This document provides an overview of nanotechnology, including what it is, its unifying themes, main approaches, and potential applications across diverse fields like medicine, communications, computing, and energy. Specifically, it defines nanotechnology as the production and manipulation of materials at the nanoscale (100 nanometers or less). It discusses how characterizing tools, nanoscale science, and molecular computations are common themes. The main approaches are bottom-up (building from molecular components) and top-down (constructing nano-objects from larger entities). Some early applications include sunscreens using titanium dioxide nanoparticles and stain-resistant clothing with nanolayers.
Nanotechnology is the scientific ability to control and restructure the matter at the atomic and molecular levels within the nanoscale. It is a modern branch of materials science dealing with the understanding of the role of nanomaterials(NM) in real-world applications. It is the creation and/or manipulation of various materials at nanometer (nm) scale, analysing their structural characteristics & properties for novel applications, attracting, producing and exploiting the nanoparticles in different dimensions and increase the utilisation potential of nano structured materials (NSM)in various fields.
Tonal Innovation Center (TONIC) hosted the second annual International Musical Instruments Seminar in Joensuu, Finland on 14th September- 16th September 2011.
Nanotechnology is the scientific ability to control and restructure the matter at the atomic and molecular levels within the nanoscale. It is a modern branch of materials science dealing with the understanding of the role of nanomaterials(NM) in real-world applications. It is the creation and/or manipulation of various materials at nanometer (nm) scale, analysing their structural characteristics & properties for novel applications, attracting, producing and exploiting the nanoparticles in different dimensions and increase the utilisation potential of nano structured materials (NSM)in various fields.
Tonal Innovation Center (TONIC) hosted the second annual International Musical Instruments Seminar in Joensuu, Finland on 14th September- 16th September 2011.
NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: FUTURE EMERGING TECHNOLOGYIAEME Publication
Â
This paper focuses on the problem of minimizing com plex electronic circuits to scale of 10-9 m (1 nano meter) thus helping in the process of fas t operation, better performance, low cost, reliability, simple in size and easy to fabricate. The materials which are used in the manufacturing o f nano electronic devices are commonly called as nano materials. The use of nano materials led to design and development of nano devices which ease t he process of design of logic circuits. The applications of nano technology include medical, en gineering and pure as well as applied sciences. In this paper, a detailed study of how the differen t nano materials are manufactured and how the manufacturing of nano electronic devices is done is clearly described. This paper illustrates the need for nano technology in modern era and facilitates t he use of nano technology as a prerequisite for the development of modern engineering technology.
1)Â Â Â Â What do you mean by NANO?
2)Â Â Â Â Define NANO TECHNOLOGY?
3)Â Â Â Â Define NANO SCIENCE?
4)Â Â Â Â What is the difference between NANO SCIENCE & NANO TECHNOLOGY?
5)Â Â Â Â When and where FEYNMAN delivered his lecture on nanotechnology and what is the name of his classical lecture?
6)    Give Moore’s I law & II law?
7)Â Â Â Â Define top down and bottom up approach?
8)Â Â Â Â Give any two salient points addressed by Feynman?
9)Â Â Â Â Define nano structured material?
10)Classify nanomaterials and give examples for them?
11)Classify nanocomposites?
12)List any four day to day live commercial applications of nanotechnology?
13)Write down any four challenges that are faced by researchers in nanotechnology?
14)What do you mean by quantum dots & nanocrystals?
15)List any four processes to produce nanopowders?
16)What is the name of Pentium-IV processor launched by INTEL in 2004, based on 90nm technology?
17)What is the diameter of a bucky ball? How many pentagons and hexagons are there in a bucky ball?
18)What for MEMS stands for?
19)What are the types of carbon nanotubes?
20)What are the induced effects due to increase in surface area of nanoparticles?
21)Define carbon nanotube?
22)Define bucky ball?
23)Define nanocomposite? What are the types of nanocomposites?
24)List methods for producing bucky balls?
25)List methods for producing carbon nanotubes?
26)List any two applications of bucky balls and carbon nanotubes?
27)List any four material characterization techniques?
28)Give any two excellent properties of carbon nanotubes?
29)What do you mean by characterization in relation with materials?
30)What is the difference between SEM & TEM?
31)What is the difference between STM & AFM?
21)Define carbon nanotube?
22)Define bucky ball?
23)Define nanocomposite? What are the types of nanocomposites?
24)List methods for producing bucky balls?
25)List methods for producing carbon nanotubes?
26)List any two applications of bucky balls and carbon nanotubes?
27)List any four material characterization techniques?
28)Give any two excellent properties of carbon nanotubes?
29)What do you mean by characterization in relation with materials?
30)What is the difference between SEM & TEM?
31)What is the difference between STM & AFM?
http://www.nanoday.com/
NANOMATERIALS: How To Overcome REACH Regulatory ChallengesCovance
Â
Nanomaterials are chemical substances that have a particle size between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in at least one dimension. What is special about nanomaterials is that the properties of a substance change when it is scaled down to nanosize - such changes can include improvements in optical, electrical and magnetic properties.
In recent years there has been ever increasing activity and excitement within the scientific and engineering communities, driven heavily by government investment, about engineered nanotechnology applications.
The purpose of this primer is to provide some basic information about engineered nanomaterials so that you will be better informed, understand the new 'jargon' and appreciate some of the potential new applications of these materials. in addition, understanding the wide range and types of measurements needed to characterize these nanomaterials along with what solutions PerkinElmer has to support customer working in this field are outlined.
Introduction to nanoparticles and bionanomaterialsShreyaBhatt23
Â
what is a nanoparticle, why small is good,nanoscale effect, how to make nanostructures,top down and bottom up approachs,
methods of making nanomaterials,chemical methods od making nanomaterial,bionanomaterials,
This article mainly introduces the application of nanomaterials. Visit https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/nanomaterials-14.htm for more information.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Â
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
here you can find the most rare topics in detail
all fields of chemistry are deeply understood here for presenting the lectures
stay blessed and keep supporting
NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: FUTURE EMERGING TECHNOLOGYIAEME Publication
Â
This paper focuses on the problem of minimizing com plex electronic circuits to scale of 10-9 m (1 nano meter) thus helping in the process of fas t operation, better performance, low cost, reliability, simple in size and easy to fabricate. The materials which are used in the manufacturing o f nano electronic devices are commonly called as nano materials. The use of nano materials led to design and development of nano devices which ease t he process of design of logic circuits. The applications of nano technology include medical, en gineering and pure as well as applied sciences. In this paper, a detailed study of how the differen t nano materials are manufactured and how the manufacturing of nano electronic devices is done is clearly described. This paper illustrates the need for nano technology in modern era and facilitates t he use of nano technology as a prerequisite for the development of modern engineering technology.
1)Â Â Â Â What do you mean by NANO?
2)Â Â Â Â Define NANO TECHNOLOGY?
3)Â Â Â Â Define NANO SCIENCE?
4)Â Â Â Â What is the difference between NANO SCIENCE & NANO TECHNOLOGY?
5)Â Â Â Â When and where FEYNMAN delivered his lecture on nanotechnology and what is the name of his classical lecture?
6)    Give Moore’s I law & II law?
7)Â Â Â Â Define top down and bottom up approach?
8)Â Â Â Â Give any two salient points addressed by Feynman?
9)Â Â Â Â Define nano structured material?
10)Classify nanomaterials and give examples for them?
11)Classify nanocomposites?
12)List any four day to day live commercial applications of nanotechnology?
13)Write down any four challenges that are faced by researchers in nanotechnology?
14)What do you mean by quantum dots & nanocrystals?
15)List any four processes to produce nanopowders?
16)What is the name of Pentium-IV processor launched by INTEL in 2004, based on 90nm technology?
17)What is the diameter of a bucky ball? How many pentagons and hexagons are there in a bucky ball?
18)What for MEMS stands for?
19)What are the types of carbon nanotubes?
20)What are the induced effects due to increase in surface area of nanoparticles?
21)Define carbon nanotube?
22)Define bucky ball?
23)Define nanocomposite? What are the types of nanocomposites?
24)List methods for producing bucky balls?
25)List methods for producing carbon nanotubes?
26)List any two applications of bucky balls and carbon nanotubes?
27)List any four material characterization techniques?
28)Give any two excellent properties of carbon nanotubes?
29)What do you mean by characterization in relation with materials?
30)What is the difference between SEM & TEM?
31)What is the difference between STM & AFM?
21)Define carbon nanotube?
22)Define bucky ball?
23)Define nanocomposite? What are the types of nanocomposites?
24)List methods for producing bucky balls?
25)List methods for producing carbon nanotubes?
26)List any two applications of bucky balls and carbon nanotubes?
27)List any four material characterization techniques?
28)Give any two excellent properties of carbon nanotubes?
29)What do you mean by characterization in relation with materials?
30)What is the difference between SEM & TEM?
31)What is the difference between STM & AFM?
http://www.nanoday.com/
NANOMATERIALS: How To Overcome REACH Regulatory ChallengesCovance
Â
Nanomaterials are chemical substances that have a particle size between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in at least one dimension. What is special about nanomaterials is that the properties of a substance change when it is scaled down to nanosize - such changes can include improvements in optical, electrical and magnetic properties.
In recent years there has been ever increasing activity and excitement within the scientific and engineering communities, driven heavily by government investment, about engineered nanotechnology applications.
The purpose of this primer is to provide some basic information about engineered nanomaterials so that you will be better informed, understand the new 'jargon' and appreciate some of the potential new applications of these materials. in addition, understanding the wide range and types of measurements needed to characterize these nanomaterials along with what solutions PerkinElmer has to support customer working in this field are outlined.
Introduction to nanoparticles and bionanomaterialsShreyaBhatt23
Â
what is a nanoparticle, why small is good,nanoscale effect, how to make nanostructures,top down and bottom up approachs,
methods of making nanomaterials,chemical methods od making nanomaterial,bionanomaterials,
This article mainly introduces the application of nanomaterials. Visit https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/nanomaterials-14.htm for more information.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Â
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
here you can find the most rare topics in detail
all fields of chemistry are deeply understood here for presenting the lectures
stay blessed and keep supporting
Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter in atomic and molecular scale. It is emerging as a principal discipline that is integrating chemistry and materials science. It holds the promise of being a main driver of technology with significant impact for all aspects of society. Nano manufacturing is manufacturing at the nanoscale. It is an interdisciplinary field covering physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering. This paper provides an introduction to nano manufacturing. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Olukayode R. Egunjobi | Sarhan M. Musa "Nano Manufacturing: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38539/nano-manufacturing-an-introduction/matthew-n-o-sadiku
For many decades, nanotechnology has been developed with cooperation from researchers in several fields of studies including physics, chemistry, biology, material science, engineering, and computer science. Nanotechnology is engineering at the molecular (groups of atoms) level. It is the collective term for a range of technologies, techniques and processes that involve the manipulation of matter at the smallest scale (from 1 to 100 nm2).The nanotechnology provides better future for human life in various fields. In future nanotechnology provides economy, ecofriendly and efficient technology which removes all difficult predicaments which is faced by us in today life scenario. Nanotechnology is the technology of preference to make things small, light and cheap, nanotechnology based manufacturing is a method conceived for processing and rearranging of atoms to fabricate custom products.
The nanotechnology applications have three different categories nanosystems, nanomaterials and nanoelectronics. The impact of the nanotechnology occurred on computing and data storage, materials and manufacturing, health and medicine, energy and environment, transportation, national security and space exploration. There are many applications of nanotechnology which are exciting in our life such as nanopowder, nanotubes, membrane filter, quantum computers etc.
But there are several problems which are occurred with the exploration of the nanotechnology such as the wastes released while making the materials for nanotechnology are released into the atmosphere and can even penetrate human and animal cells and effect their performance, agricultural countries will lose their income as nanotechnology will take over, if any damage is done at the molecular level then it is not possible to revert it.
The Nano World - STS Report Group 3 | CLDH - EI
Aslie Ace Pacete
Cheska Oga
Francis Gabriel Oliberos
Joyce Anne Orfiana
Luigi Sam Policarpio
Nico Co Navarro
Patricia Reyes
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
Â
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Â
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Â
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Â
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Â
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Â
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Â
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
Â
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Â
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Â
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
Â
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Â
Nanotechnology by manish myst, ssgbcoet
1. Nanotechnology:
Enabling technologies for innovation
Authors :
Dr.Preeti Agarwal Ms.Vishranti Raut Mr.Gaurav Pande
Director, G.H.Raisoni Lecturer Network Administrator
Institute of Information Technology Global Business School, G.H.Raisoni Institute of
Jalgaon Jalgaon Information Technology, Jalgaon
Mob.No-9822556672 Mob. No- 9422501461 Mob.No-9420350172
E-mail: -vishranti_raut E-mail: - gaurav.it07@gmail.com
@rediffmail.com
2. example fuel cells, fabrics or drug delivery
devices. What brings them together is the
natural convergence of all basic sciences
(Biology, physics and chemistry) at the
Abstract molecular level. [5]
Enhanced abilities to understand and
manipulate matter at the molecular and atomic Nanotechnology (NT) is the
levels promise a wave of significant new production and use of materials with
technologies over the next five decades. purposely-engineered features close to the
Dramatic breakthroughs will occur in diverse atomic or molecular scale. NT deals with
areas such as medicine, communications, putting things together atom by- atom and with
computing, energy, and robotics. These structures so small they are invisible to the
changes will generate large amounts of wealth naked eye. It provides the ability to create
and force wrenching changes in existing materials, devices and systems with
markets and institutions. [3] fundamentally new functions and
properties.[2]
This paper discusses the range of
sciences currently covered by nanotechnology. Unifying themes of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of Because nanotechnology is classified
objects on the atomic level. Products will be by the size of the materials being developed
built with every atom in the right place, and used, the products of this engineering can
allowing materials to be lighter, stronger, have little in common with each other for
smarter, cheaper, cleaner, and more precise example fuel cells, fabrics or drug delivery
[7]. It begins with a description of what devices. What brings them together is the
nanotechnology is and how it relates to natural convergence of all basic sciences at the
scientific advances. It then describes the most molecular level. At this level, these diverse
likely development of different technologies in fields are unified by the following common
a variety of fields. [3] themes:
Introduction - 1.Characterisation tools — To be able to
Nanotechnology (NT) is the examine and see the nanostructures or the
production and use of materials at the smallest building blocks of nanomaterials,
possible scale i.e. 100 nanometers or less. characterisation tools such as X-ray
[4] Nanotechnology is a word that includes diffraction, Synchrotron, Scanning and
both a scale (nano) and a technology [2]. Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning
Nanotechnology is engineering at the Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopy are
molecular (groups of atoms) level. It is the powerful tools across disciplines.
collective term for a range of technologies,
techniques and processes that involve the 2.Nanoscale science — Because the properties
manipulation of matter at the smallest scale for of materials change in unexpected ways at the
example, the width of an average hair is from nanoscale, the science of understanding the
1 to 100 nanometers 1/10,000th the behavior of molecules at this scale is critical to
thickness of a human hair. the rational design and control of
nanostructures for all product applications.
At this very small scale, the properties of
materials such as colour, magnetism and the 3.Molecular level computations —
ability to conduct electricity change in Computation technologies such as quantum
unexpected ways. This results in new, exciting mechanical calculations, molecular
and different characteristics that can generate a simulations and statistical mechanics are
vast array of novel products. essential to the understanding of all nanoscale
phenomena and molecular interactions.
Because nanotechnology is classified by the
size of the materials being developed and 4. Fabrication and processing technology —
used, the products of this engineering can have Many nanoparticles, powders and suspensions
little in common with each other for can be directly applied in paints, cosmetics,
3. and therapeutics. However, other National Science Foundation predicts that
nanomaterials must be assembled and nano-related goods and services could be a $1
fabricated into components and devices. In trillion market by 2015.This often-repeated
addition, processing techniques such as sol- figure seems to have little analytical basis.[4]
gel, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal It seems that nanotechnology has begun to
treatment, and milling are common techniques. blossom in the last ten years, this is largely
[5] due to the development of new instruments
that allow researchers to observe and
Main Approaches- manipulate matter at the nano level.
Two main approaches used in nanotechnology Technologies such as scanning tunneling
are as follows microscopy, magnetic force microscopy, and
1. Bottom Up electron microscopy allow scientists to
2. Top Down observe events at the atomic level.
In the "bottom-up" approach, During the first period products will
materials and devices are built from molecular take advantage of the passive properties of
components which assemble themselves nano materials, including nanotubes and
chemically by principles of molecular nanolayers.
recognition. For example,
In the "top-down" approach, nano- Titanium dioxide used in sunscreens,
objects are constructed from larger entities when broken down into nanoparticles it
without atomic-level control. becomes transparent to visible light,
eliminating the white cream appearance.
Tennis rackets containing them
promise to deliver greater stiffness without
additional weight.
Yarn that is coated with a nanolayer of
material can be woven into stain-resistant
clothing.
Each of these products takes
advantage of the unique property of a material
when it is manufactured at a nanoscale.
However, in each case the nanomaterial itself
A very common example of Top remains static once it is encapsulated into the
Down nanotechnology is the memory chip in product. [3]
today s high storage capacity USB memory
devices. The individual tracks in the memory
chip are less than 100nm in width, and these
devices are easily available on the market.
In an example of bottom-up research
IBM have announced a program to develop
memory devices based on single molecules.[2]
Rapid Development in Nanotechnology-
The current age is characterized by
accelerating technological development, and
NT is developing astonishingly with rapid
swift. The field was not identified until 1959,
when Nobel physicist Richard Feynman called
attention to the opportunities in the realm of NT particles potentially can penetrate
the staggeringly small . In 2001, Science deep into the lungs when inhaled, may be
magazine named NT the: Breakthrough of the absorbed through the skin, and may be
year. Currently, there are several hundred circulated throughout the entire human body
different commercial applications of NT. The once they get into any single part of the body.
4. Nanotechnology has indeed promised
a great future for humanity. However, the
down side of the technology should not be
neglected. In order to prevent any threat to the
society, it is crucial that nanotechnology is
developed under acceptable standards with
regard to ethical and social considerations.[1]
Nanotechnology can be viewed in variety of
fields- 2. Nanopowders:
The science, engineering, and technology Nanopowders contain particles less
related to the understanding and control of than 100 nm in size (1/10,000th the thickness
matter at the length scale of approximately 1 of a human hair). The physical, chemical and
to 100 nanometers. However, nanotechnology biological properties of such small particles
is not merely working with matter at the allow industry to incorporate enhanced
nanoscale, but also research and development functionalities into products.
of materials, devices, and systems that have
novel properties and functions due to their
nanoscale dimensions or components .[3]
In actual fact, the possibilities for
nanotechnology are endless. With sufficiently
fine tools, scientists can control
nanosystems and use them to mop up
pollution, store information, target cancer cells
and even build motors for cars too small to be
seen with the naked eye. [1]
Nanotechnology is not new. Nanoproducts
are already in the marketplace, such as 3. Membranes:
stain resistant and wrinkle-free textiles. Nanotechnology can address one of
But because it transcends the the most pressing issues of the 21st Century —
conventional boundaries between basic “safe, clean and affordable water .
sciences, nanotechnology has the There are 1.3 billion people without
potential to transform the way we live. access to safe drinking water and indications
are that global consumption of water will
1.Medical Science: likely double in the next 20 years.
The advantages of tiny technology are Nanomembrane filtration devices
perhaps most apparent in medicine. Smaller that clean the polluted water , are being
foreign mechanical devices will be able to explored by research teams in the US, Israel
reach the places where the larger equivalents and Australia at various prosperous research
can t. centers
For instance,
_Miniature Dialysis-machine: kidney failure,
_Radiation therapy: in cancer treatment,
_Nano-robot: inside human vein to remove
block from the blood vessel. [2]
5. possibilities, which upset those benefiting
4. Carbon nanotubes: from the status quo. [3]
Strong but light carbon nanotubes It is difficult to predict,
are being developed for a raft of uses, such as _The social and ethical implication of
sensors, fuel cells, computers and televisions. technologies,
The applications of nanotubes are set _The impacts of use of nanotechnology
to expand even further now that scientists have _The business decisions of product s
found that other materials besides carbon can marketing.
form nanotubes.
The historical development of the
science and the business of nanotubes are
illustrated in the following chart.
These few examples illustrate the
substantial social and economic benefit that
nanotechnology should bring, but also the
potential negative outcomes across society and
5. Molecular electronics: to both developed and developing nations.[5]
Hewlett-Packard (world's biggest
computer companies) declared on 1 February Challenges
2005 that, it is on the verge of a revolution in Challenges faced by Nanotechnology are
computer chip technology . They believe that as follows:
tiny nanotechnology devices described, as
cross bar latches will replace silicon
computer chips. These molecular-scale Nanoparticles and products may affect
alternatives to the transistor should nature, natural systems and human health
dramatically improve the performance of which is great concern to environmentalists.
computers because they are much smaller
only 2 or 3 nm in size compared with 90 nm Transforming the micro scale systems with
for transistors and they can store memory the nano scale systems is the biggest
for much longer periods. [5] problem.
Building self-replicating, learning machines
from much smaller structures are confronted.
It is also equally important to understand the
relation of nanotechnology to other
technologies.
To produce more highly optimized nano-scale
products than nature has already achieved in
Social and Ethical issues arises from small organisms.
Nanotechnology-
Though technology has brought great
Understanding self-assembly which are the
benefits to human society, people has a
properties of some molecules to arrange
love/hate relationship with new advances.
themselves into a desired pattern or devices.
This is partially because new
technology always creates new economic
6. To improve one s control over how things 4. J. Clarence Davies.: Managing the
are built, so that products can be of the effects of Nanotechnology.
highest quality and cause the lowest 5. An independent working group for the
environmental degradation. Prime Minister s Science, Engineering
and Innovation Council (PMSEIC):
Nanotechnology Enabling
Need for packing and protection from technologies for Australian innovative.
environment for the nanoproducts is also a
March 2005.
big challenge.
6. Jason Montesanto February 27, 2001. :
Future of Nanotechnology
Conclusion 7. Allison Starr AE 510: An Introduction
Nanotechnologies are starting to have
to Nanotechnoloy: The Development
an impact on our everyday lives. It is possible
and Future of this Revolutionary
that nanotechnology will create whole new
Science. November 9, 2001.
industry through disruptive technologies. The
8. IETE TECHNICAL REVIEW The
working group identified the need for
Institution of Electronics and
government and non-government initiatives to
Telecommunication Engineers : 1
catalyze the significant effort. As the JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2007
development of nanotechnology progresses in 9. Hugh Lacey : Ethics and Development
several disciplines including basic science, of Nanotechnology
computer scientists must be aware of their
roles and brace themselves for the greater
advancement of nanotechnology in the future.
Mechanisms needed to support and
strengthen nanotechnology industry, will also
require a full complement of infrastructure
such as characterization tools, nanoscale
science, molecular level computations and
fabrication and processing technology.
It is crucial that we have in place the
appropriate frameworks for coordination,
regulation, training and education to ensure
successful industry uptake and to address the
issues at the research, industry and community
levels. The development of a comprehensive
impact and risk analysis framework must be
seen as a high priority.
References
1. Boonserm Kaewkamnerdpong and
Peter J. Bentley.: Computer Science
for Nanotechnology: Needs and
Opportunities.
2. Prof. Erol Harvey at the COMS07
meeting held in Melbourne.: A brief
introduction to Micro and Nano
Technologies. Sept 2-6, 2007
3. Jim Saxton (R-NJ), Ranking Member
Joint Economic Committee United
States Congress.: Nanotechnology:
The Future is Coming Sooner Than
You Think. March 2007