This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Genome-wide association studies have identified over 100 genetic risk loci for IBD, with about 30% shared between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These loci implicate biological pathways important for intestinal homeostasis such as barrier function, innate immune regulation, and response to microbes. Genetic variants can interact with environmental factors like smoking to influence IBD development through specific mechanisms. The review discusses candidate IBD genes in the context of relevant molecular pathways and how genetics studies continue providing insight into the complex interplay between host genetics and environmental cues in IBD.
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine by Andrei Alimov in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Crohn disease is one of the intestinal inflammatory diseases that does not have a permanent cure.
Here a brief explanation of the history, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, microscopic features, pathogenesis, clinical features and management have been discussed..
reference: latest edition of Love & Bailey, Sabiston, Schwartz
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine by Andrei Alimov in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Crohn disease is one of the intestinal inflammatory diseases that does not have a permanent cure.
Here a brief explanation of the history, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, microscopic features, pathogenesis, clinical features and management have been discussed..
reference: latest edition of Love & Bailey, Sabiston, Schwartz
Genetics and periodontal disease
Patients with periodontitis show inflammatory destruction of the supporting tissues around the teeth. Loss of connective tissue and collagen in the gingiva is characteristic, along with loss of periodontal ligament and resorption of alveolar bone. Thus the tooth roots become exposed to the oral environment, and the root and root cementum are colonized with a bacterial biofilm, which can calcify to form dental calculus. The chronicity and mostly slow progression of this disease results in tooth mobility, loss of chewing function, esthetic disturbances and, ultimately, if left untreated, tooth exfoliation. Moreover, periodontal inflammation has systemic effects; it can induce low grade systemic inflammation, which has negative effects on other organs.
Periodontitis is a complex chronic inflammatory disease with nonlinear progression that is caused by various factors each playing a role simultaneously and interacting with each other. The various factors determine the immune fitness of a subject. The host exists in a symbiotic relationship with the oral microbiome to maintain homeostasis. Loss of homeostasis results from loss of the host balance and an aberrant host response. This aberrant host response can manifest as a hyper‐ or hyporesponsiveness and/or lack of sufficient resolution of inflammatory reactions. The consequent chronic inflammation elicits changes in the ecology of the subgingival environment providing favorable conditions for the overgrowth of pathobionts that further propagate periodontal inflammation. The factors that determine immune fitness include: (a) genetic factors and epigenetic factors; (b) lifestyle factors; (c) comorbidities; (d) local or dental factors and factors that act randomly; and (e) pathobionts in a dysbiotic subgingival biofilm. Variants in at least 65 genes to date have been suggested as being associated with periodontitis based on genome‐wide association studies and candidate gene case control studies. Interestingly, reports have found pleiotropy between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. To date, 4 genetic loci are shared between coronary artery disease and periodontitis. The shared genes suggest that periodontitis is not causally related to atherosclerotic diseases, but rather both conditions are sequelae of similar (the same?) aberrant inflammatory pathways. In addition to variations in genomic sequences, epigenetic modifications of DNA can affect the genetic blueprint of the host responses.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder with many different putative influences mediating disease onset, severity, progression and diminution. Spontaneous natural IBD is classically expressed as Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) commonly found in primates; lymphoplasmocytic enteritis, eosinophilic gastritis and colitis, and ulcerative colitis with neuronal hyperplasia in dogs; and colitis in horses. Spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease has been noted in a
number of rodent models which differ in genetic strain background, induced mutation, microbiota influences and immunopathogenic pathways. Histological lesions in Crohn’s Disease feature noncaseating granulomatous inflammation while UC lesions typically exhibit ulceration, lamina propria inflammatory infiltrates and lack of granuloma development. Intestinal inflammation caused by CD and UC is also associated with increased incidence of intestinal neoplasia. Transgenic murine models have determined underlying etiological influences and appropriate therapeutic targets in IBD. This literature review will discuss current opinion and findings in spontaneous IBD, highlight selected transgenic rodent models of IBD and discuss their respective pathogenic mechanisms. It is very important to provide accommodation of induced putative deficits in activities of daily living and to assess discomfort and pain levels in the face of significant morbidity and/or mortality in these models. Epigenetic, environmental
(microbiome, metabolome) and nutritional factors are important in IBD pathogenesis, and evaluating ways in which they influence disease expression represent potential investigative approaches with the greatest potential for new discoveries.
5 hours agoRenita Weeks First Week 2 DiscussionCOLLAPSET.docxtroutmanboris
5 hours ago
Renita Weeks
First Week 2 Discussion
COLLAPSE
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First Week Two Discussion
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term for chronic inflammation of the bowel that includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Possible causes and risks for IBD are gene susceptibility, environmental, epithelial cell barrier function alteration, and altered immune response to intestinal microflora (Huether & McCance, 2017). The mucosal epithelium loses its ability to discern normal intestinal antigens from harmful ones and cell-mediated immunity is activated. Dendritic cells are activated, T cells differentiate, and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are produced (Huether & McCance, 2017). The result of the altered immune response is chronic inflammation (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018; Huether & McCance, 2017). Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease are slightly different with location and cellular appearance. With ulcerative colitis, the cellular inflammation and destruction can lead to frequent bowel movements, pain, fever, bloody stools, fissures, and abscess. Those with Crohn disease may experience diarrhea, pain, fistulae, and obstruction (Huether & McCance, 2017).
According to the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America (2014), the onset of IBD can occur at any age, but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35. When it comes to age, Herzog et al. (2018) found that disease onset results in no change of IBD behavior or progression. Similarly, a metanalysis found that age of diagnosis does not impact mortality (Duricova, Burisch, Jess, Gower-Rousseau, & Lakatos, 2014). However, pediatric diagnosis of IBD is found to have higher rates of anemia, and stomatitis, and lower rates of arthralgia and osteopenia (Herzog et al., 2018).
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic and relapsing condition of the skin, scalp, and nails. Psoriasis appears to be T cell driven. Dendritic cells react to a trigger and secrete cytokines (Fischer, 2017). Interleukins are secreted, impacting keratinocyte proliferation, cytokine secretion, and more activation of T cells (Fischer, 2017). Psoriasis is marked by a thickening of the dermis and epidermis because of cellular hyperproliferation, altered keratinocyte differentiation, and expanded dermal vasculature, causing scales and thickened red plaques (Huether & McCance, 2017). Psoriasis can occur at any age, although generally happens by the age of 35. There is not a lot of information on the factor of age. Gulliver, Parfre, Gulliver, Randell, and Connors (2016) state that psoriasis is associated with excess cardiovascular-related deaths and decreased longevity of 20 years. The authors state there are no predictive factors for at risk patients (Gulliver et al., 2016).
Comparison of IBD and Psoriasis
IBD and psoriasis seem to be the result of altered innate and cell-mediated response. Both have a cellular-mediated immune .
Genetic factors in pathogen colonisation is emerging as a new field of research as " infectogenomics". The susceptible host to periodontal disease directs towards genetic factors playing a role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Earlier identification of gene polymorphisms associated with periodontal disease preogression may help in early diagnosis, treatment of such susceptible host.
Sub-clinical necrotic enteritis: its aetiology and predisposing factors in co...Chamari Palliyeguru
How does the multi-factorial disease sub-clinical necrotic enteritis induced in poultry fed without antibiotic growth promoters?
Clostridium perfringes a commensal bacterium on the large intestines, induces enteritis and necroses in upper intestines.
Many dietary and management stress factors affect the multiplication of bacteria in the upper intestines. Thus, causes a severe damage in the absorptive mucosae causing a significant loss in the growth performances.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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