential statistics are used to make inferences from the sample to the population. All inferential statistical procedures are based on probability theory. They are used to test hypotheses. Three commonly used inferential statistics are chi square, t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chi square is used with nominal data to determine if the observed expected frequency differs significantly from the expected frequency. A t-test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two groups. ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more groups.
Statistical Significance
When a quantitative study tests a hypothesis, it is technically the null hypothesis being tested. The null hypothesis says there is no difference between the groups, or relationship between the variables (depending on the research design). If the statistical procedure indicates there is statistical significance, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that the probability is high that there really is a group difference or strong relationship between the variables.
Rejecting the null hypothesis is not equivalent to proving the research or alternative hypothesis. Researchers can embrace the research hypothesis as one plausible explanation, but because only .
ANALYSIS ANDINTERPRETATION OF DATA Analysis and Interpr.docxcullenrjzsme
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
https://my.visme.co/render/1454658672/www.erau.edu
Slide 1 Transcript
In a qualitative design, the information gathered and studied often is nominal or narrative in form. Finding trends, patterns, and relationships is discovered inductively and upon
reflection. Some describe this as an intuitive process. In Module 4, qualitative research designs were explained along with the process of how information gained shape the inquiry as it
progresses. For the most part, qualitative designs do not use numerical data, unless a mixed approach is adopted. So, in this module the focus is on how numerical data collected in either
a qualitative mixed design or a quantitative research design are evaluated. In quantitative studies, typically there is a hypothesis or particular research question. Measures used to assess
the value of the hypothesis involve numerical data, usually organized in sets and analyzed using various statistical approaches. Which statistical applications are appropriate for the data of
interest will be the focus for this module.
Data and Statistics
Match the data with an
appropriate statistic
Approaches based on data
characteristics
Collected for single or multiple
groups
Involve continuous or discrete
variables
Data are nominal, ordinal,
interval, or ratio
Normal or non-normal distribution
Statistics serve two
functions
Descriptive: Describe what
data look like
Inferential: Use samples
to estimate population
characteristics
Slide 3 Transcript
There are, of course, far too many statistical concepts to consider than time allows for us here. So, we will limit ourselves to just a few basic ones and a brief overview of the more
common applications in use. It is vitally important to select the proper statistical tool for analysis, otherwise, interpretation of the data is incomplete or inaccurate. Since different
statistics are suitable for different kinds of data, we can begin sorting out which approach to use by considering four characteristics:
1. Have data been collected for a single group or multiple groups
2. Do the data involve continuous or discrete variables
3. Are the data nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio, and
4. Do the data represent a normal or non-normal distribution.
We will address each of these approaches in the slides that follow. Statistics can serve two main functions – one is to describe what the data look like, which is called descriptive statistics.
The other is known as inferential statistics which typically uses a small sample to estimate characteristics of the larger population. Let’s begin with descriptive statistics and the measures
of central tendency.
Descriptive Statistics and Central Measures
Descriptive statistics
organize and present data
Mode
The number occurring most
frequently; nominal data
Quickest or rough estimate
Most typical value
Measures of central
tendenc.
Similar to Assignment 2 RA Annotated BibliographyIn your final paper for .docx (20)
Assignment 2 Recipe for Success!Every individual approaches life .docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Recipe for Success!
Every individual approaches life and situations differently. We all use communication as a means to express ourselves. However, communication is as much about listening as it is about talking. Communication is a mutual exchange.
Everyone has had a disagreement with someone in which the other person may respond with “You aren’t listening to me!” or “You don’t understand me!” The fact is, you are not validating the other person or are perceived as someone who is not providing validation. Validation can defuse a potentially explosive scenario.
Consider your personal experiences and communication skills.
What are the skills you use to communicate and how do they impact your interactions with others?
How do you plan to manage conflict communication?
Do you set a goal for the outcome you are seeking to achieve?
Do you consider your audience?
What point of view do you try to convey?
What is your message or argument in communication?
Have you ever applied the principles above? Have they worked for you? If not, what has worked for you?
Write your responses in two to three paragraphs. Be sure to incorporate terms, concepts, and theory from your readings to support your comments.
By
Saturday, April 19, 2014
, post your response to the appropriate
Discussion Area
. Through
Wednesday, April 23, 2014
, review and comment on your peers’ responses.
.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Personality Characteristics and Criminal Behavio.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: RA 2: Personality Characteristics and Criminal Behavior
A particular set of personality characteristics does not turn a person into a criminal. However, a criminal will have the same set of characteristics. This concept may not be easy to understand. Here is another example: all college graduates have attended college, but not everyone who attended college is a college graduate. The mistake "if A then B" is the same as "if B then A" is a common one in research, criminal investigation, and profiling.
Criminal profiling is a difficult task. Complete the following three parts and present it in your report.
Part I
Identify at least five offense characteristics of each of the following crimes: sex offense, murder, acquisitive crime, organized crime, and terrorism.
Part II
Choose two offenses for those listed in
Part I
. Using the selected characteristics, complete the following for each of the two offenses you selected:
Analyze the selected characteristics to develop a forensic profile for that particular type of offense. For example, how would you use the two offense characteristics you have selected for murder to develop inferences regarding the personality of a murderer?
Explain how an offender's level of cognitive and emotional functioning, as well as social and environmental factors, could contribute to his or her maladaptive behavior in each of the above offenses.
Identify and justify the types of tests and/or personality measures that might be used to gather additional information for each of the two offenses.
Identify and justify the type of collateral information you would need to learn about the offender in the case of each of the two crimes.
Part III
Identify the differences in ethical standards between a criminal investigation and a psychological interview.
Offer your recommendations for future research needed to advance the science and research of psychological profiling techniques.
Discuss the different ethical considerations one must follow as an investigator and as a psychologist.
Support your responses giving reasons and examples from 8–10 scholarly resources.
Write a 7- to 9-page report in a Microsoft Word document. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
Your paper should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Contemporary Issues and Methods AnonymousIn t.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: RA 2: Contemporary Issues and Methods: Anonymous
In today's world, technology must be considered when examining the psychology of espionage. Additionally, societal response is a key in understanding the impact of these acts. In this assignment, you will have the opportunity to analyze the relationship between cyber activity compromising national security information and the social media response.
The government organization for which you work has taken notice of the actions of a group named "Anonymous" against the Church of Scientology, among others. In order to better prepare, your organization wants you to analyze, from a forensic psychological perspective, a potentially significant compromise of national security information via a cyber attack. You have been instructed to use the attack on Scientology, the HBGary attack, or other significant cyber attacks credited to Anonymous as your basis of comparison.
Tasks:
Using the Argosy University online library resources and other reputable, valid sources, research the group Anonymous and its cyber-hacking activities, paying particular attention to the actions against the group's methods. Use your interrogatories (who, what, where, when, how, and why) to guide your research.
Write a 10- to 12-page report that analyzes the impact this group has (or may have) on the U.S. (societal impact, including economic and infrastructure), corporate America (business impact), and the government (political impact).
In your report, address the following:
Provide a synopsis of the group's methods, goals, and activities. Make sure you address its actions against its target as well as its overall activities, goals, and methods. Also, include an explanation of the group's members and its makeup (e.g., the demographics and characteristics of the group members).
Discuss motivations and possible explanations for the group's behavior. Identify the psychological constructs and processes and explain the group's actions. For example, describe what types of social psychological constructs reinforce its membership. Social psychology research on group dynamics will help in this explanation.
Analyze the impact of a potential attack on the US government. At minimum, address the following:
How vulnerable is the US government to a potential cyber attack?
What parts of the IC are most affected by a potential cyber attack on US systems? Why?
Analyze the impact of a potential attack on society. At minimum, address the following:
What role would the social media play in future incidents of espionage and counterintelligence (CI) activities?
What would be society's response to the attack? Would society be supportive or nonsupportive? How would it be divided? Justify your answers.
What would be the real and intangible consequences of Anonymous's hacking activities? What would be the positive and negative impacts of its actions on society? Overall, would society benefit from or be hurt by such actions? Justify your answers..
Assignment 2: Project Paper
Due Week 8 and worth 200 points
The Project Paper focuses on a suggested topic related to art, architecture, history, music, or literature. The project will reflect your views and interpretation of the topic. This project is designed to help you stretch your mind and your abilities to be the creative, innovative, and critical thinker you already are!
Choose one (1) of the topics from the list of topic choices below. Read the topic carefully. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper (750-1,000 words) that responds to each of the items described in the topic.
Note
: Your instructor may require you to submit your topic choice for approval before the end of Week 5.
For the topic you choose:
Support your ideas with specific, illustrative examples. If there are questions or points associated with your chosen topic, be sure to answer all of the listed questions and address all of the items in that topic. If your topic requires you to do several things related to the topic, be sure to do each of the things listed.
While some of the topics tend to lend themselves toward particular writing genres, you are not restricted to the specific format suggested for the individual topic. For example, you may do an “interview,” a “proposal,” a “letter,” a “short story,” a “blog,” an “essay,” an “article,” or any other written genre for almost any of the topics. The project is intended to be fun as well as informative, so feel free to be creative with the delivery of your information.
Use at least three (3) good quality academic sources with one (1) source being the class text.
Note:
Wikipedia
and other similar Websites do not quality as academic resources. You are highly encouraged to use the Resource Center tab at the top of your Blackboard page.
Topic choices (pick 1):
Self-Portraits.
Journal.
The Renaissance artists Titian, Rembrandt, and Durer have each painted self-portraits. Imagine yourself as one of these artists (or another artist of your choice that has painted a self-portrait) and write a journal expressing your thoughts on “your” art (in other words, the journal entries the artist would probably write.) (1) Explain “your” primary reason for painting a self-portrait. (2) Describe “your” artistic choices in composition: use of color, space, etc. (3) Explain what the portrait represents about “you” (as the artist.) (4) Explain “your” choices of subject with regard to at least three other specific pieces “you” have painted.
Ladies & Gentlemen.
Survey & Report.
Some may believe that being “gentleman” or a “lady” in today’s society is an outdated notion, but others may disagree. (1) Briefly summarize the main characteristics of a well-rounded person, “l’uomo universal,” referring to specific sections within the excerpt from
The Courtier
which identifies these characteristics. (2) Create a “survey” based on the identified characteristics and “poll” at least ten people to find out whether or not the characteristics are rel.
Assignment 2 Project Paper (Template)cOVER pAGE On the cover page.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Project Paper (Template)cOVER pAGE
On the cover page, include the following:
Assignment 2
Student’s Name
HUM 112
Professor’s Name
Date Introduction
In your introduction section, complete each step listed in the bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraphs in length:
· Identify the author and artist.
· Provide a short overview of the author’s life. Make sure the biographical details you discuss relate to the work you are discussing.
· Identify the speech or writing you will be talking about in this paper.
BACKGROUND
In your background section, complete each step listed in the bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraphs:
· Describe the historical events (also known as context) that were occurring at the time that the author or artist created the work.
· Discuss your thoughts on how the historical events may have led the author to create the work.
EVIDENCE
In your evidence section, complete each step listed in the bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraph in length.
· Explain the main point of the work you picked.
· Identify the most important example the author uses to support the main point.
DISCUSSION
In your discussion section, complete each step listed in the bullets below. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.
· Explain who the author or artist was trying to reach with the work (also known as the audience).
· Identify what the author was trying to convince the audience to believe or do.
CONCLUSION
In your conclusion section, complete each step listed in the bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraphs in length.
· Explain how the author’s words relate to our situation today.
· Discuss whether you believe any of the author’s statements about race relations, political equality, or social equality remain true, today and why.
SOURCES LIST PAGE
On the sources list page, include the following:
· A title (type Sources at the top)
· Include a numbered list of sources used in your paper
SOURCES
1. Henry Sayre. (2015). The humanities: Culture, continuity and change, Volume 2 (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
2.
Revised 02/14/2020 2
Surname 2
Hang Liu
RWS-280
2020/02/11
Digital Natives
Adoption of technology in learning is something inevitable. Digital Natives, Yet Strangers to the Web is a web article written by alia Wong 21 April, 2015. The author writes the article as an explanation of the debates surrounding the use of technology in learning. Academic institutions are busy implementing the use of technology in there learning and on the other hand singing the negative impact of technology on learning. This ends up creating a confusion in the education word and hence children, or rather students who are heavy users of technology but lacks in-depth understanding of how technology and the internet rea.
Assignment 2: Program Design Elements
Program Design
With the continuation of Assignment 2, it is important to notice and appreciate the congruity provided through systematic program planning and evaluation. A well-developed program design facilitates the alignment necessary for an effective intervention, enabling the program to address the problem through appropriate services that–
ideally!
–result in positive outcomes.
This week you further delineate your program design, crafting elements visually and creating a time line using a Gantt chart.
To prepare for this week's section of Assignment 2:
Refer to the information presented in this week's Learning Resources as you consider all of the elements of your program.
Begin to visualize or draft a graphical representation of your program based on the theory or model you have chosen (Week 3
[see week 3 discussion paper attached]
) as demonstrated in Chapter 8 of
Designing and Managing Programs
. If your theory or model of choice does not have such a visual representation associated with it then you will need to create one.
Also, in this design, state your mission, goal(s), and objectives for your program. State all activities that will assist in meeting each objective and outline this in a Gantt chart with time lines for implementing the activities.
By tomorrow Friday 01/04/19 by 6 pm
In APA format with a minimum of 6 scholarly references,
write a 3- to 5-page paper and create accompanying documents that address the following level 1 and 2 headers:
1)
Stakeholder Involvement in Developing Mission Statement, Goals, and Objectives
(developed in Week 5)
a) Explain why it is important for representatives of your target population to be involved in developing the goals and objectives for the program.
b) Identify which stakeholders you would involve in the planning process and discuss two or more strategies for facilitating their involvement.
2)
Program Design
(developed this week 6, with elements developed in Week 5
[see week 6 discussion paper attached]
)
a) Create a visual representation of your program design (e.g., a table or graph) that includes the program's mission statement, goal(s), objectives, and activities to meet the objectives
(http://www.ganttchart.com/Examples.html)
b) Develop a Gantt chart with time lines for implementing all activities that will assist in meeting each of your program objectives.
P.S. Always include an introduction ending with a purpose statement and conclusion as required per APA format guidelines. Refer to previous attached papers in the file area to complete this assignment.
Required Readings
Hodges, B. C., & Videto, D. M. (2011).
Assessment and planning in health programs (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Chapter 4, “Program Planning: The Big Picture”
• Chapter 5, “Social Marketing, Program Planning, and Implementation”
• Chapter 8, “Identifying .
Assignment 2: Policy and Client Impact Development
For this assignment
, you are expected to identify a sub-population within the field agency, then research and discuss with your field coordinator the state and federal policies that may impact the identified clients. Finally, discuss if there is a possibility for you to advocate on behalf of those clients.
By Day 7
Submit
a 2-3 page paper in which you:
Identify the subpopulation (Substance Abuse in Cal)
Identify State and federal policies and discuss their impact on the clients identified
Provide suggestions for the agency (Good Seed Drop-In Center, Long Beach, Ca.)
Discuss possibilities to advocate for the clients
Assignment 2: Policy and Client Impact Development
.
Assignment 2 Political Parties and the Electoral ProcessDue Week .docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Political Parties and the Electoral Process
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
IMPORTANT NOTICE: WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECK PLAGARISIM. TYPE EACH QUESTION BEFORE ANSWER THEM.
Write 4 page paper on the relationship between political parties and the electoral process in which you:
Identify three to four (3-4) ideological differences between America’s two (2) major political parties.
Analyzekey reasons why third parties have never been successful at the presidential level.
Determine the role of the campaign process in maintaining the two-party system. Use examples to support your response.
Use at least four (4) quality academic resources in this assignment.
Note
: Wikipedia and other Websites to not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Infer a theory why the U.S. has only two major political parties.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in the field of U.S. government and politics.
Write clearly and concisely about U.S. government and politics using proper writing mechanics.
.
Assignment 2 Policy IdentificationAccording to the Council .docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Policy Identification
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation.
Walden’s MSW program expects students in their specialization year to be able to:
Evaluate the implication of policies and policy change in the lives of clients/constituents.
Demonstrate critical thinking skills that can be used to inform policymakers and influence policies that impact clients/constituents and services.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare
: Working with your field instructor, identify a social problem that is common among the organization (or its clients) and research current policies at that state and federal levels that impact the social problem. Then, from a position of advocacy, identify methods to address the social problem (i.e., how you, as a social worker, and the agency advocate to change the problem). You are expected to specifically address how both you and the agency can effectively engage policy makers to make them aware of the social problem and the impact that the policies have on the agency and clients.
The Assignment (2-3 pages):
Identify the social problem
Explain rational for selecting social problem
Describe state and federal policies that impact the social problem
Identify specific methods to address the social problems
Explain how the agency and student can advocate to change the social problem
.
Assignment 2 Part B Your Marketing PlanDue Week 8 and worth 40.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Part B: Your Marketing Plan
Due Week 8 and worth 400 points
For this assignment, you will include Part A of your marketing plan which has addressed the feedback from your professor. You will also need Steps 5-7 of the Interactive Marketing Plan, which you have completed within the course shell. In this final assignment, you will compile the previous assignment, addressing the feedback from your professor, as well as adding the marketing strategies.
Note
: You may create and / or make all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment.
Write an eighteen to twenty (18-20) page paper in which you:
Revise your executive summary from Assignment 1, based on the outcomes and implementation of your marketing plan.
Develop your company’s mission statement and company introduction.
Develop the company’s branding, pricing, and distribution plan.
Provide the following marketing strategy information:
Classify the company’s major competitors as inter- or intra-competitors. Categorize the competitors’ major strengths and weaknesses.
Develop the differentiation strategy in relation to the closest competitor.
Establish whether the company’s intention is to be a leader or follower within the industry.
Assess the level of impact that the salient macro-environmental issues (e.g., legal, technological, social, and economic, etc.) and trends with which the company must contend could potentially have on the company’s marketing strategy.
Predict the most significant trend to impact the business. Formulate a strategy for the company to minimize or capitalize on this trend.
Construct an implementation strategy for your hypothetical company in which you specify the essential activities and responsibilities. Include a timetable for completion of each component of your strategy.
Develop a five (5) year expansion plan that includes future profitability and market share growth. Include necessary graphs to explain your plan.
Specify two (2) social media and / or media tools that you would use as you develop your plan. Justify each of your chosen tools.
Choose two (2) performance standards, two (2) monitory methods, and two (2) financial controls that you would implement that differ from the standards that you had provided in Assignment 1. Justify your choices.
Assess the potential for your company’s overall performance in relation to the marketing plan objectives.
Suggest the integrated marketing communications that are most relevant for your marketing plan. Relate each marketing communication to your company’s advertising strategy.
Use at least five (5) academic resources that address sustainability and monitoring of effective marketing plans and determine the applicability for your hypothetical company. These resources should be industry specific and relate to your chosen product / service. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double s.
Assignment 2 Organizational Risk Appetite and Risk AssessmentDu.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Organizational Risk Appetite and Risk Assessment
Due Week 4 and worth 50 points
Imagine that a software development company has just appointed you to lead a risk assessment project. The Chief Information Officer (CIO) of the organization has seen reports of malicious activity on the rise and has become extremely concerned with the protection of the intellectual property and highly sensitive data maintained by your organization. The CIO has asked you to prepare a short document before your team begins working. She would like for you to provide an overview of what the term “risk appetite” means and a suggested process for determining the risk appetite for the company. Also, she would like for you to provide some information about the method(s) you intend to use in performing a risk assessment.
Write a two to three page paper in which you:
1. Analyze the term “risk appetite”. Then, suggest at least one practical example in which it applies.
2. Recommend the key method(s) for determining the risk appetite of the company.
3. Describe the process of performing a risk assessment.
4. Elaborate on the approach you will use when performing the risk assessment.
5. Use at least three quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· This course requires use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.
· Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Describe the components and basic requirements for creating an audit plan to support business and system considerations.
· Describe the parameters required to conduct and report on IT infrastructure audit for organizational compliance.
· Use technology and information resources to research issues in security strategy and policy formation.
· Write clearly and concisely about topics related to information technology audit and control using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
Assignment 3: Evaluating Access Control Methods
Due Week 6 and worth 50 points
Imagine that you are the Information Systems Security Specialist for a medium-sized federal government contractor. The Chief Security Officer (CSO) is worried that the organization's current methods of access control are no longer sufficient. In order to evaluate the different methods of access control, the CSO requested that you research: mandatory access control (MAC), discretionary access control (DAC), and role-based access control (RBAC). Then, prepare a report addressing positive and negative aspects of each access control me.
Assignment 2 Nuclear MedicineNuclear medicine is a specialized br.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a specialized branch of modern medicine that exploits the process of radioactivity for imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. Many imaging techniques inject small amounts of radioactive material into the body, which are then tracked by a sensing device specific to the type of radiation emitted from that material. Radiation has also been used to destroy diseased tissue, typically beyond the reach of standard surgical techniques.
Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, write a paper on nuclear medicine. Address the following:
Explain the scientific and technical concepts related to nuclear medicine. Consider the following questions when you construct your response:
What type of radiation is typically exploited in most nuclear medicine procedures?
How are patients prepared for nuclear medicine procedures?
What are the advantages and limitations of nuclear medicine?
What ailments are typically diagnosed and treated via nuclear medicine procedures?
Evaluate a minimum of three applications of nuclear medicine relating to any of the following topics:
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans
Gallium scans
Indium white blood cell scans
Iobenguane scans (MIBG)
Octreotide scans
Hybrid scanning techniques employing X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nuclear medicine therapy using radiopharmaceuticals
Support your statements with examples. Provide a minimum of three scholarly references.
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc.
By
Wednesday, August 27, 2014
, deliver your assignment to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Demonstrated an understanding of the basic scientific and technical concepts of nuclear medicine.
28
Evaluated current or future applications of nuclear medicine with three real-world examples.
32
Provided at least three reliable references to support examples of current and future nuclear medicine applications.
20
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 NetworkingDue Week 5 and worth 100 pointsAssume th.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Networking
Due Week 5 and worth 100 points
Assume that you were recently hired by a manufacturing company as a systems administrator trainee. Your first assignment is to develop a paper that communicates the various functions of telecommunications to end users. As a result, you should try to keep your explanations of the technology as simple as possible.
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
Describe the features of telecommunications networks, including key networking technologies. Cover the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, including each logical layer.
Discuss whether telephone networks and computer networks will remain distinct in the future.
Describe various network media and how they are changing.
Explain the differences among LANS, WANS, CANS, and MANS.
Describe three (3) ways in which businesses use Internet services and protocols. (For example, what is VoIP and how is it used?)
Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double-spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Illustrate the use of information and communication technologies to solve problems as an information technology professional.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in information technology.
Write clearly and concisely about introductory information technology topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
.
Assignment 2 Needs AssessmentDue Week 5 and worth 175 points.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Needs Assessment
Due Week 5 and worth 175 points
You and your assigned classmate(s) have formed a human resource consulting company. You have been hired to provide training to the sales force for an automobile dealership. As part of your preparation for this consulting engagement, you and your team members must determine how best to approach the automobile dealership to engage the interest of the decision makers. Your part of this assignment is to propose the types of needs assessment tools that could be used to determine how to design and develop the automobile dealerships training programs. These could include software, models, or analysis methods. Once you complete your need assessment, you must now meet with the owner of the dealership to discuss the needs assessment. Do Not Create a Training Program!!!
From the perspective of a team member, write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:
1. Prepare, in outline form, the process your team could use to conduct the needs assessment for your client based upon the articles you selected. (You will use a hierarchical topic and sentence outline for this paper only.)
Review chapter 4 on needs assessments. It discusses different types of assessments. Select the best one(s) to use to gather information. Keep in mind that you are trying to find out the organizations needs related to their sale force. Hence, you need to outline the method you are going to use to gather information and make a recommendation to management on what type of training may be required. Use this information in conjunction with your research from the week 3 discussion.
2. Identify two (2) possible impediments to this approach and discuss how you will overcome them.
The text also discusses obstacles to conducting needs assessments such as time, cost, leadership buy-in, employee willingness to participate. The most common are time to conduct a thorough assessment and cost. You should mention the others briefly as supporting information.
3. Evaluate the feasibility of your approach to what is commonly done in the field.
Feasibility is the likelihood your process would happen in this industry. Is your process a standard practice?
4. Explain why your needs assessment is critical to the development of the training program you plan to deliver.
Your goal here is to answer what can happen if you develop training without understanding the training needs and why it is important to determine the issues correctly to avoid wasting time and money, in addition to not solving the problem. Remember you are training the sales force but the training may not be sales related it could be a process, time management, or low morale. This is what your consulting company has been hired to find out.
5. Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment.
Two resources in addition to your textbook for maximum points.
Review the week 3 discussion thread where you can find other types of needs assessment processes. If.
Assignment 2 Menu SelectionDespite being a fairly old technolog.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Menu Selection
Despite being a fairly old technology, menu-driven interfaces are very common in user interface design. Menu-driven interfaces consist of a series of screens which are navigated by choosing options from lists.
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
1. Evaluate the user dialog strategies used by a menu-driven interface.
2. Determine why menu-driven interfaces continue to be popular in the modern computing age.
3. Suggest at least three (3) strategies for making menu-driven interfaces visually appealing in the modern computing environment.
4. Suggest alternatives for menu-driven interface design and explain how these alternatives can be designed to eventually replace all menu-driven interfaces.
5. Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
.
Assignment 2: Naturalistic Observations and Evaluation
Conducting an ethnographic study is a fun way of gathering research about your social environment. You may have done an ethnography before without really being aware of it. In a small way, this assignment recreates what ethnographers do when they visit a new community to conduct research.
Complete the following:
Observation
•Choose a restaurant, library, mall, dining hall, coffee shop, or similar public location. Plan to spend a minimum of two hours at the location. You will visit this location twice, for a minimum of four hours total. Keep in mind that if you should find one of your peers in the establishment at the same time when you are there, do not interrupt him/her and do not do the assignment at the same time.
•Document what occurs at this chosen location: ◦Describe the establishment.
◦Analyze the interactions between people.
Next, write a paper documenting and analyzing your observations of the location.
Observation Notes
Your observation notes should specifically include the following:
•Name and location of the establishment
•Dates and times you were there
•Place where you stood/sat and when you did your research
•Description of the physical characteristics of the inside and outside of the establishment (e.g. brick or concrete structure, paint color, seating arrangements)
•Number and types of people visiting the establishment while you were there (age, sex, type of clothing, probable occupations, ethnicity, etc.)
•Document interactions such as:
◦specific nature of the interactions that take place in the establishment among customers, between customers and staff, and among staff
◦types of languages used in the establishment and by whom
◦any strange or unusual behavior
Analysis Summary
Include the following in your analysis:
•Comparison of similarities and differences of this establishment and other similar establishments you know about
•Nature of the treatment of customers in the establishment
•Relationships between customers and workers
•Any behavior that surprised you or was contrary to your expectations
•How it felt to do the research
•Most difficult aspects of the research
•What you found most interesting about the research
In your analysis, be sure to draw upon your observations to support your conclusions.
Appendix
In the appendix of your paper, include the following:
•A sketch of the layout of the establishment (You can draw in a computer program, like Paint that comes preloaded on most PCs and insert it into your Word file.)
•Transcription of your notes
Write a 4–6-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2.doc.
By Wednesday, September 18, 2013, deliver your assignment to the M3: Assignment 2 Dropbox.
Grading Rubric
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Documented observations for a total of two h.
Assignment 2 Midweek AssignmentResponsibilities for Offerings of .docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Midweek Assignment
Responsibilities for Offerings of Securities
Federal law requires certain material information be disclosed related to the offering of securities. Address the responsibilities of each of the parties listed below for ensuring quality, fairness and accuracy for securities offerings. Which party or parties bears the most responsibility?
Managers and directors of the issuing company
Investment bankers
Securities lawyers
Even though the SEC provides regulatory oversight regarding securities, should the parties engage an independent company to oversee the offering of securities? If so, at whose expense? If not, why?
Submit your answers in a 2- to 3-page Microsoft Word document.
.
Assignment 2 Menu SelectionDespite being a fairly old technol.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Menu Selection
Despite being a fairly old technology, menu-driven interfaces are very common in user interface design. Menu-driven interfaces consist of a series of screens which are navigated by choosing options from lists.
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
1. Evaluate the user dialog strategies used by a menu-driven interface.
2. Determine why menu-driven interfaces continue to be popular in the modern computing age.
3. Suggest at least three (3) strategies for making menu-driven interfaces visually appealing in the modern computing environment.
4. Suggest alternatives for menu-driven interface design and explain how these alternatives can be designed to eventually replace all menu-driven interfaces.
5. Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Explain and describe the process of menu selection and organization.
• Analyze and evaluate interface design models.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in human-computer interaction.
• Write clearly and concisely about HCI topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
.
Assignment 2 Marketing of the Acquisition by EDUSIn this assign.docxjosephinepaterson7611
Assignment 2: Marketing of the Acquisition by EDUS
In this assignment, you will research information related to the marketing and promotion of the acquisition by EDUS and provide an assessment.
Click here to review the EDUS case
and consider the following:
Topics for Research and Analysis
Promotional Goals
: Identify specific objectives related to the promotion of EDUS's acquisition of the institution. In addition, identify specific objectives related to informing potential students of new capabilities and offerings resulting from the acquisition. (Promotional goals vary. Some organizations need to create awareness of their product's benefits compared to competitors. Other promotional goals may involve communicating new uses for an item, or informing customers or lower prices.)
Business Environment
: Identify cultural and legal factors that might influence promotional decisions – both in announcing the acquisition within the region and recruiting new students to the institution. (In some countries, certain information is required in television commercials selling products aimed at children.)
Media Plan
: Analyze media availability to determine cost-efficient methods of communicating with potential students within the country and within the geographic region. (While television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet may be common in industrialized countries, developing economies may require other different media. In some countries, advertising messages are broadcast through large speakers mounted on moving trucks.)
Promotional Strategy
: Compare the benefits of push-and-pull promotions for acquiring new students at the institution. Devise a promotional strategy that will help EDUS expand the student body and also inform potential students of increased capability of the institution resulting from this acquisition.
Economic, Cultural, and Political-Legal Environment
: Investigate the economic, cultural, and political-legal environment that might affect promotional messages and media relevant to this acquisition.
Recommended Actions
: Recommend EDUS actions related to promotional goals, needed adaptations due to cultural or legal factors, and a media plan. Provide evidence to support your recommendations.
Conclusions
: Draw conclusions about the material you have presented. The opinions or judgments you present should be supported by your research.
By the due date assigned
, submit a PowerPoint presentation (approximately 10 slides) providing your analysis and research findings on the topics indicated. You are expected to include statistical data when possible, including tables, graphs, and other visuals that support and enhance your study. Most importantly, all written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources! Submit your document to the
Submissions Area
.
.
Assignment 2 meets the following course objectives:
Apply a sociological perspective to the social world.
Analyze contemporary social issues using the sociological imagination and use sociological theories and concepts to analyze everyday life.
Demonstrate the ability to identify, locate, and retrieve information related to the topics in the course.
Purpose
The primary goal of this exercise is to apply your developing sociological knowledge and skills to the analysis of a current event.
Writing Expectations
This should be 4-6 pages long, double-spaced, 12 pt font (arial or times new roman), with 1" margins.
Instructions:
Choosing a Current Event.
A current event refers to something that is happening in the world at present and they are usually described on the news and in mass media. You must choose a report (written, from the radio, or televised) of an event that has been reported on within 3 months of the assignment deadline. Remember, the event you choose must have some relevance to the study of society, and you must properly cite the source from which you got your report.
Describe the Current Event.
Second, you will need to provide a brief summary of the current event. This should include details such as location, timing (i.e is this an ongoing event, does it appear to be a one time event, is this an example of an event that happens frequently), people involved, and any analysis offered by the report(er).
Analyzing the Current Event.
The final step in the process is conducting an analysis of the current event using knowledge you have gained from the course to-date. The most important thing here is that the analysis should not just be your opinion about the current event, but grounded in sociological theory and prior research. You will need to
use at least 4 sociological concepts
covered in this course to analyze the current event (i.e. social construction, stratification, social control, crime, deviance). You are strongly encouraged to use and cite sources. Sociological concepts should be clearly identified, defined and then applied. Any paraphrasing or direct quotes used from another source should include APA formatted in-text citations and a full reference at the end of the essay.
This course has “Resubmission” status enabled to help you if you realize you submitted an incorrect or blank file, or if you need to submit multiple documents as part of your Assignment. Resubmission of an Assignment after it is graded, to attempt a better grade, is not permitted.
DISCLAIMER: Originality of attachments will be verified by Turnitin. Both you and your instructor will receive the results.
.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Assignment 2 RA Annotated BibliographyIn your final paper for .docx
1. Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography
In your final paper for this course, you will need to write a
Methods section that is about 3–4 pages long where you will
assess and evaluate the methods and analysis of your proposed
research.
In preparation for this particular section, answer the following
questions thoroughly and provide justification/support. The
more complete and detailed your answers for these questions,
the better prepared you are to successfully write your final
paper:
· What is the problem being addressed by your research study?
· State the refined research question and hypothesis (null and
alternative).
· What are your independent and dependent variables? What are
their operational definitions?
· Who will be included in your sample (i.e., inclusion and
exclusion characteristics)?
· How many participants will you have in your sample?
· How will you recruit your sample?
· Identify the type of measurement instrument to be used to
collect the raw numeric data to be statistically analyzed and the
type of measurement data the instrument produces.
· What issues will you cover in the informed consent?
· If there is potential risk or harm, how will you ensure the
safety of all participants?
· Name any possible threats to validity and steps that can be
taken to minimize these threats.
· What type of parametric or nonparametric inferential
statistical process (correlation, difference, or effect) will you
use in your proposed research? Why is this statistical test the
best fit?
· State an acceptable behavioral research alpha level you would
use to fail to accept or fail to reject the stated null hypothesis
and explain your choice.
2. This paper may be written in question-and-answer format rather
than a flowing paper. Write your response in a 3- to 4-page
Microsoft Word document.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules
for attributing sources.
Submission Details:
· By the due date assigned, save your document as
M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to
the Submissions Area .
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Stated the problem being addressed.
8
Stated the refined research question and hypothesis (null and
alternative).
6
Stated the independent and dependent variables and provided
the operational definitions.
12
Discussed sample characteristics and size.
8
Discussed a sample recruitment strategy.
6
Identified the type of measurement instrument to be used and
the type of measurement data the instrument produces.
8
Discussed the informed consent and potential risk and
protection factors.
12
Named the possible threats to validity and steps that can be
taken to minimize these threats.
12
Discussed the type of parametric or nonparametric inferential
statistical process that will be used and why it is a best fit.
8
Stated an acceptable behavioral research alpha level for
4. Introduction
Before gaining an appreciation for the value of descriptive
statistics in behavioral science
environments, one must first become familiar with the type of
measurement data these statistical
processes use. Knowing the types of measurement data will aid
the decision maker in making
sure that the chosen statistical method will, indeed, produce the
results needed and expected.
Using the wrong type of measurement data with a selected
statistic tool will result in erroneous
results, errors, and ineffective decision making.
Measurement, or numerical, data is divided into four types:
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
The businessperson, because of administering questionnaires,
taking polls, conducting surveys,
administering tests, and counting events, products, and a host of
other numerical data
instrumentations, garners all the numerical values associated
with these four types.
Nominal Data
Nominal data is the simplest of all four forms of numerical data.
The mathematical values are
assigned to that which is being assessed simply by arbitrarily
assigning numerical values to a
characteristic, event, occasion, or phenomenon. For example, a
human resources (HR) manager
wishes to determine the differences in leadership styles between
managers who are at different
geographical regions. To compute the differences, the HR
manager might assign the following
5. values: 1 = West, 2 = Midwest, 3 = North, and so on. The
numerical values are not descriptive of
anything other than the location and are not indicative of
quantity.
Ordinal Data
In terms of ordinal data, the variables contained within the
measurement instrument are ranked in
order of importance. For example, a product-marketing
specialist might be interested in how a
consumer group would respond to a new product. To garner the
information, the questionnaire
administered to a group of consumers would include questions
scaled as follows: 1 = Not Likely, 2
= Somewhat Likely, 3 = Likely, 4 = More Than Likely, and 5 =
Most Likely. This creates a scale
rank order from Not Likely to Most Likely with respect to
acceptance of the new consumer
product.
Interval Data
Oftentimes, in addition to being ordered, the differences (or
intervals) between two adjacent
measurement values on a measurement scale are identical. For
example, the differences in age
between managers 25 years of age and 30 years of age are the
same as the differences in age
between managers who are 40 years of age and 45 years of age.
That is to say, when each
interval represents the same increment of that which is being
measured, the measure is referred
to as an interval measurement or interval mathematical value.
7. because the higher the level of measurement of a variable, the
more powerful the statistical
techniques that can be employed to analyze the data. Take, for
example, the voters’ choice
wherein the nominal variables in the 2004 presidential race
were Bush, Kerry, Nader, etc. One
can count the number of votes each candidate received as well
as calculate the percentage each
candidate received. One can also calculate joint frequencies and
percentages by region and by
gender. One can also calculate the relationship between region
and vote and whether the
relationship occurred by chance. Unfortunately, using nominal
measurement data does not permit
one to use advanced methods of statistics. In the example
presented above, even when we
assign numbers to each candidate, we cannot very well
determine that Bush plus Kerry equals
Nader or that Nader divided by Kerry is half way between Bush
and Kerry, and so on. In an
attempt to calculate the situation, only the mentioned higher
level statistical techniques are
required.
If one uses a technique that assumes a higher level of
measurement than is appropriate for the
data, there is a risk of getting meaningless results and answers.
At the same time, if one uses a
technique that fails to take advantage of a higher level of
measurement, important things are often
overlooked about the data collected.
Computing and Using the Mean, Median, Mode, Frequency
Distribution, and Standard
Deviation
10. Solution
:
Second shift total units (ΣΧ) = 72
Second shift total number of employees (n) = 11
Mean = 72/11 = 6.55 units produced
First shift units (ΣΧ) = 69
First shift total number of employees (n) = 11
Mean = 69/11 = 6.27 units produced
Conclusion
What appears to be happening is that the second shift of line
employees produces more baby
strollers than the first shift of line employees.
Caution: No other conclusions can be drawn from the mean. To
11. determine whether production
differences are significant, a higher level statistical process
must be used. We can only “describe”
what has happened here and cannot draw conclusions or make
inferences as to why or how
much.
Median
Median is broadly defined as the middle value of a set of
measurement values. Just like medians
divide roads down the middle, so does the median in statistics
in that the median is simply the
middle number For highly skewed distributions, the median is a
better measure of central
tendency than the mean as extreme outliners or measurement
values do not affect it.
Formula:
No statistical formula is needed. To calculate the median of a
group of measurement scores,
simply find the
midpoint of the distribution by arranging the scores in
ascending order—from low to high.
13. Note: As the median values are equal, the mean is a better
choice to describe the measurement
data.
Mode
Mode is defined as the most frequent value in a measurement
data set and is of limited value.
Example
Second-shift stroller production: 5, 7, 8, 5, 7, 7, 9, 9, 5, 5, 5
Mode = 5
First-shift stroller production: 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8
Mode = 7
Variability
Furthermore, the central tendency is a summary measure of the
overall quantity of a
measurement data set. Variability (or dispersion) measures the
14. amount of spread in a
measurement data set. Variability is generally measured using
three criteria: range, variance, and
standard deviation.
Example
Range
The difference between the largest and the smallest value in the
data set is calculated by
subtracting the smallest value from the largest measurement
value. Although the range is a crude
measure of variability, it is easy to calculate and useful as an
outline description of a data set.
Page 7 of 5
16. In order to define the amount of deviation of a data set from the
mean, calculate the mean of all
the deviation scores, i.e., the variance.
Formula:
Standard Deviation
In statistics, the standard deviation represents the measure of
the spread of a set of
measurement values from the mean of the data set. Putting it
another way, the standard deviation
can be defined as the average amount by which scores in a
distribution differ from the mean while
ignoring the sign of the difference, i.e., the plus or minus value.
Further, standard deviations are
only good when referring to single data or measurement values,
i.e., finding out when a single
score falls with reference to being above or below the mean.
To find out the standard deviation of a data set, you must
perform the following steps:
18. Example
Consider, for example, a real estate manager who wants to
determine where his or her
department employees are placed with respect to the average
number of real estate closings they
accomplish per month.
The monthly closings are as follows: 8, 25, 7, 5, 8, 3, 10, 12, 9
1. First, calculate the mean and determine N.
2. Remember, the mean is the sum of scores divided by N,
where N is the number of scores.
3. Therefore, the mean = (8+25+7+5+8+3+10+12+9) / 9 or 9.67
4. Then, calculate the standard deviation, n, as illustrated
below.
Squared
Score Mean Deviation* Deviation
8 9.67 –1.67 2.79
19. 25 9.67 +15.33 235.01
7 9.67 –2.67 7.13
5 9.67 –4.67 21.81
8 9.67 –1.67 2.79
3 9.67 –6.67 44.49
10 9.67 +.33 .11
12 9.67 +2.33 5.43
9 9.67 –.67 .45
(*deviation from mean = score – mean)
Sum of squared deviation = 320.01
Standard Deviation = Square root (sum of squared deviations /
(N – 1))
22. thousand words” but also because
visually presented data is not generally bogged down with
useless facts and figures. That is to
say, visual presentations usually present the most salient or
robust features of an event,
occurrence, phenomenon, situation, problem, or condition.
Visually presented information can
also be considered the road map to what has happened or lies
ahead. Further, visually reported
data are not only colorful but also easy to construct, and one
does not have to be a statistician to
create them.
Unfortunately, visually reported data results in the behavioral
science arena have two primary
drawbacks, namely, the presenter and the lack of data
sophistication. For the most part, visually
presented data are based on percentages, raw numeric data
scores, and frequencies. Rarely is
visually presented material based on true value statistics based
on inferential statistical findings.
The reason is that the values for inferential statistics are not
amenable to graphs and charts, and
their values speak mathematically for themselves. That is to
say, inferential statistical values are
mathematical values that must be interpreted and are not
23. subjected to graphic presentation.
A Prelude to Statistical Data Analysis: Raw Data’s Wardrobe in
the Form of Bar Graphs,
Pie Charts, Line Graphs, Stem and Leaf Displays, and Box and
Whisper Plots
Introduction
Regardless of the type of chart or graph you use to illuminate or
express a concept or idea, they
all have one thing in common, namely, to communicate via
picture what is being studied or what
is happening. A behavioral scientist, or any other person who
wants to show what is taking place,
makes use of bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs, leaf displays,
and box and whisper plots.
Unfortunately, however, those who are not well-grounded and
informed about statistical
processes oftentimes rely on these pictorial presentations to
draw conclusions or make inferences
about what is being studied and evaluated. When this happens in
the behavioral science arena,
wrong decisions are often made about important matters.
Nonetheless, graphs and charts are an
24. important step in achieving what statistical processes will
eventually resolve.
Bar Graph
Bar graphs allow and encourage a great deal of poetic license to
those who design or make use
of them. The reason is that the one designing the bar graph
determines what scale is to be used.
This means that the information can be presented in a
misleading way. For example, by using a
smaller scale (for example, having each half inch of the height
of a bar represent 10 widgets
versus 50 widgets produced), one can exaggerate the truth,
make production differences look
more dramatic, or even exaggerate values. On the other hand, by
using a larger scale (for
example having each half inch of a bar represent 50 widgets
versus 10 widgets produced), a
person can downplay differences, make the end results look less
dramatic than they actually are
or even make small differences appear to be nonexistent. When
evaluating a bar graph, one
should do the following:
26. Suppose, for example, we want to pictorially present, via a bar
graph, information on how much
money is spent on transportation by individuals of different
income levels. The first step is to
gather the information from a representative sample (sampling
will be discussed later in the
course) and determine how much money each participant spends
on transportation in a year. The
second step is to define income level. The third step is to
determine the horizontal axis and the
vertical axis. When you are seeking the “how” of something,
always remember that it becomes
the vertical axis and the “category” becomes the horizontal axis.
For this particular example, the
bar graph might possibly look like the following:
To construct a bar graph, go to your Windows task bar, click on
Insert, click on Chart, and enter
your information when prompted.
Pie Charts
28. 12 Computing Descriptive Statistics
is not well-defined, the reader is unclear about what the parts
represent. Again, a pie is a
graphical representation of how many individual parts
contribute to the total.
Example
Take, for example, a human resource manager who is interested
in finding out how three different
departments in a business situation waste time on the Internet
on a given day when they should
be engaged in company business. The human resource person
would collect data through a time
study process and determine the number of times each employee
in each department logged on
and off the Internet for personal business. The times would be
collected and added together, and
each department’s time would be converted to percentages.
Going further, the human resource
manager reported that, cumulatively, the employees of
Department 1 spent a total of five hours a
day on the Internet, those of Department 2 spent two hours a
day, and those of Department 3