This study investigated the effects of various plant defense hormones and wounding on the levels of triterpene glycosides (actein and deoxyactein) in black cohosh rhizomes. Salicylic acid treatment significantly increased the levels of both actein and deoxyactein compared to untreated controls, suggesting salicylic acid plays a role in regulating the synthesis of these secondary metabolites. Jasmonic acid, ethylene, and wounding had no significant effect on actein or deoxyactein levels. Increasing glycoside levels through salicylic acid treatment could help supply the herbal supplement industry while also helping to conserve wild black cohosh populations.
ABSTRACT- This research evaluated the phytotoxic effect of the hexane (H.E), ethyl acetate (EtOAc.E) and methanolic (MeOH.E) crude extracts of the Tephrosia cinerea leaves on the seed germination of seeds using two weed species, Mimosa pudica (Malícia) and Senna obtusifolia (Mata-pasto), as test plants. The compounds were isolated using classic chromatography techniques and the structural elucidation of the compounds was performed by 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D) techniques. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of T. cinerea were the most active, as they inhibited the germination of seeds in 92.0% and 81.0% respectively of malícia and mata-pasto, the ethyl acetate extract inhibited germination by 81.0% and the methanolic extract by 32.0%. The chemical study led to isolation of cinnamic acid and rotenone from the ethyl acetate extract, and mixture containing triacylglycerol and β-sitosterol fatty acids from the hexane extract and the disaccharide trehalose from methanolic extract.
Key-words- Invasive species, Phytotoxicity, Crude extracts, Rotenone
The pesticidal potential of Alternathera brasiliana in solving pest problems ...Olawale Shiro
This study evaluated the pesticidal potential of Alternanthera brasiliana leaf extract on Hymenia recurvalis, a pest of Amaranthus cruentus. Phytochemical analysis of A. brasiliana revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, glycosides and resins. A field experiment tested different concentrations of A. brasiliana extract (100, 75, 50, 25%) against a synthetic pesticide (Cypermethrin) on A. cruentus. Results showed the 100% extract enhanced plant growth and increased yield compared to other treatments and the control. This study suggests A. brasiliana extract is effective against H. recurvalis and could
Anticancer activity of lactuca steriolla growing under dry desertAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the anticancer activity of extracts from the plant Lactuca serriola, which grows in northern Saudi Arabia. Various extracts of the plant were tested for cytotoxicity against 4 human cancer cell lines. The methanol extract showed high cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells and the hexane extract showed good cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells. Compounds were isolated from the extracts using chromatography and identified using NMR and GC-MS. Steroids, triterpenes, and essential oils were isolated. The results suggest compounds from L. serriola may have potential as anticancer agents and warrant further investigation.
This document summarizes a study on the insecticidal properties of extracts from different parts of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) against Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagous pest. Hexane extracts of whole periwinkle seeds were the most effective at reducing pupal survival, weight, and length of H. armigera, as well as adult emergence. Fractionation of the seed extract yielded a fraction containing fatty acids that showed high larval mortality. Gas chromatography identified oleic, linoleic, palmitic and margaric acids as major constituents, suggesting fatty acids contribute to the insecticidal activity.
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
Five prenylated xanthones were isolated from the heartwood of Calophyllum brasiliensis and tested for antifungal activity against Postia placenta. Hexane, acetone, methanol, and water extracts of C. brasiliensis heartwood were prepared, with the methanol extract most strongly inhibiting the growth of P. placenta by 83%. Chromatography of the acetone and methanol extracts yielded five xanthones: 6-desoxyjacareubin (I), 1,5-dihydroxy-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-3-methoxyxanthone (II), jacareubin (III), 1,3,5-trihydroxy
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVA...Dr Dama
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVATED CAPSICUM FRUITS EXTRACTS
*Vinchurkar A.S., *Sonawane S. R., *Sherkhane S.S., *Mane P. P., *Valsange A.B. and *Dama L. B.
ABSTRACT- This research evaluated the phytotoxic effect of the hexane (H.E), ethyl acetate (EtOAc.E) and methanolic (MeOH.E) crude extracts of the Tephrosia cinerea leaves on the seed germination of seeds using two weed species, Mimosa pudica (Malícia) and Senna obtusifolia (Mata-pasto), as test plants. The compounds were isolated using classic chromatography techniques and the structural elucidation of the compounds was performed by 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D) techniques. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of T. cinerea were the most active, as they inhibited the germination of seeds in 92.0% and 81.0% respectively of malícia and mata-pasto, the ethyl acetate extract inhibited germination by 81.0% and the methanolic extract by 32.0%. The chemical study led to isolation of cinnamic acid and rotenone from the ethyl acetate extract, and mixture containing triacylglycerol and β-sitosterol fatty acids from the hexane extract and the disaccharide trehalose from methanolic extract.
Key-words- Invasive species, Phytotoxicity, Crude extracts, Rotenone
The pesticidal potential of Alternathera brasiliana in solving pest problems ...Olawale Shiro
This study evaluated the pesticidal potential of Alternanthera brasiliana leaf extract on Hymenia recurvalis, a pest of Amaranthus cruentus. Phytochemical analysis of A. brasiliana revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, glycosides and resins. A field experiment tested different concentrations of A. brasiliana extract (100, 75, 50, 25%) against a synthetic pesticide (Cypermethrin) on A. cruentus. Results showed the 100% extract enhanced plant growth and increased yield compared to other treatments and the control. This study suggests A. brasiliana extract is effective against H. recurvalis and could
Anticancer activity of lactuca steriolla growing under dry desertAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the anticancer activity of extracts from the plant Lactuca serriola, which grows in northern Saudi Arabia. Various extracts of the plant were tested for cytotoxicity against 4 human cancer cell lines. The methanol extract showed high cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells and the hexane extract showed good cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells. Compounds were isolated from the extracts using chromatography and identified using NMR and GC-MS. Steroids, triterpenes, and essential oils were isolated. The results suggest compounds from L. serriola may have potential as anticancer agents and warrant further investigation.
This document summarizes a study on the insecticidal properties of extracts from different parts of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) against Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagous pest. Hexane extracts of whole periwinkle seeds were the most effective at reducing pupal survival, weight, and length of H. armigera, as well as adult emergence. Fractionation of the seed extract yielded a fraction containing fatty acids that showed high larval mortality. Gas chromatography identified oleic, linoleic, palmitic and margaric acids as major constituents, suggesting fatty acids contribute to the insecticidal activity.
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
Five prenylated xanthones were isolated from the heartwood of Calophyllum brasiliensis and tested for antifungal activity against Postia placenta. Hexane, acetone, methanol, and water extracts of C. brasiliensis heartwood were prepared, with the methanol extract most strongly inhibiting the growth of P. placenta by 83%. Chromatography of the acetone and methanol extracts yielded five xanthones: 6-desoxyjacareubin (I), 1,5-dihydroxy-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-3-methoxyxanthone (II), jacareubin (III), 1,3,5-trihydroxy
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVA...Dr Dama
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVATED CAPSICUM FRUITS EXTRACTS
*Vinchurkar A.S., *Sonawane S. R., *Sherkhane S.S., *Mane P. P., *Valsange A.B. and *Dama L. B.
Comparison of n docosanol and β - sitosterol content in the leaf and stem ba...Younis I Munshi
The document compares the levels of β-sitosterol and n-docosanol in leaves and stem bark of Prunus africana collected from different regions in Tanzania. The analysis found higher concentrations of both compounds in the leaves compared to the stem bark. Specifically, β-sitosterol levels ranged from 0.1518-0.2277 μg in leaves and 0.0969-0.2184 μg in stem bark. N-docosanol levels ranged from 0.33991-0.4989 μg in leaves and 0.1484-0.2069 μg in stem bark. Given the higher compound levels, the study suggests harvesting leaves instead of stem bark to sustainably produce herbal
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of crude methanol extracts and partitioned fractions of four Bangladeshi medicinal plants - Abrus precatorius, Magnolia pterocarpa, Dracaena spicata, and Ravenala madagascariensis. Fractions from M. pterocarpa and D. spicata exhibited zones of inhibition up to 23mm and 18mm, respectively, against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The carbon tetrachloride fraction of A. precatorius showed the largest zone of inhibition of 15mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. R. madagascariensis demonstrated generally weak antimicrobial activity with zones up to 9mm. The results suggest that fractions
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
Biological activities of Barleria cristatapharmaindexing
The study evaluated the biological activities of Barleria cristata, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, and antimicrobial properties. Several fractions of the methanol leaf extract showed antioxidant effects in DPPH radical scavenging and phenolic content assays. The hexane fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against brine shrimp. The aqueous fraction showed 45% clot lysis in the thrombolytic assay compared to 65.66% for streptokinase. Membrane stabilizing effects were observed against heat and hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis. The chloroform fraction demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various microbes.
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
This document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the leaves of Vernonia glabra and roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, which are traditionally used in Malawi to treat bacterial infections. Aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts as well as dichloromethane, hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. Results showed that V. glabra acetone leaf extracts were effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, while S. longepedunculata
This document summarizes a study that evaluated pesticide residue levels of imidacloprid and abamectin on tomato, cucumber, and pepper plants after spraying. Researchers sprayed the pesticides at concentrations commonly used by farmers in Palestine and measured residue levels on plant parts and in soil over 10 days using HPLC. Residue levels of both pesticides were higher than levels found in previous studies and exceeded maximum residue limits for the first 5 days. Abamectin residues were higher than imidacloprid residues, and both pesticides showed higher soil residues compared to plant residues. The degradation rates of the pesticides in soil followed first-order kinetics with high correlation.
Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa L and Rumex ...theijes
The present study presents the effectiveness of Nigella sativa and Rumex dentatus against some selected microorganisms which are known to cause diseases in human beings and the comparative study of extent of antimicrobial properties of various extracts. Petroleum ether, Methanol and Aqueous extracts of seeds and whole plant respectively were prepared and then tested against pathogenic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition for Nigella sativa was found maximum in petroleum ether extract of 30 mm at a dose of 250μg/ml against Salmonella typhimurium while as at the same concentration the highest inhibition zone diameter of 21mm was recorded against K. pneumoniae for methanol extract in case of Rumex dentatus.
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Arbutin from Leaves of Pyru...IJERA Editor
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pallas. ssp. elaeagnifolia is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment
of various diseases in Turkey. The leaves of Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia are a rich source of arbutin,
which is a naturally occurring derivative of hydroquinone. It is found in various plant species belonging to
diverse families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It inhibits tyrosinase and has
been employed as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a
Box Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the condition for extraction of arbutin from the leaves of
Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia. Three influencing factors; methanol concentration, period of ultrasoundassisted
extraction and extraction temperature were investigated in the ultrasonic aqueous extraction. The
Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize the extraction process focused on arbutin content with
respect to the above influencing factors. The best combination of each significant factor was determined by
RSM design and optimum pretreatment conditions for maximum arbutin content were established to be
methanol concentration of 48.54 %, extraction time of 39.32 min. And extraction temperature of 43.71 0C.
Under these conditions 5.37 % of arbutin content was observed experimentally, similar to the theoretical
prediction of 5.30 %.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis by hplc of major peganum harmala alkalo...Alexander Decker
The content and composition of major alkaloids in Peganum harmala varies significantly depending on the plant's developmental stage and organ. Analysis showed:
1) Roots contained the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of alkaloids, particularly harmine, which remained the most abundant molecule.
2) Alkaloid content generally increased during the first 3 weeks of growth and stabilized during vegetative growth before declining at flowering.
3) Optimal exploitation of P. harmala's alkaloids is harvesting plant material during vegetative growth when organs are richest.
In Votro Conservation Of Exotic LavenderFareeha Malik
Lavender is an exotic plant species with various medicinal uses. The study aimed to optimize the micropropagation protocol for lavender through in vitro culture. Different sterilization methods and hormone concentrations were tested to determine the best system for shoot proliferation. Results showed the highest survival rate with a particular sterilization method. Certain hormone treatments led to increased leaf number, shoot number, and shoot length compared to controls. Lavender extracts also demonstrated antioxidant properties, indicating potential applications in cancer treatment. Overall, the study developed an efficient in vitro culture system for lavender conservation and explored its medicinal value.
The document summarizes research on the plant Desmodium gangeticum. It finds that the methanolic extract of the leaves contains N, N-dimethyltryptamine through analysis using HPTLC. Specifically:
1) HPTLC analysis of the methanolic leaf extract revealed 10 peaks, indicating the presence of multiple compounds.
2) One compound, labeled DG1, was isolated through PTLC and found to have a Rf value of 0.82 through HPTLC, matching N, N-dimethyltryptamine.
3) While tentative due to a lack of NMR and mass spectroscopy, the research indicates N, N-dimethyltryptamine is present in the leaves of Des
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Potential of Secondary Metabolites Isolated From Clausena dentata in Endosulf...iosrjce
In recent times the usage of plant secondary metabolites for degradation of pesticide is cheaper and
safer to environment. The present paper mainly focused on isolation of secondary metabolites from Clausena
dentata and its degradation potential of endosulfan pesticide. The significant degradation was found in
saponins for both 1000 and 2000 µg/ml concentration of endosulfan with 1 and 2 ml of secondary metabolites
with corresponding P value =< 0.0001. Amongst all secondary metabolites the saponins and terpenoids are
degrade endosulfan efficiently.
The effectS of Brassica oleracea plant extracts on tow type of leukemia cells...IOSR Journals
1. Brassica oleracea plant extracts were prepared using cold water, hot water, and ethanol and tested for antioxidant activity and effects on leukemia cells.
2. All extracts showed significant antioxidant effects in a DPPH radical scavenging assay.
3. The extracts were able to kill 50-75% of abnormal cells from patients with acute lympho-blastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after 24 hours of treatment. DNA fragmentation indicated the extracts induced apoptosis or programmed cell death.
Effect of basal medium on in vitro leaf morphology, growth and artemisinin pr...Alexander Decker
The document examines the effect of different basal media on the growth, morphology, and artemisinin production of in vitro Artemisia annua plantlets. Five basal media (MS, WM, LV, B5, and NN) were tested. The basal media had different effects on plantlet growth, leaf trichome and stomata formation, and artemisinin content. B5 medium promoted the best growth for all clones tested. Trichome numbers and stomata formation varied between media and leaf surfaces. Artemisinin production was also affected by the choice of basal medium.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Comparison of n docosanol and β - sitosterol content in the leaf and stem ba...Younis I Munshi
The document compares the levels of β-sitosterol and n-docosanol in leaves and stem bark of Prunus africana collected from different regions in Tanzania. The analysis found higher concentrations of both compounds in the leaves compared to the stem bark. Specifically, β-sitosterol levels ranged from 0.1518-0.2277 μg in leaves and 0.0969-0.2184 μg in stem bark. N-docosanol levels ranged from 0.33991-0.4989 μg in leaves and 0.1484-0.2069 μg in stem bark. Given the higher compound levels, the study suggests harvesting leaves instead of stem bark to sustainably produce herbal
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of crude methanol extracts and partitioned fractions of four Bangladeshi medicinal plants - Abrus precatorius, Magnolia pterocarpa, Dracaena spicata, and Ravenala madagascariensis. Fractions from M. pterocarpa and D. spicata exhibited zones of inhibition up to 23mm and 18mm, respectively, against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The carbon tetrachloride fraction of A. precatorius showed the largest zone of inhibition of 15mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. R. madagascariensis demonstrated generally weak antimicrobial activity with zones up to 9mm. The results suggest that fractions
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
Biological activities of Barleria cristatapharmaindexing
The study evaluated the biological activities of Barleria cristata, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, and antimicrobial properties. Several fractions of the methanol leaf extract showed antioxidant effects in DPPH radical scavenging and phenolic content assays. The hexane fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against brine shrimp. The aqueous fraction showed 45% clot lysis in the thrombolytic assay compared to 65.66% for streptokinase. Membrane stabilizing effects were observed against heat and hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis. The chloroform fraction demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various microbes.
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
This document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the leaves of Vernonia glabra and roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, which are traditionally used in Malawi to treat bacterial infections. Aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts as well as dichloromethane, hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. Results showed that V. glabra acetone leaf extracts were effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, while S. longepedunculata
This document summarizes a study that evaluated pesticide residue levels of imidacloprid and abamectin on tomato, cucumber, and pepper plants after spraying. Researchers sprayed the pesticides at concentrations commonly used by farmers in Palestine and measured residue levels on plant parts and in soil over 10 days using HPLC. Residue levels of both pesticides were higher than levels found in previous studies and exceeded maximum residue limits for the first 5 days. Abamectin residues were higher than imidacloprid residues, and both pesticides showed higher soil residues compared to plant residues. The degradation rates of the pesticides in soil followed first-order kinetics with high correlation.
Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa L and Rumex ...theijes
The present study presents the effectiveness of Nigella sativa and Rumex dentatus against some selected microorganisms which are known to cause diseases in human beings and the comparative study of extent of antimicrobial properties of various extracts. Petroleum ether, Methanol and Aqueous extracts of seeds and whole plant respectively were prepared and then tested against pathogenic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition for Nigella sativa was found maximum in petroleum ether extract of 30 mm at a dose of 250μg/ml against Salmonella typhimurium while as at the same concentration the highest inhibition zone diameter of 21mm was recorded against K. pneumoniae for methanol extract in case of Rumex dentatus.
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Arbutin from Leaves of Pyru...IJERA Editor
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pallas. ssp. elaeagnifolia is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment
of various diseases in Turkey. The leaves of Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia are a rich source of arbutin,
which is a naturally occurring derivative of hydroquinone. It is found in various plant species belonging to
diverse families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It inhibits tyrosinase and has
been employed as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a
Box Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the condition for extraction of arbutin from the leaves of
Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia. Three influencing factors; methanol concentration, period of ultrasoundassisted
extraction and extraction temperature were investigated in the ultrasonic aqueous extraction. The
Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize the extraction process focused on arbutin content with
respect to the above influencing factors. The best combination of each significant factor was determined by
RSM design and optimum pretreatment conditions for maximum arbutin content were established to be
methanol concentration of 48.54 %, extraction time of 39.32 min. And extraction temperature of 43.71 0C.
Under these conditions 5.37 % of arbutin content was observed experimentally, similar to the theoretical
prediction of 5.30 %.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis by hplc of major peganum harmala alkalo...Alexander Decker
The content and composition of major alkaloids in Peganum harmala varies significantly depending on the plant's developmental stage and organ. Analysis showed:
1) Roots contained the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of alkaloids, particularly harmine, which remained the most abundant molecule.
2) Alkaloid content generally increased during the first 3 weeks of growth and stabilized during vegetative growth before declining at flowering.
3) Optimal exploitation of P. harmala's alkaloids is harvesting plant material during vegetative growth when organs are richest.
In Votro Conservation Of Exotic LavenderFareeha Malik
Lavender is an exotic plant species with various medicinal uses. The study aimed to optimize the micropropagation protocol for lavender through in vitro culture. Different sterilization methods and hormone concentrations were tested to determine the best system for shoot proliferation. Results showed the highest survival rate with a particular sterilization method. Certain hormone treatments led to increased leaf number, shoot number, and shoot length compared to controls. Lavender extracts also demonstrated antioxidant properties, indicating potential applications in cancer treatment. Overall, the study developed an efficient in vitro culture system for lavender conservation and explored its medicinal value.
The document summarizes research on the plant Desmodium gangeticum. It finds that the methanolic extract of the leaves contains N, N-dimethyltryptamine through analysis using HPTLC. Specifically:
1) HPTLC analysis of the methanolic leaf extract revealed 10 peaks, indicating the presence of multiple compounds.
2) One compound, labeled DG1, was isolated through PTLC and found to have a Rf value of 0.82 through HPTLC, matching N, N-dimethyltryptamine.
3) While tentative due to a lack of NMR and mass spectroscopy, the research indicates N, N-dimethyltryptamine is present in the leaves of Des
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Potential of Secondary Metabolites Isolated From Clausena dentata in Endosulf...iosrjce
In recent times the usage of plant secondary metabolites for degradation of pesticide is cheaper and
safer to environment. The present paper mainly focused on isolation of secondary metabolites from Clausena
dentata and its degradation potential of endosulfan pesticide. The significant degradation was found in
saponins for both 1000 and 2000 µg/ml concentration of endosulfan with 1 and 2 ml of secondary metabolites
with corresponding P value =< 0.0001. Amongst all secondary metabolites the saponins and terpenoids are
degrade endosulfan efficiently.
The effectS of Brassica oleracea plant extracts on tow type of leukemia cells...IOSR Journals
1. Brassica oleracea plant extracts were prepared using cold water, hot water, and ethanol and tested for antioxidant activity and effects on leukemia cells.
2. All extracts showed significant antioxidant effects in a DPPH radical scavenging assay.
3. The extracts were able to kill 50-75% of abnormal cells from patients with acute lympho-blastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after 24 hours of treatment. DNA fragmentation indicated the extracts induced apoptosis or programmed cell death.
Effect of basal medium on in vitro leaf morphology, growth and artemisinin pr...Alexander Decker
The document examines the effect of different basal media on the growth, morphology, and artemisinin production of in vitro Artemisia annua plantlets. Five basal media (MS, WM, LV, B5, and NN) were tested. The basal media had different effects on plantlet growth, leaf trichome and stomata formation, and artemisinin content. B5 medium promoted the best growth for all clones tested. Trichome numbers and stomata formation varied between media and leaf surfaces. Artemisinin production was also affected by the choice of basal medium.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
- The document evaluates Melia azedarach as a botanical pesticide against beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) by testing extracts from M. azedarach fruits and roots on S. exigua larvae.
- Fruits and roots were collected locally and cold extracted using water and methanol to obtain concentrates. The extracts were mixed into larval diet at 1:30 extract to diet ratio and fed to S. exigua neonates for 9 days.
- Mortality and weight gain of larvae were recorded after 4, 7, and 9 days of feeding. Nonparametric statistical tests found the root cortex aqueous extract caused significantly higher mortality than the control at day 7
The saponins contents of six Egyptian plants; Alhagi maurorum, Lippia nodiflora, Pergularia tomentosa,
Spergularia marina, Tribulus terrestris and Zygophyllum album were biologically determined by using
Trichoderma viride Pers. a sensitive fungus to saponins. Potato-glucose medium was used in culturing
the fungus. The experiment revealed that the high value of saponins contents was recorded in Spergularia
marina (6.06 mg/100 ml). Whereas, the minimum value was recorded in Lippia nodiflora and Alhagi
maurorum (1.14 and 1.88 mg/100 ml, respectively).
This document summarizes a study that investigated the induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in tomato cells and leaves in response to treatment with elicitors from the fungal plant pathogen Alternaria solani. The study found that a crude glycoprotein elicitor preparation from A. solani induced the production of two PR proteins (thaumatin-like protein and chitinase) in suspension-cultured tomato cells and leaves, as detected by western blot analysis. The elicitor activity was found to be associated with glycoproteins rather than polysaccharides or proteins alone. This study provides a basis for further research on the early events involved in plant perception and signaling of pathogen attack.
Efficiency of some essential oils and insecticides in the control of some sit...Mohamed Alassal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of essential oils from anise and clove, diatomaceous earth, spinetoram, and malathion on physiological and biochemical parameters of three grain weevil species: granary weevil, rice weevil, and maize weevil. The study found that malathion and spinetoram were the most effective at controlling the weevil species based on their median lethal concentration values. Exposure to the test compounds resulted in various effects on total protein content and enzyme activity levels in the weevils.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
1) The study tested the effects of different concentrations of the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin on root border cell production in cucumber, tomato, and lettuce seeds.
2) The results showed that IAA and kinetin stimulated increased border cell production in all three crops, but the response varied between crops and hormone concentrations.
3) Cucumber production was highest at 0.1 μM for both hormones. Tomato increased at 10 μM kinetin. Lettuce increased at 0.01 μM kinetin and 10 μM IAA.
4) DNA was successfully extracted from the border cells and amplified by PCR, demonstrating their potential as a simple research tool.
ABSTRACT- Cassava leaves (Mannihot esculenta Crantz) are largely consumed as vegetable in African, but contain a toxic compound, cyanide. The present study explored the assay for liver enzymes on adult Wistar rats. Twelve’s adult Wistar rats weighing 110-150g were distributed into three groups of four rats each. Groups 2 and 3 were administered orally with M. esculenta leaf aqueous extract at 0.2ml and 0.5ml respectively for 14 days. Group 1 was control and received 0.3ml of normal saline. The effect of aqueous extract of M. esculenta on the body weight, liver enzyme was evaluated. After the end of the administration (day 14), the weight were taken before sacrificed the next day. Rat’s liver were excised and fixed in 10% formal saline, then processed for rapid routine paraffin embedding. Our results showed significant difference (p<0.05)><0.05) in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in animals treated with 0.2ml and 0.5ml of the extract relative to the control. From the results of this study, it may be concluded that the administration of aqueous extract of Mannihot esculenta leaf is toxic to Wistar rats at the dose administered.
Key-words- Wistar rats, SEM, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
This study evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of bioassay-guided fractions from Malaysian Solanum nigrum leaf and fruit extracts. Fractionation of the methanol leaf extract yielded 13 fractions and the ethanol fruit extract yielded 17 fractions. Some fractions showed high cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines with IC50 values as low as 12-13 μg/mL. The most potent fractions inhibited cancer cells similarly to the positive controls doxorubicin and vinblastine. Additionally, certain fractions exhibited strong radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in antioxidant assays. Overall, the results suggest that Solanum nigrum leaves and fruits contain cytotoxic and antioxidant compounds warranting further purification and investigation.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
1) The document examines the persistence of triclosan in the environment and its potential toxic effects on algae. It finds that triclosan decreases algae growth and chlorophyll a concentration in a dose-dependent manner.
2) The study exposed the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. to different concentrations of triclosan from 10-50 ppm. It observed decreased algae population, changes in color, and decreased chlorophyll a levels as the triclosan concentration increased.
3) Growth curves showed triclosan treatment reduced the exponential phase and led to an earlier decline phase compared to the control. Conductivity also increased with decreased chlorophyll a and phytop
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic
acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2
extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid
methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich
fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-
angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 μg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak
in activity (IC50 = 432.3 μg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert
was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to
Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and
methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of
methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very
strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Similar to DeCapite 2015 SA treatment Black Cohosh (20)
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium Rauwolfii
DeCapite 2015 SA treatment Black Cohosh
1. RAPID COMMUNICATION
Salicylic Acid Treatment Increases the Levels of Triterpene
Glycosides in Black Cohosh (Actaea Racemosa) Rhizomes
Annette De Capite1,2
& Tyler Lancaster1
& David Puthoff1
Received: 1 July 2015 /Revised: 4 November 2015 /Accepted: 16 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) serves as the host
plant for the Appalachian azure butterfly, Celastrina
neglectamajor. Overharvesting of Black cohosh for the die-
tary supplement industry may result in its extirpation, and may
also cause the elimination of the dependent butterfly. One way
to increase or maintain the number of host plants in forested
environments would be to reduce the number harvested, for
example by increasing the levels of the desired metabolites in
Black cohosh rhizomes. The secondary metabolites actein and
deoxyactein are triterpene glycosides and are among the com-
pounds associated with the putative activity of Black cohosh
extracts. Acetein and deoxyacetein are used to standardize
Black cohosh supplements. To gain an understanding of
mechanisms that may control actein and deoxyactein accumu-
lation, Black cohosh rhizomes were treated with exogenous
salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene, or were mechanical-
ly wounded. Salicylic acid treatment significantly increased
the levels of actein and deoxyactein in the rhizome of Black
cohosh, suggesting that the synthesis of triterpene glycosides
is controlled in part by salicylic acid. Using salicylic acid or
related chemicals to increase the levels of actein and
deoxyactein in rhizomes may help supply the supplement in-
dustry and, simultaneously, help conserve Black cohosh and
species dependent upon it.
Keywords Jasmonic acid . Ethylene . Wounding . Actein .
Deoxyactein . Secondary metabolite
Introduction
Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) is a medicinal plant native to
the U.S. that is found mainly in shaded environments within
wooded areas of Appalachia. Most of the Black cohosh for the
supplement industry is collected from wild populations al-
though harvesting the roots and rhizomes of the plant dimin-
ishes the Black cohosh population. Black cohosh provides a
vital niche for other species within the same environment. For
example, the caterpillars of the Appalachian azure butterfly
(Celastrina neglectamajor) feed exclusively on the buds of
A. racemosa (NatureServe 2015). This butterfly is found in
only 20 sites within all of Indiana (Shuey 2005). and is ranked
as vulnerable-secure (S3-S4) in Kentucky by NatureServe
(2015). In addition, this species is listed as S2 (imperiled) in
Maryland and S3 (vulnerable) in PA and WV (NatureServe
2015). Loss of wild Black cohosh plants due to harvesting
could contribute to further pressures on the Appalachian azure
butterfly.
In addition to risks to associated insects, collection of wild
A. racemosa is risky because of the likelihood of confusion
between several Actaeeae species including the threatened
(A. podacarpa) and poisonous (A. pachypoda) members.
Actaea podacarpa has few characteristics that distinguish it
from A. racemose including only a small difference in the fruit
and flowers (Ramsey 1987). Limiting harvest of Black cohosh
will not only protect Black cohosh’s wild genetic diversity and
the diversity of closely-related, difficult to distinguish species
but also the ecology of species dependent upon this plant.
Black cohosh contains two secondary metabolites, actein
and deoxyactein, which belong to the terpenoid class
* David Puthoff
dpputhoff@frostburg.edu
1
Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, 101 Braddock
Rd, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA
2
Present address: Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology,
Oklahoma University, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019,
USA
J Chem Ecol
DOI 10.1007/s10886-015-0655-x
2. (Nagarajan 2002). These compounds have been used to stan-
dardize nutritional supplemental extracts from Black cohosh
(Ganzera et al. 2000). While most of the research involving
actein and deoxyactein has been focused on potential pharma-
cological activity in humans, our research was aimed at deter-
mining how Black cohosh regulates production of these sec-
ondary metabolites in order to develop methods to increase
production of bioactive extracts and to better understand the
natural history of these compounds.
Given that most secondary plant metabolites are used to
defend plants against attackers (Howe and Jander 2008). we
hypothesized that plant-defense related hormones (jasmonic
acid, salicylic acid, ethylene) or the process of wounding
would cause an increase in the levels of actein and
deoxyactein in Black cohosh rhizome.
Methods and Materials
Rhizome Collection and Treatments Rhizomes of Black
cohosh for the wounding experiments were harvested from
the Frostburg State University campus. For all other treat-
ments, rhizomes were purchased from Catoctin Mountain
Botanicals (Jefferson, MD, USA). Collected rhizomes gener-
ally ranged from 20 to 50 g while those that were purchased
were generally smaller (~15–25 g). Immediately after harvest
or purchase, rhizomes were divided into two random groups
and the above-ground tissues were removed with a scalpel.
Each rhizome then was sliced cross-wise (down the vertical
axis, perpendicular to the soil line and parallel to the length of
the rhizome) in half with a razor blade. For the jasmonic acid,
salicylic acid, and ethylene treatments, including controls, one
half of the rhizome was submerged with the selected com-
pound dissolved in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) while
the other half was incubated in buffer alone for 24 h. In gen-
eral, 5–15 cm2
of exposed surface area were treated. Jasmonic
acid was applied as a 10 μM solution, ethylene as a 29 ppm
solution of ethephon (Sigma), and salicylic acid as a 100 μM
solution. In order to wound rhizomes, they were squeezed to
almost the breaking point with an electrician’s pliers every
1 cm. After treatment, rhizomes were removed from treat-
ment, rinsed briefly, blotted dry, and allowed to air dry for 3
d at room temperature.
Rhizome Processing and Extraction The treated rhizomes
were sliced longitudinally and immediately dried at 50 °C for
48 h followed by storage at room temperature for up to 1 d.
Rhizomes were ground for 2–5 min, depending on rhizome size,
in a Bel-Art Products Micro-mill (Peaquannock, NJ, USA).
Ground samples were stored at −80 °C until extraction. One half
gram of dried rhizome material was extracted × 3 with 3 ml of
methanol with sonication followed by 20 s vortexing. The super-
natants were combined, and methanol was added to bring the
volume to 10 ml. Each 10 ml extract was filtered through a
0.45 μm filter (Fisher) and stored at -80 °C.
Preparation of Actein and Deoxyactein Standards
Standards of actein and 23-epi-26-deoxyactein (deoxyactein)
(Chromadex, Irvine, CA, USA) were prepared as stock solu-
tions (0.2 mg/ml) in methanol and were stored at −20 or
−80 °C. Serial dilutions were performed to obtain mixtures
containing each compound at the following concentrations:
0.1 mg/ml, 0.05 mg/ml, and 0.025 mg/ml. The standards were
utilized to establish a standard curve for analysis of actein and
deoxyactein concentration in rhizome extracts using HPTLC.
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
Silica gel HPTLC plates (20 × 20 cm) (EMD Millipore, Merk,
Darmstadt, Germany) were dried at 40 °C for at least 24 h.
Actein and deoxyactein standards and plant extracts were
spotted 1.5 cm above the bottom of plate with 0.5 cm between
each spot. Each standard spot consisted of either 10 or 5 μl to
ensure that the standard curve amounts bracketed the plant
samples. Each plant extract consisted of 4 μl. Spotted plates
were dried for 15 min at room temperature and then one hr at
40 °C before development. The mobile phase consisted of
ethyl formate: toluene: formic acid (30:50:20). The develop-
ment chamber was equilibrated with the mobile phase using
Whatman paper for 30 min prior to loading plates inside. After
the solvent front had reached 0.5 cm from the top of the plate,
plates were removed from the development chamber and dried
at room temperature for 15 min then transferred to 40 °C for
15 min. Plates were immersed in enough Anisaldehyde re-
agent (5 % sulfuric acid, 5 % acetic acid, 90 % methanol) to
cover the plate (~20 ml) for 1 s, allowed to dry, and then were
transferred to a hot plate (100 °C) for 1 min. Plates were
examined under visible light and digitally photographed im-
mediately after staining. The intensity of each spot from the
standard curve and the plant extracts were quantified using
spot densitometry (AlphaEaseFC ver3.2.3 AlphaInnotech
(now ProteinSimple), San Leandro, CA, USA). A Student’s
t-test was used to compare the treated and control halves of the
rhizomes.
Results
In order to elucidate treatments that alter the levels of actein and
deoxyactein in rhizomes, Black cohosh rhizomes were either
wounded or treated with exogenous jasmonic acid, salicylic acid,
or ethylene. The rhizomes used for these studies were collected
from wild populations, and thus represent an unknown genetic
diversity. In addition, environmental conditions (e.g., soil types,
light levels, pathogens/pests) may have varied among the rhi-
zomes so that each rhizome was split and one-half was used
for treatment and the other half as the control.
J Chem Ecol
3. Wounded Black cohosh rhizomes did not have significant-
ly different levels of either actein or deoxyactein compared to
untreated controls (Fig. 1a). There was an overall higher level
of deoxyactein as compared to actein in extracts of unwound-
ed and wounded rhizomes. Treatment of rhizomes with
jasmonic acid did not result in significant differences in the
levels of actein and or deoxyactein compared to untreated
controls (Fig. 1b). Likewise, when comparing rhizomes that
were either treated or not with ethylene, there were no signif-
icant differences (Fig. 1c). As seen with the rhizomes from the
other experiments in this study, the level of deoxyactein was
higher overall as compared to actein.
In contrast to the other treatments, salicylic acid treated
rhizomes did have significantly more actein and deoxyactein
compared to the untreated controls (P = 0.026, 0.009 for
actein and deoxyactein, respectively) (Fig. 1d). Levels of
deoxyactein rose from just under 3 mg/g dry rhizome
to 4 mg/g dry weight. Actein levels rose from just over
2 mg/g dry weight to just under 5 mg/g dry weight.
The increases between salicylic acid-treated and control
rhizomes were 2.2- and 1.4-fold for actein and deoxyactein,
respectively. Unlike untreated plants or plants from other
treatments, in the salicylic acid-treated rhizomes, the
amount of actein and deoxyactein were approximately
equal (Fig. 1d).
Discussion
It has been noted that conservation of plant species in general
simultaneously and substantially conserves insect diversity
(Panzer and Schwartz 1998). This is of particular importance
for species, such as the Appalachian azure butterfly, that de-
pend upon only one plant for their survival. Because there is a
great demand for its rhizomes, most of which are harvested
from wild populations, Black cohosh is in a unique category. It
is highly sought after from the wild, while at the same time its
harvest permanently removes individuals from wild popula-
tions. While previous research has shown that Black cohosh
can recover from low levels of harvesting, intensely harvested
populations do not recover after one year (Small et al. 2011).
Overharvesting could lead to extirpation of not only Black
cohosh, but also the insects that rely on this host.
One mechanism to relieve some of this harvest pressure is
to harvest fewer rhizomes and identify new ways to produce
more active compounds from those rhizomes. Many plants
have been manipulated or put under different stresses to obtain
desirable ingredients (Schilmiler et al. 2008; Sharma et al.
2011). Given that most specialized metabolites are produced
by plants to defend from attack, this study examined the use of
plant-defense hormones to elicit production of actein and
deoxyactein. While it is not known how the treatments
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
deoxyactein actein
mg/gdryweight
control
JA-treated
B
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
deoxyactein actein
mg/gdryweight
control
wounded
A
*
*
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
deoxyactein actein
mg/gdryweight
control
Eth-treated
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
deoxyactein actein
mg/gdryweight
control
SA treated
**
D
Fig. 1 For each of the sections of
the figure above, Black cohosh
rhizomes were split in half with
one half treated with indicated
hormone as described in Methods
and Materials with the other half
rhizome serving as its control;
wounded (a), treated with
jasmonic acid (JA) (b), treated
with ethylene (c), or treated with
salicylic acid (d). One half gram
of each rhizome then was
extracted, and actein and
deoxyactein were quantified
accordingly. Asterisk indicates a
significant difference (P-value
<0.05) using a Student’s t-test.
Error bars represent standard error
of the mean
J Chem Ecol
4. employed here may alter/reflect endogenous salicylic acid,
jasmonic acid, or ethylene levels, the treatments have been
shown to elicit biomarkers similar to those produced
when a plant is experiencing a genuine pathogen attack
(Chao et al. 1999). Only exogenous treatment with
salicylic acid caused a significant change (increase) in
the levels of actein and deoxyactein. Wounding rhi-
zomes or treating them with exogenous jasmonic acid
or ethylene did not cause any change in levels of the
monitored compounds. Previous research demonstrated that
other medicinal plants (e.g., Mitragyna speciosa), have a se-
ries of salicylic acid inducible genes (Jumali et al. 2011). The
data presented here provide preliminary support of a similar
inducible network of genes that could function in plant de-
fenses in Black cohosh.
Having the ability to increase the levels of needed com-
pounds traditionally collected from wild plants will reduce
the need to harvest more individuals. For Black cohosh, re-
ducing the number of plants removed by harvesting could
protect both the plant and dependent species such as the
Appalachian azure. The research presented here provides
one chemical treatment that could be used to increase valuable
compounds in Black cohosh tissues to achieve the long term
goal of conserving the genetic diversity of Black cohosh, its
close relatives, and species dependent upon it.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge
the Appalachian Center for Ethnobotanical Studies for funding this re-
search project. Also acknowledged are helpful comments of the anony-
mous reviewers.
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