The document provides information about Netmax Technologies, a company that provides network support, training, and embedded systems services. It details the company's profile, team, areas of support and expertise, courses offered, and contact information. The document also includes an introduction to CCNA training which outlines common network concepts like LAN, WAN, devices, topologies, Ethernet standards, cabling, and the OSI model. It concludes with a brief overview of router architecture.

1. SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
REPORT
On
“CCNA”
In partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
communication Engineering
AT
“NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES PATIALA”
Submitted to
Guided by Submitted by
Mr. Barinder Singh
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
RIMT-INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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2. MANDI GOBINDGARH-147301
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
While presenting this report I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to entire
NETMAX staff that were indispensable part of my training giving me unending guidance,
inspiration, encouragement and providing me excellent environment throughout my training at
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES. The training was an extremely productive & enriching
experience, not only technically but also from providing some practical skills.
I am extremely thankful to Mr.Barinder Singh who had devoted a lot of time in guiding and
supervising me during my training.
I must place my gratitude towards Prof. Rajneesh Talwar (H.O.D. of E.C.E. Dept.) for their
valuable advice and guidance in carrying out this enjoyable and productive experience, which
provided me a great opportunity to search new horizons.
Ashima Malhotra
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3. PREFACE
Technology has rapidly grown in past two-three decades. An engineer without practical
knowledge and skills cannot survive in this technical era. Theoretical knowledge does matter
but it is the practical knowledge that is the difference between the best and the better.
Organizations also prefer experienced engineers than fresher ones due to practical knowledge
and industrial exposure of the former. The practical training is highly conductive for solid
foundation for:-
1. Knowledge and personality
2. Exposure to industrial environment.
2
3. Confidence building.
4. Enhancement of creativity.
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4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1. COMPANY PROFILE
32
2. INTRODUCTION TO CCNA
35
3. BASIC 35
4. IP ADDRESS V4 49
5. IP ROUTING 51
6. LAN SWITCHING 63
7. ACL 68
8. NAT 72
9. PROJECT 76
10. REFERCENCES 83
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5. INTRODUCTION
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES,
SCO 52, 2ND FLOOR LEELA BHAWAN
PATIALA .
COMPANY PROFILE
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES as an organization is established in 2001 in the field of
Network Support, Network training, Software training and Embedded systems.
In Education, we have strategic alliance with Pearson VUE and Prometric. We are authorized
Testing Partner of REDHAT & CISCO. We are also NOVELL EDUCATION PARTNER
with which we provide NOVELL and SUSE LINUX courses. NetMax Technologies also
conduct courses in CADENCE based design tools.
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES also provide Technical Research & Development support and
consultancy to some electronics companies.
Our clients for R&D support in field of embedded systems:
 Recorders and Medicare Ltd Chandigarh.
 TELEBOX India Ltd.
 Lotus Machines Pvt. Ltd. Chandigarh.
 Impearl Electronics Pvt. Ltd. Chandigarh.
 KANTA Electrical Ltd. Mohali.
The partial list of our client for network field is as below:
 CEDTI, Mohali
 Premier ISP, Chandigarh
 Innovative solutions, Chandigarh
 Emmtel ISP, Chandigarh
 NIPER, Mohali
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6.  Navik Technologies, Chandigarh
 Software Technology Parks India, Mohali
 Glide Internet Services
 Rana Group
 IDS
 HFCL Infotel Ltd.
 Targus Technologies Pvt Ltd
 STPI, Mohali
 BBMB
 The Tribune
 Ind Swift
OUR TEAM
We are a strong technical team of certified professionals for catering to these solutions and
have presence in Chandigarh and Punjab. We have skilled team of engineers who are
experienced in design, programming. We are having more than 15 engineers who are having
prestigious certifications like CCNA, CCNP, CCSP, CCSA, MCSE, RHCE,C++,C,JAVA &
PhP, MySql Programming.
Support Area (network solutions):
 LINUX / UNIX networks
 SUN networks
 CISCO devices (Routers, Switches, Firewalls, Cache Engine, RAS etc)
 Bandwidth Manager software and hardware
 Radio Links
 Security Solutions
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES provide the following Courses in IT & Embedded Systems
given below:
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7. Network Training:
 CISCO CCNA, CCNP
 RED HAT LINUX 5
 WINDOWS 2000, 2003 (MCP,MCSA & MCSE)
 MCITP 2008.
Software Training:
 C++
 C
 JAVA ( CORE JAVA & ADVANCE JAVA)
 ASP.NET
 PHP My sql Programming.
We provide Technical support and consultancy to electronics companies in the field
of Embedded micro controllers like 8 bit and 16 bit family based embedded system design,
analog systems design(including signal conditioning circuits, filter design, etc) ,precision
signal amplifier design for applications like ECG, low power design, precision temperature
measurement etc .Power electronics including dc/dc converters, ac/dc converters,thyristor
firing based circuit, battery charging and monitor circuits etc. Application of Embedded
systems and analog control systems in industrial as well as home automation.
Our core strengths are our commitment, technical expertise and cost effective solutions.
We ensure high service levels and prompt support availability leading to lower
downtime.
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES is a leader in education services and developer of innovative
embedded solutions. To meet the demands of Post PC era, NeTmax provides complete
solutions as well as design-to-order services to satisfy our customers.
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES:
 BARINDER SINGH, 9914713373
 HARPREET SINGH, 9814900118
HEAD OFFICE:
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8. NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES, SCO 58-59, Sector 34A, Chandigarh.
0172-4644644
Branch Office:
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES, SCO 52 2ND FLOOR LEELA BHAWAN PATIALA.
0175- 5018351,9914713373, 9814900118.
INTRODUCTION TO CCNA
What is Network?
In one network more than one computer connected with each other through centralized device.
They can share files and resources with each other.
LAN
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9. LAN stands for Local Area Network. The scope of the LAN is within one building, one school
or within one lab. In LAN (Hub), media access method is used CSMA/CD in which each
computer sense the carrier before sending the data over the n/w. if carrier is free then you can
transmit otherwise you have to wait or you have to listen. In multiple access each computer
have right that they can access each other. If two computers sense the carrier on same time
then the collision occur. Each computer, in the network, aware about the collision. Now this
stop transmitting and they will use back off algorithm. In which random number is generated.
This number or algorithm is used by each computer. Who has short number or small number,
he has first priority to transmit the data over the network and other computers will wait for
their turn.
WAN
WAN stands for Wide Area Network, in which two local area networks are connected through
public n/w. it may be through telecommunication infrastructure or dedicated lines. For e.g: -
ISDN lines, Leased lines etc.
In which we can use WAN devices and WAN technology. You can also connect with your
remote area through existing Internetwork called Internet.
Devices
Hub
Hub is centralized device, which is used to connect multiple workstations. There are two types
of Hub: -
(i) Active Hub
(ii) Passive Hub
it has no special kind of memory. It simply receives the frame (data) and forwards it to all its
nodes except the receiving node. It always performs broadcasting. In case of hub, there is one
collision domain and one broadcast domain. In case of hub, the media access method is used
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).
(i) Active Hub
In Active hub, it receives the frame regenerate and then forward to all its nodes.
(ii) Passive Hub
In Passive hub, it simply receives the frame and forward to all its connected nodes.
You cannot perform LAN segmentation using hub.
Switch
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10. Switch is also used to connect multiple workstations. Switch is more intelligent than hub. It
has special kind of memory called mac address/filter/lookup table. Switch reads mac
addresses. Switch stores mac addresses in its filter address table. Switch when receives frame,
it reads the destination mac address and consult with its filter table. If he has entry in its filter
table then he forwards the frame to that particular mac address, if not found then it performs
broadcasting to all its connected nodes.
Every port has its own buffer memory. A port has two queues one is input queue and
second is output queue. When switch receives the frame, the frame is received in input queue
and forward from output queue. So in case of switch there is no chance or place for collisions.
In case of switch, the media access method is used CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/ Collision Avoidance). Switches provide more efficiency, more speed and security.
There are two types of switches: -
(i) Manageable switches (can be configured with console cable).
(ii) Non-manageable switches.
We can perform LAN segmentation by using switches.
Bridge
Bridge is a hardware device, which is used to provide LAN segmentation means it is used for
break the collision domain. It has same functionality as performed by switch. We can use
bridge between two different topologies. It has fewer ports. Each port has a own buffer
memory. It works on Data Link Layer of OSI model. It also read mac address and stores it in
its filter table. In case of bridge there is one broadcast domain.
Router
Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router
performs routing and path determination. It does not perform broadcast information. There are
two types of routers: -
(i) Hardware Routers are developed by Cisco, HP.
(ii) Software Routers is configured with the help of routing and remote access. This feature is
offered by Microsoft. This feature is by default installed, but you have to enable or configure
it.
Hardware routers are dedicated routers. They are more efficient.
But in case of software routers, it has less features, slow performance. They are not very much
efficient.
Lan Card
Lan card is media access device. Lan card provide us connectivity in the network. There is a
RJ45 (Registered Jack) connector space on the Lan card. RJ45 is used in UTP cable. There is
another led which is also called heartbeat of Lan card. When any activity occur it may be
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11. receiving or transmitting any kind of data. This led start blinking and also tell us the status of
lan card.
LAN Topologies
BUS Topology
Cable Type – Coaxial
Connector Type – BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman), T type, Terminator
Coaxial – Thick Maximum length – 500 meters
N/w devices 100
Coaxial – Thin Maximum length – 185 meters
N/w devices 30
Star Topology
Cable type - UTP
Connector type - RJ45
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12. Maximum Length – 100 meters (with proper color coding)
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
In case of hub media access method will be CSMA/CD.
Ring Topology
Cable - UTP
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13. There is token ring method used, so there is no collision chance.
Ethernet Family
Speed Base band
10 Base 2 200-meter Coaxial cable
10 Base 5 500-meter Thick Coaxial cable
10 Base T 100 meter Twisted Pair (UTP)
10/100(present) Base TX 100 meter UTP
100 Base T4 100 meter UTP 4 Pairs used
100 Base FX up to 4 kms Fiber Optic
1000(Server) Base TX 100 meter UTP
1000 Base FX up to 10 kms Fiber Optic
10000 Base FX Fiber Optic
Color
Green – Green white
Orange – Orange white
Blue – Blue white
Brown – Brown white
Green cable has maximum twists.
Pin Configuration
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14. Cross Straight
1 3 1 1
2 6 2 2
3 1 3 3
6 2 6 6
Straight Cable
1 Orange white - Orange white
2 Orange - Orange
3 Green white - Green white
4 Blue - Blue
5 Blue white - Blue white
6 Green - Green
7 Brown white - Brown white
8 Brown - Brown
Cross Cable
1 Orange white - Green white
2 Orange - Green
3 Green white - Orange white
4 Blue - Blue
5 Blue white - Blue white
6 Green - Orange
7 Brown white - Brown white
8 Brown - Brown
RJ45 Connector
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15. OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model
OSI model is the layer approach to design, develop and implement network. OSI provides
following advantages: -
(i) Designing of network will be standard base.
(ii) Development of new technology will be faster.
(iii) Devices from multiple vendors can communicate with each other.
(iv) Implementation and troubleshooting of network will be easy.
(1) Application Layer: -
Application layer accepts data and forward into the protocol stack. It creates user
interface between application software and protocol stack.
(2) Presentation Layer: -
This layer decides presentation format of the data. It also able to performs other
function like compression/decompression and encryption/decryption.
(3) Session Layer: -
This layer initiate, maintain and terminate sessions between different applications. Due
to this layer multiple application software can be executed at the same time.
(4) Transport Layer: -
Transport layer is responsible for connection oriented and connection less
communication. Transport layer also performs other functions like
a. Error checking
b. Flow Control
Buffering
Windowing
Multiplexing
c. Sequencing
d. Positive Acknowledgement
e. Response
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16. (5) Network Layer
This layer performs function like logical addressing and path determination. Each
networking device has a physical address that is MAC address. But logical addressing
is easier to communicate on large size network.
Logical addressing defines network address and host address. This type of addressing
is used to simplify implementation of large network. Some examples of logical
addressing are: - IP addresses, IPX addresses etc.
(6) Data Link Layer
The functions of Data Link layer are divided into two sub layers
a. Logical Link Control
b. Media Access Control
(i) Logical Link Control defines the encapsulation that will be used by the NIC
to delivered data to destination. Some examples of Logical Link Control are
ARPA (Ethernet), 802.11 wi-fi.
(ii) Media Access Control defines methods to access the shared media and
establish the identity with the help of MAC address. Some examples of
Media Access Control are CSMA/CD, Token Passing.
(7) Physical Layer
Physical Layer is responsible to communicate bits over the media this layer deals with
the standard defined for media and signals. This layer may also perform modulation
and demodulation as required.
Router Architecture
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17. Processor LAN
I/O
Controller WAN
Memory
Controller RAM
BIOS Flash
ROM RAM
Incomplete O/S
IOS
IOS
NVRAM
Startup Configuration
Non-Volatile
RAM
Router Access Modes
When we access router command prompt the router will display different modes. According to
the modes, privileges and rights are assigned to the user.
User mode
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18. In this mode, we can display basic parameter and status of the router we can test connectivity
and perform telnet to other devices. In this mode we are not enable to manage & configure
router.
Privileged mode
In this mode, we can display all information, configuration, perform administration task,
debugging, testing and connectivity with other devices. We are not able to perform here
configuration editing of the router.
The command to enter in this mode is ‘enable’. We have to enter enable
password or enable secret password to enter in this mode. Enable secret has more priority than
enable password. If both passwords are configured then only enable secret will work.
Global configuration
This mode is used for the configuration of global parameters in the router. Global parameters
applied to the entire router.
For e.g: - router hostname or access list of router
The command enter in this mode is ‘configure terminal’.
Line configuration mode
This mode is used to configure lines like console, vty and auxiliary. There are main types of
line that are configured.
(i) Console
router(config)#line console 0
(ii) Auxiliary
router(config)#line aux 0
(iii) Telnet or vty
router(config)#line vty 0 4
Interface configuration mode
This mode is used to configure router interfaces. For e.g:- Ethernet, Serial, BRI etc.
Router(config)#interface <type> <number>
Router(config)#interface serial 1
Routing configuration mode
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19. This mode is used to configure routing protocol like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF etc.
Router(config)#router <protocol> [<option>]
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config)#router eigrp 10
Configuring Password
There are five types of password available in a router
(1) Console Password
router#configure terminal
router(config)#line console 0
router(config-line)#password <word>
router(config-line)#login
router(config-line)#exit
to erase password do all steps with no command.
(2) Vty Password
router>enable
router#configure terminal
router(config)#line vty 0 4
router(config-line)#password <word>
router(config-line)#login
router(config-line)#exit
(3) Auxiliary Password
router#configure terminal
router(config)#line Aux 0
router(config-line)#password <word>
router(config-line)#login
router(config-line)#exit
(4) Enable Password
router>enable
router#configure terminal
router(config)#enable password <word>
router(config)#exit
(5) Enable Secret Password
Enable Password is the clear text password.
Router>enable
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20. Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#enable secret <word>
Router(config)#exit
Encryption all passwords
All passwords other than enable secret password are clear text password. We can encrypt all
passwords using level 7 algorithm. The command to encrypt all password are
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#service password-encryption
Managing Configuration
There are two types of configuration present in a router
(1) Startup Configuration
(2) Running Configuration
(1) Startup configuration is stored in the NVRAM. Startup configuration is used to save
settings in a router. Startup configuration is loaded at the time of booting in to the Primary
RAM.
(2) Running Configuration is present in the Primary RAM wherever we run a command for
configuration, this command is written in the running configuration.
To save configuration
Router#copy running-configuration startup-configuration
Or
Router#write
To display running-configuration
Router#show running-configuration
To display startup configuration
Router#show startup-configuration
To erase old configuration
Router#erase startup-configuration
Configuring HostName
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21. Router#configure terminal
Router#hostname <name>
<name>#exit or end or /z
Configuration Interfaces
Interfaces configuration is one of the most important part of the router configuration. By
default, all interfaces of Cisco router are in disabled mode. We have to use different
commands as our requirement to enable and configure the interface.
Configuring IP, Mask and Enabling the Interface
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface <type> <no>
Router(config-if)#ip address <ip> <mask>
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
To configure Interface description
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface <type> <no>
Router(config-if)#description <line>
To display interface status
Router#show interfaces (to show all interfaces)
Router#show interface <type> <no>
This command will display following parameters about an interface
1) Status
2) Mac address
3) IP address
4) Subnet mask
5) Hardware type / manufacturer
6) Bandwidth
7) Reliability
8) Delay
9) Load ( Tx load
Rx load)
10) Encapsulation
11) ARP type (if applicable)
12) Keep alive
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22. Configuring secondary IP
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#interface <type> <no>
Router(config-if)#IP address 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#IP address 192.168.10.18 255.255.255.0 secondary
Router(config-if)#no shutdown (to enable the interface because they always shutdown)
Router(config-if)#exit
Router#show run (to display secondary IP)
To display commands present in history
Router#show history
To display history size
Router#show terminal
Configuring Banners
Banners are just a message that can appear at different prompts according to the type.
Different banners are: -
Message of the day (motd)
This banner appear at every access method
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23. IP Address v4
IP address is a 32-bit address. It is divided into four octets. Each octet has 8 bits. It has two
parts one is network address and second is host address. in local area network, we can used
private IP address, which is provided by IANA (Internet Assigning Numbering Authority). IP
addresses are divided into five classes.
Class Range N/w bits Host bits Subnet mask Total IP Valid IP
A 1 – 126 8 24 255.0.0.0 16777216 16777214
B 128 – 191 16 16 255.255.0.0 65536 65534
C 192 – 223 24 8 255.255.255.0 256 254
D 224 – 239 it is reserved for multicast.
E 240 – 255 it is reserved for research/scientific use.
We can use first three classes. IANA provides private IP addresses from first three classes.
Class Private IP Range
A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Subnet Mask
Subnet mask is also 32-bit address, which tell us how many bits are used for network and how
many bits are used for host address.
In Subnet mask Network bits are always 1 and Host bits are always 0.
IP Addresses invalid or reserve IP Addresses
When we are going to assign IP addresses to our computers then we have to follow some
rules.
Rules: -
(1) All Host bits cannot be 0 (10.0.0.0), because it represent network address which is reserved
for router.
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24. (2) All Host bits cannot be 1 (10.255.255.255), because this is broadcast address of that
network (10th network).
(3) All bits cannot be 0 (0.0.0.0), because this address is reserved for Default routing. Default
routing is used in case of Stub n/w (means our network has one exit point).
(4) All bits cannot be 1 (255.255.255.255), because this is reserved for Broadcasting.
(5) 127.0.0.1 - This is Loopback address, which is used for self-communication or
troubleshooting purpose.
C:>ipconfig
C:>ipconfig/all
It shows all detail.
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25. IP Routing
When we want to connect two or more networks using different n/w addresses then we have to
use IP Routing technique. The router will be used to perform routing between the networks. A
router will perform following functions for routing.
(1) Path determination
(2) Packet forwarding
(1) Path determination
The process of obtaining path in routing table is called path determination. There are three
different methods to which router can learn path.
i) Automatic detection of directly connected n/w.
ii) Static & Default routing
iii) Dynamic routing
(2) Packet forwarding
It is a process that is by default enable in router. The router will perform packet forwarding
only if route is available in the routing table.
Static Routing
In this routing, we have to use IP route commands through which we can specify routes for
different networks. The administrator will analyze whole internetwork topology and then
specify the route for each n/w that is not directly connected to the router.
Steps to perform static routing
(1) Create a list of all n/w present in internetwork.
(2) Remove the n/w address from list, which is directly connected to n/w.
(3) Specify each route for each routing n/w by using IP route command.
Router(config)#ip route <destination n/w> <mask> <next hop ip>
Next hop IP it is the IP address of neighbor router that is directly connected our router.
Static Routing Example: -
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.10.2
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26. Advantages of static routing
(1) Fast and efficient.
(2) More control over selected path.
(3) Less overhead for router.
Disadvantages of static routing
(1) More overheads on administrator.
(2) Load balancing is not easily possible.
(3) In case of topology change routing table has to be change manually.
Alternate command to specify static route
Static route can also specify in following syntax: -
Old
Router(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.25.0.2
Or
Router(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 serial 0
Default Routing
Default routing means a route for any n/w. these routes are specify with the help of following
syntax: -
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <next hop>
Or
<exit interface>
To display routing table
Router#sh ip route
To check all the interface of a router
Router#sh interface brief
Dynamic Routing
In dynamic routing, we will enable a routing protocol on router. This protocol will send its
routing information to the neighbor router. The neighbors will analyze the information and
write new routes to the routing table.
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27. The routers will pass routing information receive from one router to other router also.
If there are more than one path available then routes are compared and best path is selected.
Some examples of dynamic protocol are: -
RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF
Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols
According to the working there are two types of Dynamic Routing Protocols.
(1) Distance Vector
(2) Link State
According to the type of area in which protocol is used there are again two types of protocol: -
(1) Interior Routing Protocol
(2) Exterior Routing Protocol
Autonomous system
Autonomous system is the group of contiguous routers and n/w, which will share their routing
information directly with each other. If all routers are in single domain and they share their
information directly with each other then the size of routing updates will depend on the no. of
n/w present in the Internetwork. Update for each n/w may take 150 – 200 bytes information.
For example: - if there are 1000 n/ws then size of update will be
200*1000 = 200000 bytes
The routing information is send periodically so it may consume a large amount of bandwidth
in our n/w.
Border
Exterior Routing Routing
Interior
Routing AS
AS 200 AS
Domain
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28. Protocols
Distance Vector Routing
The Routing, which is based on two parameters, that is distance and direction is called
Distance Vector Routing. The example of Distance Vector Routing is RIP & IGRP.
Operation: -
(1) Each Router will send its directly connected information to the neighbor router. This
information is send periodically to the neighbors.
(2) The neighbor will receive routing updates and process the route according to following
conditions: -
(i) If update of a new n/w is received then this information is stored in routing table.
(ii) If update of a route is received which is already present in routing table then route
will be refresh that is route times is reset to zero.
(iii) If update is received for a route with lower metric then the route, which is already
present in our routing table. The router will discard old route and write the new route in the
routing table.
(iv) If update is received with higher metric then the route that is already present in routing
table, in this case the new update will be discard.
(3) A timer is associated with each route. The router will forward routing information on all
interfaces and entire routing table is send to the neighbor. There are three types of timers
associated with a route.
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29. Configuring RIP
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network <own net address>
Router(config-router)#network <own net address>
--------------
--------------
Router(config-router)#exit
172.16.0.6
10.0.0.1 172.16.0.5 175.2.1.1
R
1 200.100.100.12
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.0
175.2.0.0 via 172.16.0.6
Configuring IGRP
Router(config)#router igrp <as no>(1 – 65535)
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30. Router(config-router)#network <net address>
Router(config-router)#network <net address>
Router(config-router)#exit
Serial E1 modem Serial E1
2048 k 2048 k
256 k
sync
Configuring following options in IGRP as same as in case of RIP: -
(1) Neighbor
(2) Passive interface
(3) Timer
(4) Distance (AD)
(5) Maximum path
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31. Link State Routing
This type of routing is based on link state. Its working is explain as under
(1) Each router will send Hello packets to all neighbors using all interfaces.
(2) The router from which Hello reply receive are stored in the neighborship table. Hello
packets are send periodically to maintain the neighbor table.
(3) The router will send link state information to the all neighbors. Link state information from
one neighbor is also forwarded to other neighbor.
(4) Each router will maintain its link state database created from link state advertisement
received from different routers.
(5) The router will use best path algorithm to store the path in routing table.
Problems of Link State Routing
The main problems of link state routing are: -
(1) High bandwidth consumption.
(2) More hardware resources required that is processor and memory (RAM)
The routing protocols, which use link state routing are: -
(1) OSPF
(2) EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Features: -
* Cisco proprietary
* Hybrid protocol
Link State
Distance Vector
* Multicast Updates using
Address 224.0.0.10
* Support AS
* Support VLSM
Page | 31

32. * Automatic Route Summarization
* Unequal path cost load balancing
* Metric (32 bit composite)
Bandwidth
Delay
Load
Reliability
MTU
* Neighbor Recovery
* Partial updates
* Triggered updates
* Backup Route
Configuring EIGRP
Router(config)#router eigrp <as no>
Router(config-router)#network <net addr.>
Router(config-router)#network <net addr.>
Router(config-router)#exit
OSPF Terminology
Already known topics in this: -
(1) Hello packets
(2) LSA (Link State Advertisement)
(3) Neighbor
(4) Neighbor table
(5) Topology table (LSA database)
Router ID
Router ID is the highest IP address of router interfaces. This id is used as the identity of the
router. It maintaining link state databases. The first preference for selecting router ID is given
to the Logical interfaces. If logical interface is not present then highest IP of physical interface
is selected as router id.
Highest ip is router id of a router
50.0.0.6
Page | 32

33. 11.0.0.2 13.0.0.1
Area
Area is the group of routers & n/ws, which can share their routing information directly with
each other.
Adjacency
A router is called adjacency when neighbor relationship is established. We can also say
adjacency relationship is formed between the routers.
OSPF Hierarchical Model Area 0
b b b
r r r
ab ab ab
r r r
as ar ar ar
br Page | 33

34. ar ar ar
Area 20 Area 70 Area 90
Area Router (Autonomous System Border Router – ASBR)
A router, which has all interfaces member of single area, is called area router.
Backbone Area
Area 0 is called backbone area. All other areas must connect to the backbone area for
communication.
Backbone Router
A router, which has all interfaces members of area 0, is called backbone router.
Area Border Router
A router, which connects an area with area 0, is called area border router.
LSA Flooding in OSPF
If there are multiple OSPF routers on multi access n/w then there will be excessive no. of LSA
generated by the router and they can choke bandwidth of the network.
L K M N
Page | 34

35. A B C D
A B C D
B A A A Neighbor
C C B B
D D D C
L K M N
This problem is solved with the help of electing a router as designated router and backup
designated router.
Designated Router
A router with highest RID (router id) will be designated router for a particular interface. This
router is responsible for receiving LSA from non-DR router and forward LSA to the all DR
router.
Backup Designated Router
This router will work as backup for the designated router. In BDR mode, it will receive all
information but do not forward this information to other non-DR router.
Commands to configure OSPF
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#router ospf <process no>
Router(config-router)#network <net address> <wild mask> area <area id>
Router(config-router)#network <net address> <wild mask> area <area id>
Router(config-router)#exit
Wild Mask – Complement of subnet mask
Example 255.255.0.0
0.0.255.255
Page | 35

36. 255.255.255.255
- Subnet mask
Wild mask
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.192.0 subnet mask
0.0.63.255 wild mask
Area 0
200.100.100.33/30 200.100.100.34/30
R R
1 2
200.100.100.66/27 200.100.100.160/26
R1
Router(config)#router ospf 33
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.3 area 0
Page | 36

37. Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.64 0.0.0.31 area 0
Router(config-router)#exit
R2
Router(config)#router ospf 2
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.3 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.128 0.0.0.63 area 0
Router(config-router)#exit
Access Control List
ACL are the basic security feature that is required in any network to control the flow of traffic.
Most of time our network may have servers and clients for which traffic control is required.
We can also use ACL to classify the traffic. ACLs are used in features like QOS
(Quality of Service), Prioritize traffic and interesting traffic for ISDN.
Classification Access Control List: -
Types of ACL based on Protocol: -
(1) IP Access Control List
(2) IPX Access Control List
(3) Appletalk Access Control List
Types of ACL based on Feature: -
(1) Standard ACL
(2) Extended ACL
Types of ACL based on Access mode: -
(1) Numbered ACL
(2) Named ACL
Types of ACL based on Order of rules: -
(1) Deny, permit
(2) Permit, deny
IP Standard ACL (Numbered)
In Standard ACL, we are only able to specify source address for the filtering of packets. The
syntax to create IP standard ACL are: -
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#access-list <no> <permit|deny> <source>
Router(config)#exit
Page | 37

38. <source> Single pc host 192.168.10.5
192.168.10.5
192.168.10.5 0.0.0.0
N/w 200.100.100.0 0.0.0.255
Subnet 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.15
Applying ACL on interface
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#interface <type> <no>
Router(config-if)#ip access-group <ACL no.> <in|out>
Router(config-if)#exit
Internet
Route
r
Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.32 0.0.0.31
Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.64 0.0.0.3
Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.68
Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.69
Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.70
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip access-group 25 out
IP Standard ACL (Named)
In Numbered ACL editing feature is not available that is we are not able to delete single rule
from the ACL. In Named ACL editing feature is available.
Page | 38

39. Router#config ter
Router(config)#ip access-list standard <name>
Router(config-std-nacl)#<deny|permit> <source>
Router(config-std-nacl)#exit
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#ip access-list standard abc
Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.0.16
Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.0.17
Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.0.18
Router(config-std-nacl)#permit any
Router(config-std-nacl)#exit
To modify the ACL
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#ip access-list standard abc
Router(config-std-nacl)#no deny 172.16.0.17
Router(config-std-nacl)#exit
IP Extended ACL (Numbered)
Extended ACL are advanced ACL. ACL, which can control traffic flow on the basis of five
different parameters that are: -
(i) Source address
(ii) Destination address
(iii) Source port
(iv) Destination port
(v) Protocol (layer 3/layer 4)
The syntax to create Extended ACL
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#access-list <no> <deny|permit> <protocol> <source> [<s.port>]
<destination> [<d.port>]
router(config)#exit
To display ACL
Page | 39

40. Router#show access-lists or
Router#show access-list <no>
To display ACL applied on interface
Router#show ip interface
Router#show ip interface <type> <no>
Router#show ip interface Ethernet 0
Time-Based ACLs
In this you can specify a certain time of day and week and then identity that particular period
by giving it a name referenced by a task. The reference function will fall under whatever time
constraints you have dictated. The time period is based upon the router’s clock, but it is highly
recommended that using it in conjunction with Network Time Protocol (NTP)
synchronization.
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#time-range no-http
Router(config-time-range)#periodic <Wednesday|weekdays|weekend> 06:00 to 12:00
Router(config-time-range)#exit
Router(config)#time-range tcp-yes
Router(config-time-range)#periodic weekend 06:00 to 12:00
Router(config-time-range)#exit
Router(config)ip access-list extended time
Router(config-ext-nacl)#deny tcp any any eq www time-range no-http
Router(config-ext-nacl)#permit tcp any any time-range tcp-yes
Router(config-ext-nacl)#interface f0/0
Router(config-if)#ip access-group time in
Router(config-if)#do show time-range
Page | 40

41. Network Address Translation
NAT is the feature that can be enable in a Router, Firewall or a Pc. With the help of NAT, we
are able to translate network layer addresses that are IP addresses of packets. With the help of
Port Address Translation, we are also able to translate port no.s present in transport layer
header.
There are two reasons due to which we use NAT: -
(1) Conserve Live IP address
On Internet, there are limited no of IP addresses. If our Pc wants to communicate on
Internet then it should have a Live IP address assigned by our ISP. So that IP address request
will depend on no. of PCs that we want to connect on Internet. Due to this, there will be a lot
of wastage in IP addresses. To reduce wastage, we can share live IP addresses between
multiple PCs with the help of NAT.
(2) NAT enhances the network security by hiding PC & devices behind NAT.
Working of NAT & PAT
Page | 41

42. 10.0.0.5
Internet
10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 200.100.100.12
Switch NAT
10.0.0.7
10.0.0.8
10.0.0.5
200.100.100.1
2
10.0.0.6
200.100.100.1
2
10.0.0.7
Port Translation
200.100.100.1
1100
2
10.0.0.8
200.100.100.1
2
Types of NAT
Static NAT
This NAT is used for servers in which one Live IP is directly mapped to one Local IP. This
NAT will forward on the traffic for the Live IP to the Local PC in the n/w.
Page | 42

43. Static NAT
200.1.1.5 = 192.168.10.6
Intern
Rout et
er
Live 200.1.1.5
Local 192.168.10.6
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT is used for clients, which want to access Internet. The request from multiple
client IPs are translated with the Live IP obtained from the Pool. It is also called Pool Based
Dynamic NAT.
Pool => 200.1.1.8 – 200.1.1.12/28
Local address => 172.16.X.X
Except => 172.16.0.5 Intern
172.16.0.6 ettt
172.16.0.7
Rout
er
Web Server DNS Full access 172.16.X.X
Page | 43

44. 172.16.0.5 172.16.0.6 172.16.0.7
Configuring NAT
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#int serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip nat outside
Router(config-if)#int eth 0
Router(config-if)#ip nat inside
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static 172.16.0.7 200.1.1.3
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 172.16.0.5 80 200.1.1.4 80
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static udp 172.16.0.6 53 200.1.1.4 53
Router(config)#access-list 30 deny 172.16.0.5
Router(config)#access-list 30 deny 172.16.0.6
Router(config)#access-list 30 deny 172.16.0.7
Router(config)#access-list 30 permit any
Router(config)#ip nat pool abc 200.1.1.8 200.1.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.240
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 30 pool abc overload
NAT + PAT
Command for Basic NAT
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 30 interface serial 0
<exiting interface name>
To display NAT translation
Router#sh ip nat translations
(after ping any address, it shows ping details)
To clear IP NAT Translation
Router#clear ip nat Translation *
SECURING PRIVATE ENVIORNMENT
BY USING NAT
Page | 44

45. PROJECT REPORT
The project is based on network addressing
translation(nat). The beauty of configuring nat on routers
is that it can help users access internet on private ip
address which are otherwise excluded by internet service
provider(isp).
We have used inter VLAN technology to make work
efficient between 3 different and independent
organisations. The vlans have been divided into web
servers and internet clients.
Page | 45

46. DESCRIPTION
We have three organisations. Org1, org2 and org3.
Each organisation comprises a router, to route the data
from and to isp. There are manageable switches in each
organisation and we have created separate vlans for
servers and internet clients.
If we want the communication between the internet clients
and servers then we configure inter vlan concept on the
router. And if we want to block some internet clients
cannot access our servers then we create acl for that
particular user.
These organisations are linked externally to an isp which
provides live(public) ip addresses to each organisation, and
isp also provides the internet connections to others.
CONFIGURATION
Page | 46

47. FOR ORG1
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured frROUTER ORG1
Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname ORG1
ORG1(config)#line console 0
ORG1(config-line)#password net
ORG1(config-line)#login
ORG1(config-line)#exit
ORG1(config)#line vty 0 4
ORG1(config-line)#password net
ORG1(config-line)#login
ORG1(config-line)#exit
ORG1(config)#enable password net
ORG1(config)#enable secret net1
ORG1(config)#int f0/0
ORG1(config-if)#no sh
Page | 47

48. %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
ORG1(config-if)#exit
ORG1(config)#int f0/0.1
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0.1, changed state to
upRouter(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 2
ORG1(config-subif)#ip nat inside
ORG1(config-subif)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
ORG1(config-subif)#no sh
ORG1(config-subif)#exit
ORG1(config)#int f0/0.2
ORG1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 3
ORG1(config-subif)#ip nat inside
ORG1(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.240
ORG1(config-subif)#no sh
ORG1(config-subif)#exit
ORG1(config)#int s0/0/0
ORG1(config-if)#ip nat outside
ORG1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
ORG1(config-if)#ip address 200.10.10.5 255.255.255.252
ORG1(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down
ORG1(config-if)#exit
ORG1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0
We have place our web server in the private area so that the internet client
cannot directly access it. So, we have configured static nat and open port number
80(http) only.
ORG1(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 10.0.0.2 80 200.10.10.17 80
Page | 48

49. In our organisation our clients want to access internet so we will configure
dynamic nat with overload for clients.
ORG1(config)#access-list 20 permit any
ORG1(config)#ip nat pool netmax 200.10.10.18 200.10.10.18 netmask
255.255.255.240
ORG1(config)#ip nat inside source list 20 pool netmax overload
ORG1(config)#exit
ORG1#wr
Building configuration...
[OK]
ORG1#
SWITCH
Switch>en
Switch#vlan database
% Warning: It is recommended to configure VLAN from config mode,
as VLAN database mode is being deprecated. Please consult user
documentation for configuring VTP/VLAN in config mode.
Page | 49

50. Switch(vlan)#vlan 2 name server
VLAN 2 added:
Name: server
Switch(vlan)#vlan 3 name clients
VLAN 3 added:
Name: clients
Switch(vlan)#exit
APPLY completed.
Exiting....
Switch#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch(config)#int f0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#int range f0/2 - 3
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 3
Switch(config-if-range)#exit
Switch(config)#int f0/24
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#exit
Switch#wr
FOR ORG2
ROUTER
Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname ORG2
ORG2(config)#line console 0
ORG2(config-line)#password net
ORG2(config-line)#login
ORG2(config-line)#exit
ORG2(config)#line vty 0 4
ORG2(config-line)#password net
ORG2(config-line)#login
ORG2(config-line)#exit
Page | 50

51. ORG2(config)#enable password net
ORG2(config)#enable secret net1
ORG2(config)#int f0/0
ORG2(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
ORG2(config-if)#exit
ORG2(config)#int f0/0.1
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0.1, changed state to
upRouter(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 2
ORG2(config-subif)#ip nat inside
ORG2(config-subif)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
ORG2(config-subif)#no sh
ORG2(config-subif)#exit
ORG2(config)#int f0/0.2
ORG2(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 3
ORG2(config-subif)#ip nat inside
ORG2(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.240
ORG2(config-subif)#no sh
ORG2(config-subif)#exit
ORG2(config)#int s0/0/0
ORG2(config-if)#ip nat outside
ORG2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
ORG2(config-if)#ip address 200.10.10.9 255.255.255.252
ORG2(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down
ORG2(config-if)#exit
ORG2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0
ORG2(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.0.0.2 200.10.10.33
ORG2(config)#access-list 20 permit any
ORG2(config)#ip nat pool netmax 200.10.10.34 200.10.10.36 netmask
255.255.255.240
ORG2(config)#ip nat inside source list 20 pool netmax
ORG2(config)#exit
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
ORG2#wr
Building configuration...
[OK]
Page | 51

52. ORG2#
SWITCH
Switch>en
Switch#vlan database
% Warning: It is recommended to configure VLAN from config mode,
as VLAN database mode is being deprecated. Please consult user
documentation for configuring VTP/VLAN in config mode.
Switch(vlan)#vlan 2 name server
VLAN 2 added:
Name: server
Switch(vlan)#vlan 3 name clients
VLAN 3 added:
Name: clients
Switch(vlan)#exit
APPLY completed.
Exiting....
Switch#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch(config)#int f0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#int range f0/2 - 3
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 3
Switch(config-if-range)#exit
Switch(config)#int f0/24
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#exit
Switch#wr
Page | 52

53. FOR ORG3
ROUTER
Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname ORG3
ORG3(config)#line console 0
ORG3(config-line)#password net
ORG3(config-line)#login
ORG3(config-line)#exit
ORG3(config)#line vty 0 4
ORG3(config-line)#password net
ORG3(config-line)#login
ORG3(config-line)#exit
ORG3(config)#enable password net
ORG3(config)#enable secret net1
ORG3(config)#int f0/0
ORG3(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
ORG3(config-if)#exit
ORG3(config)#int f0/0.1
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0.1, changed state to
upRouter(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 2
ORG3(config-subif)#ip nat inside
ORG3(config-subif)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
ORG3(config-subif)#no sh
ORG3(config-subif)#exit
ORG3(config)#int f0/0.2
ORG3(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 3
ORG3(config-subif)#ip nat inside
ORG3(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.240
ORG3(config-subif)#no sh
ORG3(config-subif)#exit
ORG3(config)#int s0/0/0
ORG3(config-if)#ip nat outside
ORG3(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Page | 53

54. ORG3(config-if)#ip address 200.10.10.13 255.255.255.252
ORG3(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down
ORG3(config-if)#exit
ORG3(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0
ORG3(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.0.0.2 200.10.10.50
ORG3(config)#access-list 20 permit any
ORG3(config)#ip nat pool netmax 200.10.10.51 200.10.10.51 netmask
255.255.255.240
ORG3(config)#ip nat inside source list 20 pool netmax overload
ORG3(config)#exit
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
ORG3#wr
Building configuration...
[OK]
ORG3#
SWITCH
Switch>en
Switch#vlan database
% Warning: It is recommended to configure VLAN from config mode,
as VLAN database mode is being deprecated. Please consult user
documentation for configuring VTP/VLAN in config mode.
Switch(vlan)#vlan 2 name server
VLAN 2 added:
Name: server
Page | 54

55. Switch(vlan)#vlan 3 name clients
VLAN 3 added:
Name: clients
Switch(vlan)#exit
APPLY completed.
Exiting....
Switch#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch(config)#int f0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#int range f0/2 - 3
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 3
Switch(config-if-range)#exit
Switch(config)#int f0/24
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#exit
Switch#wr
REFERENCES
• Wikipedia
• Google
• www.edu.ac.in
• NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES
• CISCO
Page | 55