1) This paper discusses how nanotechnology can impact future wireless devices and communications.
2) Nanotechnology enables new sensing technologies using arrays of tiny sensing elements, as well as new materials for antennas and radios.
3) Nanotechnology may provide solutions to achieve both increased wireless communication speeds and reduced power consumption for mobile devices.
Oxygen is a project that aims to develop integrated technologies to enable pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech and vision recognition to allow natural interaction. It also includes system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s) to provide universal access to computing power. E21s are stationary devices that can be embedded in homes, offices, and vehicles to sense the environment and interact with users. H21s are portable devices that users can customize. N21s allow devices and services to be identified by how users intend to use them rather than just location. Together these technologies aim to distribute computing power anywhere users need it.
23496302 project-oxygen in word from scribdamit243881
Project Oxygen aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech and vision recognition to allow natural communication, as well as automation, personalized knowledge access, and collaboration tools. The system technologies are stationary embedded devices (E21s) and portable handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s). E21s are embedded in homes, offices, etc. and can control the local environment, while H21s are portable but can offload tasks to nearby E21s. N21s allow devices and resources to be identified by intent rather than location and enable collaboration between devices. [/SUMMARY]
Oxygen is a software system that aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech/vision recognition and automation/collaboration tools to help users perform tasks. The system technologies include stationary Enviro21 devices embedded in homes/offices/cars and handheld Handy21 devices that provide computing power anywhere. These devices are connected through dynamic networks that allow users to access information and services securely from any location. Oxygen seeks to develop these technologies to better serve human needs through distributed, mobile, and adaptive computing.
The document discusses the emerging field of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). It describes how nanoscale devices can be interconnected through communication technologies like molecular and nano-electromagnetic communication. A key challenge is developing network architectures and components that allow intrabody networks and interconnected offices at the nanoscale. Issues like data compression, terahertz channel modeling, medium access control and security must also be addressed to realize the IoNT. Potential applications include healthcare using in-body nanosensors and environmental monitoring with high-density nanosensor placement. The IoNT could provide fine-grained data collection across many domains.
IRJET- Future of Wireless Mobile Communication with Nanotechnology and Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in mobile and wireless communication systems. It begins by defining nanotechnology and noting that future communication systems are expected to be built using nanotechnology devices. It then discusses several specific applications of nanotechnology, including using carbon nanotubes to build nano transistors that can reduce short channel effects in devices. Molecular communication networks that transmit information via encoded molecules rather than electromagnetic waves are also discussed. The document concludes by suggesting nanotechnology will lead to integrated circuit chips that can revolutionize fields like telecommunications, biomedical engineering, and more.
Project Oxygen aims to develop integrated technologies that address human needs through pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech recognition and automation that help users perform tasks, as well as system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) that deliver the user technologies anywhere. The technologies work together with themes of distribution, semantics, adaptation and privacy in mind. The goal is to develop an integrated software system through DARPA and industry partners' work.
This presentation compares the activities of Future Internet Socio Economics and Future Internet Enterprise Systems. Although there are similarities in terms of discussions about neutrality, regulation and rights the drivers are significantly different between consumers (largely focus of FISE) and industry (largely focus on FInES)
Kuncoro Wastuwibowo is the Vice Chair of IEEE Indonesia Section and has experience in multimedia services creation at Telkom Indonesia. He has also served as Chairman of IEEE Communications Society Indonesia Chapter from 2009-2011 and Vice Chair from 2007-2008. He currently works as a Senior Service Creation at Telkom Indonesia Multimedia Division and can be contacted by email at kuncoro@computer.org or on Twitter @kuncoro.
Oxygen is a project that aims to develop integrated technologies to enable pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech and vision recognition to allow natural interaction. It also includes system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s) to provide universal access to computing power. E21s are stationary devices that can be embedded in homes, offices, and vehicles to sense the environment and interact with users. H21s are portable devices that users can customize. N21s allow devices and services to be identified by how users intend to use them rather than just location. Together these technologies aim to distribute computing power anywhere users need it.
23496302 project-oxygen in word from scribdamit243881
Project Oxygen aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech and vision recognition to allow natural communication, as well as automation, personalized knowledge access, and collaboration tools. The system technologies are stationary embedded devices (E21s) and portable handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s). E21s are embedded in homes, offices, etc. and can control the local environment, while H21s are portable but can offload tasks to nearby E21s. N21s allow devices and resources to be identified by intent rather than location and enable collaboration between devices. [/SUMMARY]
Oxygen is a software system that aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech/vision recognition and automation/collaboration tools to help users perform tasks. The system technologies include stationary Enviro21 devices embedded in homes/offices/cars and handheld Handy21 devices that provide computing power anywhere. These devices are connected through dynamic networks that allow users to access information and services securely from any location. Oxygen seeks to develop these technologies to better serve human needs through distributed, mobile, and adaptive computing.
The document discusses the emerging field of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). It describes how nanoscale devices can be interconnected through communication technologies like molecular and nano-electromagnetic communication. A key challenge is developing network architectures and components that allow intrabody networks and interconnected offices at the nanoscale. Issues like data compression, terahertz channel modeling, medium access control and security must also be addressed to realize the IoNT. Potential applications include healthcare using in-body nanosensors and environmental monitoring with high-density nanosensor placement. The IoNT could provide fine-grained data collection across many domains.
IRJET- Future of Wireless Mobile Communication with Nanotechnology and Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in mobile and wireless communication systems. It begins by defining nanotechnology and noting that future communication systems are expected to be built using nanotechnology devices. It then discusses several specific applications of nanotechnology, including using carbon nanotubes to build nano transistors that can reduce short channel effects in devices. Molecular communication networks that transmit information via encoded molecules rather than electromagnetic waves are also discussed. The document concludes by suggesting nanotechnology will lead to integrated circuit chips that can revolutionize fields like telecommunications, biomedical engineering, and more.
Project Oxygen aims to develop integrated technologies that address human needs through pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech recognition and automation that help users perform tasks, as well as system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) that deliver the user technologies anywhere. The technologies work together with themes of distribution, semantics, adaptation and privacy in mind. The goal is to develop an integrated software system through DARPA and industry partners' work.
This presentation compares the activities of Future Internet Socio Economics and Future Internet Enterprise Systems. Although there are similarities in terms of discussions about neutrality, regulation and rights the drivers are significantly different between consumers (largely focus of FISE) and industry (largely focus on FInES)
Kuncoro Wastuwibowo is the Vice Chair of IEEE Indonesia Section and has experience in multimedia services creation at Telkom Indonesia. He has also served as Chairman of IEEE Communications Society Indonesia Chapter from 2009-2011 and Vice Chair from 2007-2008. He currently works as a Senior Service Creation at Telkom Indonesia Multimedia Division and can be contacted by email at kuncoro@computer.org or on Twitter @kuncoro.
Ingrid moerman isbo ng wi nets - overview of the projectimec.archive
The document describes an event for the NG Wireless project. It includes an agenda with presentations on monitoring interference using sensing technology, avoiding interference with adaptive protocols, and minimizing interference with cooperative networks. There will also be a presentation on accounting for the impact of interference on revenue modeling and results. After the presentations, there will be demonstration booths and a networking drink.
Project Oxygen aims to create a human-centered computing environment where computation is freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices. It seeks to allow users to communicate naturally using speech and gestures rather than requiring interaction on computers' terms. The project involves developing technologies like handheld and embedded devices (H21 and E21), self-configuring networks (N21), and speech, vision, automation and collaboration tools to realize this vision. Several challenges around pervasive, embedded, nomadic and adaptive computing must be addressed. The project is a $50 million multi-company effort started in 1999, but key concepts like N21 and INS remain difficult to implement practically.
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
This document discusses security and key management challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides an overview of WSNs, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses open research challenges in WSNs, including interoperability, scalability, energy efficiency, mobility management, deployment, localization and routing. The document outlines security objectives for WSNs including confidentiality, authentication, integrity, freshness and availability. It describes threat models for WSNs and different types of attacks. Finally, it discusses key management operations and goals that are important for security in WSNs.
Professor Professor Joseph Sifakis gave a lecture on From Programs to Systems – Building a Smarter World in the Distinguished Lecturer Series - Leon The Mathematician.
The Interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing Information and communication technologies (ICT), defines a new networking paradigm called “Internet of Nano-Things"
Project Oxygen aims to make computation pervasive and freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices called H21 and embedded devices called E21. These devices would communicate through a wireless network called N21. The goal is to make interaction more natural and human-centered through speech and gestures rather than typing or clicking. Technologies involved include device technologies, network technologies, software technologies, and perceptual technologies for vision and speech. Challenges include making the system pervasive, embedded, nomadic, adaptable, powerful yet efficient, intentional, and eternal. Potential applications include business, medicine, and education. The project is sponsored by several companies but has not yet been fully realized.
This document discusses realizing an Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) by connecting physical objects at the nano scale. It outlines challenges like developing nano communication methods. Two approaches are electromagnetic nano communications between devices 2-6 micrometers in size using nano antennas and processors. Molecular communications transmit information using biomolecules between nano machines. Potential applications include new healthcare monitoring with nano sensors embedded on clothing communicating via nano networks and electromagnetic or molecular means. Realizing an IoNT could help address problems in fields like healthcare and building smart cities.
This document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks have emerged from advances in computing, communication, and sensing technologies that have allowed the development of low-cost, low-power sensor nodes. It describes typical applications of wireless sensor networks and highlights some of the key enabling technologies, including hardware components, wireless networking protocols, collaborative signal processing techniques, and the evolution of sensor node designs over time.
1) Pervasive computing involves embedding computers into everyday objects and environments to create intelligent environments.
2) Current technologies that enable pervasive computing include wearable computers, smart dust, and context-aware mobile devices.
3) Key challenges for pervasive computing include developing adaptive and context-aware applications, addressing privacy and security concerns, and managing the complexity of large-scale intelligent environments.
What is Ubiquitous Computing?
Ubiquitous computing (alias: Pervasive Computing) is a paradigm in which the processing of information is linked with each activity or object as encountered. It involves connecting electronic devices, including embedding microprocessors to communicate information. Devices that use ubiquitous computing have constant availability and are completely connected.
Ubiquitous computing focuses on learning by removing the complexity of computing and increases efficiency while using computing for different daily activities.
Ubiquitous computing is also known as pervasive computing, everyware and ambient intelligence.
Living in Smart Environments - 2nd year PhD ReportLuigi De Russis
This document summarizes Luigi De Russis's research activities related to human-computer interaction in ambient intelligence environments. His main research focuses on gaze interaction, developing interfaces to incentivize energy efficient behavior, and rule-based activity delegation. Some of his other projects involve a wearable notification device called dWatch, a speech-driven home interface for people with disabilities, and frameworks for processing sensor data streams. He supervises several student projects and has published papers in relevant journals and conferences. Future work will include completing ongoing projects and evaluating interfaces in a living lab environment.
The document discusses Bluetooth technology and its capabilities and security concerns regarding implementation. Bluetooth allows for wireless connections between various portable electronic devices within a short range. It uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band for improved interference protection. While the security features of Bluetooth are adequate for non-sensitive data transfer within a 10 meter range, transmitting sensitive data or increasing the transmission range could introduce information integrity problems.
User Controlled Privacy in Participatory SensingIDES Editor
This document describes a proposed model for collaborative infrastructure monitoring using participatory sensing. The model involves:
1) Individual sensor networks deployed in homes/buildings that are connected to a cluster head. Cluster heads share some data with a central base station.
2) Users have control over what data they share and at what level of granularity. They can authorize other users to access their data at different levels.
3) Trust between users is calculated based on their past interactions, to determine how much data one user will share with others. If no past interactions exist, opinions from other trusted users can be used to establish an initial trust value.
4) The goal is to integrate individual sensor networks to monitor infrastructure
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Manet mobile ad hoc network – challenges, security and protocols-2prjpublications
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and related security challenges. It provides an overview of MANETs, including their evolution, characteristics, and architecture. The document then examines key security issues for MANETs, such as vulnerabilities to different types of attacks, including active attacks like packet dropping, modification, and denial of service attacks. It emphasizes that MANETs require new security solutions due to their lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, and other distinguishing features compared to traditional wired networks. Overall, the document serves to introduce MANETs and outline important security considerations for further research on this topic.
This project presents a concept for a flexible smartphone that could become reality due to advances in nanotechnology. The use of flexible circuits would make smartphones thinner and lighter. Thanks to nanotechnology, future smartphones may become more wearable like bracelets or watches and be more user-friendly.
Most Cited Survey Article in Computer Science And EngineeringIJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
SOFIA - Opening Embedded Information for Smart Applications. VTT/ESI/NOKIASofia Eu
The document describes the SOFIA project which aims to create smart environments by making information from physical devices available to smart services. The key element discussed is the Smart-M3 platform, which allows cross-domain information exchange between embedded systems using a common ontology and format. Smart-M3 defines semantic information brokers that store and share information, and knowledge processors that access and process this information to enable new smart applications.
TOP 10 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING PAPERS:: RECOMMENDED READING – COMPUTE...IJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small
and low-costsensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental
conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results
in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks
require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes
have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities , as well as their
energy resources, are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are
responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop
communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for
Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
Applications of Nano Technology in textile mills in Madurai, Coimbatore and M...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses the applications of nano-coated induction motors in textile mills located in major Indian cities like Mumbai, Madurai, and Coimbatore. It describes the various processes involved in textile mills from ginning to weaving and the motor requirements for each process. Nano-coated motors offer advantages like higher efficiency, lower harmonics, better thermal performance, and improved quality for textile mills compared to normal induction motors. The document outlines the synthesis process for nano-fillers, coating method for motor windings, and experimental testing done to evaluate the performance of nano-coated motors used in textile mills. Nano-coated motors can enhance productivity, reduce maintenance costs, and improve quality of output for
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology, including definitions, history, applications, and health impacts. Nanotechnology involves engineering at the molecular level between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has a variety of applications, including carbon nanotubes, molecular electronics, quantum dots, and more efficient energy generation. While many nanotechnology applications pose no new health risks, some free nanoparticles may have negative health impacts due to their small size and chemical properties. The document outlines the history and development of nanotechnology from 1959 to present.
This document discusses the history and impact of nanotechnology. It begins by discussing Richard Feynman's 1959 lecture where he proposed building things at the atomic scale from the bottom up. Nanotechnology allows manipulating individual atoms and molecules to create novel materials and devices much smaller than previously possible. Examples of nanotechnology applications include more powerful computers, new medical technologies like targeted drug delivery, and more efficient energy and environmental technologies like solar cells. The document also discusses tools used in nanotechnology like electron microscopes and examples of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes.
Ingrid moerman isbo ng wi nets - overview of the projectimec.archive
The document describes an event for the NG Wireless project. It includes an agenda with presentations on monitoring interference using sensing technology, avoiding interference with adaptive protocols, and minimizing interference with cooperative networks. There will also be a presentation on accounting for the impact of interference on revenue modeling and results. After the presentations, there will be demonstration booths and a networking drink.
Project Oxygen aims to create a human-centered computing environment where computation is freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices. It seeks to allow users to communicate naturally using speech and gestures rather than requiring interaction on computers' terms. The project involves developing technologies like handheld and embedded devices (H21 and E21), self-configuring networks (N21), and speech, vision, automation and collaboration tools to realize this vision. Several challenges around pervasive, embedded, nomadic and adaptive computing must be addressed. The project is a $50 million multi-company effort started in 1999, but key concepts like N21 and INS remain difficult to implement practically.
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
This document discusses security and key management challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides an overview of WSNs, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses open research challenges in WSNs, including interoperability, scalability, energy efficiency, mobility management, deployment, localization and routing. The document outlines security objectives for WSNs including confidentiality, authentication, integrity, freshness and availability. It describes threat models for WSNs and different types of attacks. Finally, it discusses key management operations and goals that are important for security in WSNs.
Professor Professor Joseph Sifakis gave a lecture on From Programs to Systems – Building a Smarter World in the Distinguished Lecturer Series - Leon The Mathematician.
The Interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing Information and communication technologies (ICT), defines a new networking paradigm called “Internet of Nano-Things"
Project Oxygen aims to make computation pervasive and freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices called H21 and embedded devices called E21. These devices would communicate through a wireless network called N21. The goal is to make interaction more natural and human-centered through speech and gestures rather than typing or clicking. Technologies involved include device technologies, network technologies, software technologies, and perceptual technologies for vision and speech. Challenges include making the system pervasive, embedded, nomadic, adaptable, powerful yet efficient, intentional, and eternal. Potential applications include business, medicine, and education. The project is sponsored by several companies but has not yet been fully realized.
This document discusses realizing an Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) by connecting physical objects at the nano scale. It outlines challenges like developing nano communication methods. Two approaches are electromagnetic nano communications between devices 2-6 micrometers in size using nano antennas and processors. Molecular communications transmit information using biomolecules between nano machines. Potential applications include new healthcare monitoring with nano sensors embedded on clothing communicating via nano networks and electromagnetic or molecular means. Realizing an IoNT could help address problems in fields like healthcare and building smart cities.
This document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks have emerged from advances in computing, communication, and sensing technologies that have allowed the development of low-cost, low-power sensor nodes. It describes typical applications of wireless sensor networks and highlights some of the key enabling technologies, including hardware components, wireless networking protocols, collaborative signal processing techniques, and the evolution of sensor node designs over time.
1) Pervasive computing involves embedding computers into everyday objects and environments to create intelligent environments.
2) Current technologies that enable pervasive computing include wearable computers, smart dust, and context-aware mobile devices.
3) Key challenges for pervasive computing include developing adaptive and context-aware applications, addressing privacy and security concerns, and managing the complexity of large-scale intelligent environments.
What is Ubiquitous Computing?
Ubiquitous computing (alias: Pervasive Computing) is a paradigm in which the processing of information is linked with each activity or object as encountered. It involves connecting electronic devices, including embedding microprocessors to communicate information. Devices that use ubiquitous computing have constant availability and are completely connected.
Ubiquitous computing focuses on learning by removing the complexity of computing and increases efficiency while using computing for different daily activities.
Ubiquitous computing is also known as pervasive computing, everyware and ambient intelligence.
Living in Smart Environments - 2nd year PhD ReportLuigi De Russis
This document summarizes Luigi De Russis's research activities related to human-computer interaction in ambient intelligence environments. His main research focuses on gaze interaction, developing interfaces to incentivize energy efficient behavior, and rule-based activity delegation. Some of his other projects involve a wearable notification device called dWatch, a speech-driven home interface for people with disabilities, and frameworks for processing sensor data streams. He supervises several student projects and has published papers in relevant journals and conferences. Future work will include completing ongoing projects and evaluating interfaces in a living lab environment.
The document discusses Bluetooth technology and its capabilities and security concerns regarding implementation. Bluetooth allows for wireless connections between various portable electronic devices within a short range. It uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band for improved interference protection. While the security features of Bluetooth are adequate for non-sensitive data transfer within a 10 meter range, transmitting sensitive data or increasing the transmission range could introduce information integrity problems.
User Controlled Privacy in Participatory SensingIDES Editor
This document describes a proposed model for collaborative infrastructure monitoring using participatory sensing. The model involves:
1) Individual sensor networks deployed in homes/buildings that are connected to a cluster head. Cluster heads share some data with a central base station.
2) Users have control over what data they share and at what level of granularity. They can authorize other users to access their data at different levels.
3) Trust between users is calculated based on their past interactions, to determine how much data one user will share with others. If no past interactions exist, opinions from other trusted users can be used to establish an initial trust value.
4) The goal is to integrate individual sensor networks to monitor infrastructure
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Manet mobile ad hoc network – challenges, security and protocols-2prjpublications
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and related security challenges. It provides an overview of MANETs, including their evolution, characteristics, and architecture. The document then examines key security issues for MANETs, such as vulnerabilities to different types of attacks, including active attacks like packet dropping, modification, and denial of service attacks. It emphasizes that MANETs require new security solutions due to their lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, and other distinguishing features compared to traditional wired networks. Overall, the document serves to introduce MANETs and outline important security considerations for further research on this topic.
This project presents a concept for a flexible smartphone that could become reality due to advances in nanotechnology. The use of flexible circuits would make smartphones thinner and lighter. Thanks to nanotechnology, future smartphones may become more wearable like bracelets or watches and be more user-friendly.
Most Cited Survey Article in Computer Science And EngineeringIJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
SOFIA - Opening Embedded Information for Smart Applications. VTT/ESI/NOKIASofia Eu
The document describes the SOFIA project which aims to create smart environments by making information from physical devices available to smart services. The key element discussed is the Smart-M3 platform, which allows cross-domain information exchange between embedded systems using a common ontology and format. Smart-M3 defines semantic information brokers that store and share information, and knowledge processors that access and process this information to enable new smart applications.
TOP 10 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING PAPERS:: RECOMMENDED READING – COMPUTE...IJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small
and low-costsensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental
conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results
in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks
require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes
have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities , as well as their
energy resources, are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are
responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop
communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for
Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
Applications of Nano Technology in textile mills in Madurai, Coimbatore and M...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses the applications of nano-coated induction motors in textile mills located in major Indian cities like Mumbai, Madurai, and Coimbatore. It describes the various processes involved in textile mills from ginning to weaving and the motor requirements for each process. Nano-coated motors offer advantages like higher efficiency, lower harmonics, better thermal performance, and improved quality for textile mills compared to normal induction motors. The document outlines the synthesis process for nano-fillers, coating method for motor windings, and experimental testing done to evaluate the performance of nano-coated motors used in textile mills. Nano-coated motors can enhance productivity, reduce maintenance costs, and improve quality of output for
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology, including definitions, history, applications, and health impacts. Nanotechnology involves engineering at the molecular level between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has a variety of applications, including carbon nanotubes, molecular electronics, quantum dots, and more efficient energy generation. While many nanotechnology applications pose no new health risks, some free nanoparticles may have negative health impacts due to their small size and chemical properties. The document outlines the history and development of nanotechnology from 1959 to present.
This document discusses the history and impact of nanotechnology. It begins by discussing Richard Feynman's 1959 lecture where he proposed building things at the atomic scale from the bottom up. Nanotechnology allows manipulating individual atoms and molecules to create novel materials and devices much smaller than previously possible. Examples of nanotechnology applications include more powerful computers, new medical technologies like targeted drug delivery, and more efficient energy and environmental technologies like solar cells. The document also discusses tools used in nanotechnology like electron microscopes and examples of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes.
The engineered nanoparticles are effectively used for cancer treatment due to their targeted drug delivery approach. Download the Aranca report on Technology and Patent Research for current research trends and developments.
Nano technology in ervironmental engineeringVishnu Raj
Nano technology has the potential to address current problems in water treatment by utilizing unique properties of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles can be used for nanoadsorption, nanocatalysis, nanofiltration, and nanoremediation to more efficiently treat water and wastewater. However, further development is needed to prove safety and reduce costs before wide applications. Research on environmental risks from nanoparticles in water systems is also important.
The document describes the Nokia Morph, a theoretical future device concept based on nanotechnology. The Morph would have a flexible, stretchable design and transparent electronics, enabled by advances in nanomaterials and manufacturing. It was a collaboration between Nokia Research Center and Cambridge University to envision mobile technology of the future. While not yet commercially available, the Morph concept demonstrates the potential of nanotechnology to transform device form factors and functionality through properties like self-cleaning, sensing, and energy harvesting.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic or molecular scale, typically 100 nanometers or smaller. Richard Feynman first suggested the possibility of nanomachines in 1959. Albert Hibbs later suggested using nanomachines for medical purposes like surgery. Current applications of nanotechnology in medicine include more targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment using gold nanoparticles, microsurgery using nanoscale instruments, medical robotics, and tissue engineering. While nanomedicine holds promise, it also raises social, economic, ethical, and safety issues that warrant careful consideration and oversight to ensure its safe and equitable development and use.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology including nanocells, carbon nanotubes, and molecular electronics. Nanocells are self-assembled networks of metallic particles that act as programmable switches. Carbon nanotubes are rolled sheets of carbon that can be semiconductors or metals and are strong candidates for nanowires. Potential applications highlighted include using carbon nanotubes for transistors, fuel cells, and simulation. Other applications discussed are nanobridge devices, nanoscale transistors, components for quantum computers, nanophotonic devices, and nanobiochips for drug discovery.
Nanotechnology: Basic introduction to the nanotechnology.Sathya Sujani
This simple presentation will help you to understand the every aspects of nanotechnology including basic definition and it's practical application in a very simple yet precise manner.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, which is one billionth of a meter. It then outlines several applications of nanotechnology including in electronics like transistors and solar cells, energy like batteries and fuel cells, and materials like carbon nanotubes. The document also discusses advantages such as stronger and lighter materials, faster computers, and medical applications like universal immunity. However, it notes some disadvantages like potential job loss and health risks from carbon nanotubes. Finally, it discusses the future of nanotechnology in areas like electronic paper and contact lenses.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic scale between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has applications in quantum computing which operates at the quantum level using quantum bits that can represent both 1s and 0s through superposition and entanglement. While a quantum computer could solve certain problems much faster than classical computers by processing vast amounts of calculations simultaneously, they still face limitations such as unpredictability, difficulty retrieving data, and requiring total isolation from the environment to maintain fragile quantum states.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology for wastewater treatment. It notes that over 75% of the Earth is covered in water, but less than 1% is accessible freshwater for human use. Nanomaterials like dendrimers, metal nanoparticles, zeolites and carbon nanotubes can be used for wastewater treatment through processes like nanosorption, nanofiltration and photocatalysis. These nanomaterials have advantages over conventional treatment methods like higher efficiency and capacity. However, scaling up nanotechnology for wastewater treatment remains a challenge.
This document provides an overview of energy harvesting technologies for sustainable wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used in applications like structural health monitoring and battlefield surveillance. WSNs allow for distributed sensing and processing but face challenges around limited energy resources. The document reviews different energy harvesting technologies that could provide sustainable power sources for sensor nodes, like solar, thermal, and kinetic energy harvesting. It examines how these technologies work and their potential to enable long-term operation of energy-constrained wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses pervasive computing, which involves embedding microprocessors in everyday objects to allow ubiquitous communication and sharing of digital information. Key points include:
- Pervasive computing aims to make technologies seamlessly integrated into daily life through miniaturized, networked "smart objects".
- It builds upon distributed and mobile computing trends towards constant connectivity anywhere.
- Major challenges include scaling the technology as more devices connect, integrating heterogeneous systems, and ensuring user privacy and interface invisibility.
- Research initiatives like Oxygen, Aura and Cooltown aim to advance this vision of ambient intelligence through objects and environments that are responsive to human needs.
This document summarizes research on using shape memory fabrics to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities. It discusses the methodology, experimental models, applications, and conclusions of the research project. The methodology involves reviewing the state of the art, developing a generic platform, and creating experimental models. The research aims to leverage consolidated technologies like smart textiles as well as emerging technologies to help people with disabilities.
Mobile phones now have powerful sensing capabilities. The document describes 4 mobile sensing applications called MobSens that leverage phones' sensors for health, social, and environmental monitoring. The applications allow individuals and communities to collect and share data. Challenges in building such applications include deploying the software and dealing with variability in phone hardware, but MobSens addresses these through its reusable components and testing strategies.
The document discusses wireless sensor networks and ambient intelligence. It begins by providing context on ambient intelligence, describing it as smart electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to people. It then discusses key challenges for ambient intelligence, including social and political concerns about privacy and trust. Finally, it outlines several technological areas important for ambient intelligence, such as ubiquitous computing, and emphasizes the importance of putting users at the center of system design.
This document discusses the significance of nanotechnology for future wireless devices and communications. It begins with an introduction explaining how nanotechnology could help address constraints on size and power consumption for mobile devices. It then provides background on nanotechnology, including its history and how it works at the nanoscale. The document outlines several ways nanotechnology could improve wireless devices, such as through new nanosensors, solutions for radio frequency challenges, increased speed and memory, and improved power and thermal management. It also discusses some of the challenges and impacts of nanotechnology on various industries. In conclusion, the document argues that nanotechnology research should focus on developing sustainable and recyclable electronics materials to help address environmental challenges.
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications .docxvannagoforth
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications Page 2
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications 2
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications
Rosendo Ramos
Student id# 31342432
ELEC 308 Nano-science and Nanotechnology
Professor Dr.Loucas
March 30, 2020
Abstract
Nanotechnology has nowadays become the most amazing study in many fields such as civil engineering, chemical engineering, electronics, and medicine. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale (Abdullah-Al-Shafi, 2016). This, therefore, means that at its essence, it is the science of how to use small things in the advancement of technology.
Introduction
The devices that use wireless communication ranges from RFID tags to television set receivers and satellites to mobile phones. The availability of internet access from mobile devices is growing at an exponential rate that causes rising demand on the wireless network and mobile devices' performance. As the type of activities that consumers are engaging in over the wireless connections is changing day in day out, it has been an increased need for the devices to change also. For instance in radios, the increasing quantity of mobile internet traffic there has been increased the need for additional frequency for support. The modern world is becoming an intelligent interactive environment that has needs novel autonomous sensors with wireless communication links that require to be incorporated into an everyday object. This is the reason why sensors that are nano-enabled integrated with small RF transceivers are useful in monitoring air quality, water pollution among other aspects. The main drivers of changing into nanotechnology in wireless devices are needed for high performance, reduced consumption of power as well as reduced compact size.
Background
In nanotechnology, a semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator (Neupane, et al., 2019). In these semiconductors, the energy band that is highly occupied is filled with electrons completely and the next that is empty is the conduction band. The semiconductors resistivity can be altered by up to 10 orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors nanocrystals are made from various compounds. They are normally referred to as II-IV, III-V or IV-VI semiconductors nanocrystals. This is basing on the periodic table groups where there are three elements formed. Semiconductor nanowires are a unique system that will be in the future to be used in electronic and optoelectronic devices. It has been shown that if the semiconductor materials are minimized, their performance is maximized for their application in a wide range of material applications.
Nanotechnology applications
Nano-antenn ...
The document discusses ambient intelligence, which refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to human presence. It outlines key technologies like miniaturized hardware, seamless networks, and human-centric interfaces. An ambient intelligence architecture features distributed devices and networks that are easy to control. Scenarios described include a home with speakers that follow users and sensors that monitor climate. Benefits are improved safety, performance, and customized living spaces with on-demand access to information. Challenges include interoperability, security, and ensuring user acceptance with addressed ethical issues.
The document provides an introduction to the Global Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as a system of interconnected computing devices, machines, objects, animals or people that can transfer data over a network without requiring human interaction. It discusses how IoT is the next phase of development after the Internet of computers and mobile phones. The document outlines several key technologies that enable IoT, including RFID, wireless networks, sensors, cloud computing and energy harvesting. It also discusses the architecture, applications, market and impact of digital transformation of IoT.
The document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for future electronics. It notes that while microelectronics currently solve many problems, they have limitations in physical size and increasing fabrication costs. Nanotechnology allows for electronics to be developed at the nanoscale level, enabling flexible electronics, improved wireless devices, and molecular devices. Some key applications of nanotechnology include using graphene for flexible electronics, developing improved sensors and memory storage for wireless devices, and creating molecular devices that function like diodes or switches at the nanoscale level. The document concludes that nanotechnology has promise to continue chip miniaturization and enable new flexible and wearable electronic devices.
Presentation on Ubiqutous Computing. Describes basic aspects of this computing. How it can be deployed in our day-to-day life. applications and advantages.
Ubiquitous computing will surround users
with a comfortable and convenient information environment and a smart
space that merges physical and computational infrastructures into an integrated
habitat. This habitat will feature a proliferation of hundreds or thousands of
computing devices and sensors that will provide new functionality, offer specialized
services, and boost productivity
and interaction among the devices and
the
users.
The document discusses Shaspa, an innovative service framework that uses wireless sensors, social networks, mobile technologies, and virtual worlds to monitor and manage physical spaces. Shaspa aims to increase energy efficiency in buildings by providing interfaces that simplify access to industry standard sensor data streams. This collected data is analyzed to gain insights into user behavior with the goal of enacting behavioral changes to reduce individual carbon footprints. Key challenges addressed by Shaspa include creating intuitive human-environment interactions, managing distributed sensor networks, and developing systems that can learn user needs and adapt accordingly.
This document summarizes ambient intelligence (AmI), which involves ubiquitous computing, ubiquitous communication, and user adaptive interfaces. AmI aims to empower computers to support daily human activities and tasks in an intuitive way. The key components of AmI are described, including ubiquitous computing using various devices, ubiquitous communication through wireless networks, and user interfaces that adapt to users and contexts. Examples of AmI applications in homes are discussed. Challenges and approaches to achieving scalability from the perspectives of processing, communication, and software are also outlined.
The interconnection of nanodevices with Internet has led to development of a new phase of IoT called Internet of nanothings IoNT . Thus, Internet of nanothings IoNT is essentially the interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing networks. IoNT applications are prevalent everywhere. IoNT has the potential to take medicine, energy, electronics, drug, agriculture, and many other sectors to a whole new dimension. The development of IoNT will have a great impact on almost every field in near future. This paper provides an introduction to the Internet of nanothings, its architecture, applications, benefits, and challenges. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Nishu Gupta | Sarhan M. Musa "Internet of Nanothings: A Primer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29298.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29298/internet-of-nanothings-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
This document discusses how nanotechnology can help address limitations with microelectronics and enable new technologies. It explains that nanotechnology allows for electronics that are smaller, more flexible, and more cost-effective to produce. Specifically, it outlines how nanotechnology could enable stretchable electronics, wireless devices, molecular devices, improved sensors, increased memory storage, new materials for wearable electronics, and molecular devices that reduce the size of integrated circuits. The document concludes that nanotechnology has promise to continue miniaturizing electronics and enable flexible devices, driving major changes and innovations in mobile and wearable technologies.
Pervasive computing involves the interaction of numerous computing devices connected via wired and wireless links. This seminar discusses pervasive computing technologies and applications, including information access, mobility and networking, perceptive interfaces, and real-time applications. It also outlines some ongoing research projects and concludes that pervasive computing continues to affect more populations through regional and cultural influences on the technologies.
The research of cognitive communication networksWatcharanon Over
The document discusses research on cognitive communication networks. It defines cognitive communication networks as networks that can (1) sense changes in their internal and external environments, (2) analyze and learn from these changes, and (3) automatically adjust communication resources and capabilities according to user demands. The key aspects covered are: the environments cognitive networks can sense; the connotation of cognitive network technology; and the sensing, learning, decision-making, and action process of cognitive networks.
WIRELESS SENSORS INTEGRATION INTO INTERNET OF THINGS AND THE SECURITY PRIMITIVEScsandit
The common vision of smart systems today, is by and large associated with one single concept,
the internet of things (IoT), where the whole physical infrastructure is linked with intelligent
monitoring and communication technologies through the use of wireless sensors. In such an
intelligent vibrant system, sensors are connected to send useful information and control
instructions via distributed sensor networks. Wireless sensors have an easy deployment and
better flexibility of devices contrary to wired setup. With the rapid technological development of
sensors, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will become the key technology for IoT and an
invaluable resource for realizing the vision of Internet of things (IoT) paradigm. It is also
important to consider whether the sensors of a WSN should be completely integrated into IoT or
not. New security challenges arise when heterogeneous sensors are integrated into the IoT. Security needs to be considered at a global perspective, not just at a local scale. This paper gives an overview of sensor integration into IoT, some major security challenges and also a
number of security primitives that can be taken to protect their data over the internet.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
2. The 18th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'07)
appropriate way to integrate them with measurements. materials/structures are attractive for antennas, filters, or near
Nanotechnologies will enable new materials and new sensing field imaging.
elements for sensors. It will become possible to create sensors
that consist of huge arrays of similar sensing elements and IV. MORE SPEED, LESS ENERGY
thus develop novel sensing principles for example for
chemical and biochemical sensors. Ever increasing wireless communication speeds require
increasing amount of computation with limited power.
III. SOLUTIONS FOR RADIO Continued innovation has made it possible to follow the
Moore’s law and to provide electronics with all the time
RF operation in the GHz frequency range brings challenges increasing performance with reduced price. The current
not only with range and interference avoidance, but also with approach of simply reducing the transistor size seems to come
processing speed. The radio frequency determines the basic to an end by about 2015 due to the limitations of the
clock speeds and sets requirements on how often certain manufacturing technology [4]. By 2020, the traditional silicon
physical and medium access control layer signal processing CMOS is expected to reach a density of 1010 devices per cm2,
algorithms need to be run per second. Here nanotechnology switching speed of 12 THz, circuit speed of 61 GHz, and
could help. For example, recent advances in nanotechnology switching energy of 3x10-18J [4]. This should be considered a
and scaling allow building of systems with a large number of benchmark for new approaches based on nanotechnology.
nanoscale resonators, e.g., NEMS devices [1], which could be Such approaches include new materials leading to transistors
used for GHz signal processing applications. with improved properties (for example Intel’s recent
This type of a system can make spectral processing in RF announcement on metal gate high-k transistors [5]), and
domain feasible. This is of special importance for high data combination of new type of nanoelements with traditional
rate wireless communications systems. One particularly circuits [6]. Some circuitry can be replaced with application
important application would be spectral sensing in mobile specific nanosystems, either digital or analogue, tailored to
devices with flexible spectrum use and/or cognitive radio perform a specific signal processing task with vastly
features. There wide radio spectrum bands need to be improved power efficiency and speed.
repeatedly scanned in real-time with low power consumption. At the nanoscale the operation of the devices is more
In addition, a lot of processing speed and power is needed to stochastic in nature and quantum effects become the rule
analyze the data and run all the algorithms which enable rather than the exception. It could easily be that the current
intelligent use of spectrum and fast adaptation to dynamically standard computation methods and models will not be
changing radio environment. With current technologies only optimal with these new devices and technologies. As an
limited versions of fully cognitive applications could be example, parallel computing with neural networks could be
realized, in particular when operation frequencies are in the optimal for processing and understanding information from
GHz range. sensors. Other ideas being studied currently are, e.g.,
Another interesting application is wireless ad-hoc networks spintronics [7] and cellular automata, realized with spin-based
with large number of extremely low-cost, low-power systems of nanosize magnetic particles [8].
elements. For example, all the required components of a System design with these kinds of elements requires
wireless sensor node, i.e., a sensing unit, a processing unit, a development of computing methods which are tolerant to
transceiver unit, and a power unit have already been failing components, and capable to take into account
demonstrated with nanoelements, such as carbon nanotubes quantum-scale effects inherent in nanosystems.
[2]. However, a lot of work remains to make these
components suitable for nanosize wireless sensor nodes, and V. MORE MEMORY
to integrate them together into a complete system. Once
realized, this could enable a vast number of novel applications Already today mobile phones require a considerable amount
and possibilities of ultra-low power wireless sensor networks of storage capacity to retain pictures, video, music, and data
that have not been possible before. In addition to from a number of different applications. Taking into account
communication networks and environmental sensors, also wider usage of different tools allowing users to create their
applications to medicine and healthcare can be significant. own content and fast wireless links for loading of external
Nanotechnology also offers new possibilities for antennas. content, we can easily expect that mobile phones will require
Reducing the size of current antennas made from magnetic up to 10 GB internal mass memory for short term and 50-
and conducting bulk material increases electromagnetic 100GB for mid and long terms.
dissipation. The antenna geometry can be optimized using Memories for mobile devices should meet very tough
numerical simulations, but the radical enhancement of the requirements. Low power consumption is required for both
performance could come from nanotechnology: by tailoring active and standby modes. Battery energy is limited (typically
new materials, e.g., magnetic nanoparticles, we can hope to 500-1500 mAh) and small factor of products have limited
reduce the losses and tune the electrical permittivity and maximum heat dissipation (2-4 W) due to safety and
permeability to optimal values. Another intriguing possibility reliability. Low voltage is needed because of power
is metamaterials, which exhibit physical properties not limitations, battery voltage development, and system design.
appearing conventionally in nature [3]. Such Currently 1.8 V core and I/O is a standard in the mobile
industry, and we expect a transition to 1.2 V within 3-5 years.
3. The 18th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'07)
More functionality is needed in system ASICs, but terminals continue. Curved, flexible, compliant, and stretchable
are not getting any bigger - thus low pin count is an issue. structures together with the need for more freedom for
Limited PWB area and package/module height dictates small industrial design set demanding requirements for the user
form factor. Share of memories out of total Bill-Of-Material interface technologies; displays, keyboard, and overall
of the product is significant. So low cost is a key requirement. integration of the user interface. A possibility to integrate
So far Flash memory has been the most reliable storage electronics and user interface functions into structural
technology for portable devices. However, visible limitations components, such as covers, will become a necessity.
for future Flash cell scaling include power consumption, Furthermore, the concepts of the future intelligent
charge storage requirements of the dielectrics, reliability environments require novel means to interact with the smart
issues, and capacitive coupling between adjustment cells. spaces and to use the mobile personal device as a user
A lot of innovation has been proposed to get over the interface in this interaction. Interaction paradigms become
limitations in Flash, using system management technique and more intuitive to consumer, but much more complex to
fabrication technology improvements (e.g. high-k dielectrics, implement.
nanocrystal storage medias, and Fin-FET). Promise of nanotechnologies for the development of user
While there are no doubts that Flash will remain the dominant interfaces and interaction solutions includes intelligent
non-volatile memory technology at least down to 45 nm node, sensors, novel means to create actuation like haptic feedback,
the world is currently taking a hard look at where there might and new ways to integrate sensors and actuators into the
be a better way. Even today semiconductor industry, which structural parts of the device.
produces transistors with critical dimensions well below 100
nm, uses achievements of nanotechnology. However much VII. MORE POSSIBILITIES WITH NEW MATERIALS
more can be expected by usage new materials structures at the
nanoscale and utilizing new ways to storage information. Enhanced user experiences created via new, useful device
A range of new memory technologies have been explored: features and functions, good design and usability, and
ferro-electric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), attractive personalized look and feel are major drivers for the
ferro-electric polymer FeRAM, phase change memory development of future communication devices. The wish to
(PCM), resistive RAM (RRAM), probe storage, carbon have high-performance devices with “all the features” in
nanotube memory (CNT), molecular memory, and many small, compact physical size and being easy to use and carry,
others. The concept for some of these technologies has been sets high requirements for several technologies. Materials
around for years, and even reached product phase like technology is in key role in the development of many areas
FeRAM, MRAM and PCM. A few are completely new. such as device mechanics, core electronics, advanced user
All the memory technologies mentioned have different levels interfaces, displays, energy sources, and data storage, as
of maturity. The status of some of them is shown in Figure 2. discussed above.
Taking into consideration the requirements for mass storage, Currently the device miniaturization is mainly driven by
the use in portable devices, the size limitations, and the status constant miniaturization of the electronic components. As this
of the development of the technologies, the most promising trend continues, it will also allow designing the device
choices are probe storage memories and PCM. However, a architectures in a new way, more effectively applying novel
lot of research and development should be done before they materials and manufacturing techniques. Rigid thin wall
will be able to compete with Flash. structural parts, effective integration of electronics to device
mechanics, and optimized design with multifunctional
materials (ref. e.g. thermal management, optimal RF
performance) are examples of the current challenges where
nanotechnology might bring new solutions (e.g. novel
nanocomposites, hybrid materials, printed electronics).
The wish to have transformable devices (easy to carry and
use) leads the way from foldable, sliding, and bendable
devices towards more wearable electronics. Textiles and
fabrics enable flexibility and softness, providing also nice
look and feel and a way to customize the products hiding the
hard technology. Fibres and fabrics with high strength, wear
and chemical resistance, self-cleaning features, electrical
Figure 2: Status of emergency memory technologies conductivity, pressure sensitivity or other sensing properties
are examples of existing enablers for wearable devices and
advanced user interfaces. A major challenge is however, how
VI. BETTER HUMAN - MACHINE INTERACTION to protect the core electronics and achieve good reliability,
i.e., “washable electronics”. Nanotech research has already
Form factors and user interface concepts of the mobile resulted in, e.g., super-tough carbon nanotube fibres suitable
multimedia computers will vary according to the usage for weaving [9], and coatings with anti-microbial or super-
scenario. The tendency towards smaller and thinner structures hydrophobic properties [10], but still much more is expected
as well as towards reliable transformable mechanics will to be seen in near future.
4. The 18th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'07)
When looking a bit deeper at the nano science, the future current mode of working for simulations of predicting and
looks attractive. Today’s material scientists are playing with optimizing the performance of a product is to start with a
biomaterials (proteins, lipids, DNA etc), synthetic block-co- Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawing, and then calculating
polymers, inorganic (insulating or semiconductive) or the physical properties using continuum simulations [16], the
metallic nanoparticles (conductive or magnetic), carbon products based on nanotechnology require a different
nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and fibres, fullerene and 2- approach. The power of nanotechnology is to be able to tailor
dimensional graphene), and many others to create novel the material at the atomistic scale in order to have the desired
hybrid materials [11,12,13]. Utilizing self-assembly and properties at the larger, more macroscopic scale. The
molecular recognition, different molecular scale “building simulation techniques have to reflect this bottom-up
blocks” may be combined together to tailor active, smart approach, too. Starting from solving Schrödinger equation for
materials via bottom-up manufacturing. Such active materials, the electrons and ions, then predicting ordering and
which in some cases can be thought as simple devices, can movement of atoms using estimated interaction forces
bring novel functions to electronics devices enabling between the atoms, and finally drawing the continuum
adaptive, sensing, responsive, or strong but light structures - behavior from them, give the linking of different length
and boosting the design freedom to a new level. This field, scales. Besides the derivation of the behavior starting from
which is still in its infancy, may bring totally new solutions the lowest scale, also concomitant combination of the
for future communication devices and systems during the next different length and time scales needs to be included in the
10-15 years. Deeper understanding on biomaterials, their simulations.
manipulation and application potential for engineering Thus when using nanotechnology the simulations need to be
purposes might also pave the way towards more sustainable simultaneously from top down - from CAD drawing to
material solutions. However, multi-disciplinary research is physical quantities - and from bottom up - from electrons to
still needed to exploit the full potential of nanotechnology. continuum. This requires linking of different scales, which is
a difficult question for state-of-the-art basic research.
VIII. POWER AND THERMAL MANAGEMENT
X. MANUFACTURING AND ENVIRONMENT
Nanotechnologies will contribute to the development energy
and power sources mainly because of the very large surface Although many promising scientific results have emerged
area of nanostructured materials. This is beneficial for the from nanotechnology, the real challenge for many
battery technologies, fuel cells, and for different power nanotechnology topics is up-scaling from laboratory work to
harvesting devices. Nanotechnologies will also provide new industrial scale manufacturing. On the other hand, novel
ways to develop hybrid energy solutions. Nanotechnologies manufacturing and fabrication methods related to
may create totally new kind of energy sources for nanotechnology may be key enablers for future electronics
autonomous systems and contribute to the deployment of manufacturing.
distributed sensor networks and environmental intelligence. Printed electronics and related reel-to-reel manufacturing may
Miniaturization of future wireless devices and structures has be the first disruptive solutions that enable new kind of
lead to increasing power dissipation densities. This can cause electronics industry: low cost, large area electronics that will
excessive temperatures, if not taken properly into account. open new applications in embedding electronics into human
Thus, the significance of thermal management as one of the environments; we can imagine wall sized, interactive, touch
main enabling technologies has recently been emphasised. sensitive panels, or new low cost useful computing and
However, in small scale enough, certain effects can change communication devices for developing countries. RFID
the situation essentially compared to the traditional approach. technologies are clearly the first area where the
For instance, the thermal conductivity of material decreases manufacturing solutions based on bottom up self-assembling
continuously when approaching nanoscale dimensions due to processes could simplify electronics manufacturing and lower
increasing phonon-boundary scattering. In addition, analysis the investments and assets needed for establishing
of the heat transfer gets more difficult when simple macro manufacturing sites.
scale Fourier equation is no more valid. At dimensions The introduction of new materials and manufacturing
comparable to phonon mean free path lengths (~300 nm for solutions always has some risks. During the last five years
Si), much more complicated methods such as the Boltzmann understanding and knowledge about the risks of nanoscale
transfer equation must be applied. On the other hand, the particles and nanotechnologies have increased substantially.
advance of nanotechnology may provide novel die level Our approach needs to be careful and responsible.
cooling methods, such as greatly improved superlattice The responsible introduction of nanotechnologies requires
thermoelectric coolers. Transfer towards nano scale thus dedicated research of biological risks of nanomaterials,
provides us both with new challenges as well as opportunities. policies for risk management in research, production, and
[14,15] recycling, and objective information sharing with the public
arena.
IX. SIMULATIONS MAKE THIS POSSIBLE Size of the particles is shown to be the dominant factor
determining the rate of biological uptake of particles on the
Numerical modelling remains essential for integration of surface of the living cells (for a review on these topics, see
multi scale functionalities to the future products. While the [17]). Furthermore, commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles
5. The 18th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'07)
have been demonstrated to show clear cytotoxicity in in vitro [12] O. Ikkala and G. ten Brinke, “Functional Materials based on Self-
experiments. Similarly, there exists evidence of in vitro Assembly of Polymeric Supramolecules,” Science, vol. 295, pp. 2407-
2409, March 2002.
toxicity of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. However, these
[13] A. Nasibulin, P. Pikhitsa, H. Jiang, D. Brown, A. Krasheninnikov, A.
results do not necessarily mean that a living tissue cannot Anisimov, P. Queipo, A. Moisala, D. Gonzalez, G. Lientschnig, A.
handle the exposure to strange particles. In fact we are Hassanien, S. Shandakov, G. Lolli, D. Resasco, M. Choi, D. Tomanek,
constantly exposed to nanoscale particles in natural and urban and E. Kauppinen, “A novel hybrid carbon material,” Nature
environments – there exists a natural background. Exceeding Nanotechnology, vol. 2, pp.156-161, March 2007.
this background substantially should be avoided based on [14] A. A. Baladin, “Nanoscale thermal management,” IEEE Potentials, pp.
current understanding. 11-15, Feb/Mar 2002.
Instead of concentrating only on the potential hazards, we can [15] M. Asheghi and W. Liu, “Microscale heat transfer,” Electronics
also think about the use of nanotechnologies in a positive Cooling, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 18-23 Feb 2007.
way. We can set the targets and objectives of the research so [16] J. Rahola, A. Kärkkäinen, A. Ptchelintsev, and T. Aapro, "Designing
mobile phones with multiphysics simulations," CSCnews, 4, 2005.
that they can help us to solve the environmental challenges
that we will have in front of us during the coming decades: [17] A. Nel, T. Xia, L. Mädler, and N. Li, “Toxic Potential of Materials at
the Nanolevel,” Science, vol. 311, pp. 622-627, February 2006.
we should develop new electronics materials that are easier to
recycle and/or decomposable in biological processes, and
optimize and minimize the energy consumption in the
manufacturing of future materials and products.
Let us set the targets right – focus in the right set of
technologies and introduce nanotechnologies into the public
arena in a responsible way. Nanotechnologies can be one key
solution towards sustainable future.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Tekes, the Finnish Funding Agency for
Technology and Innovation, for supporting our work. We would also
like to recognise the fruitful discussions with several people at the
University of Cambridge, Helsinki University of Technology, and
ETHZ.
REFERENCES
[1] V. Sazonova, Y. Yaish, H. Ustünel, D. Roundy, T. A. Arias, and P.
McEuen, “A tunable carbon nanotube electromechanical oscillator,”
Nature, vol. 43, pp. 284-287, October 2004.
[2] J. P. M. She and J. T. W. Yeow, “Nanotechnology-Enabled Wireless
Sensot Networks: Overcoming the Limitations from a Device
Perspective,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on
Mechatronics and Automation, Niagara Falls, Canada, 2005.
[3] J. Pendry, D. Shurig and D. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,”
Science, vol. 312, pp. 1780-1782, 2006.
[4] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, Emerging
Research Devices, 2005 Edition.
[5] http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/45nm/index.htm
[6] G. S. Snider and R. S. Williams, “Nano/CMOS architectures using a
field-programmable nanowire interconnect,” Nanotechnology, vol. 18,
pp. 1-11, January 2007.
[7] S. A. Wolf et al., “Spintronics: A Spin-Based Electronics Vision for the
Future,” Science, vol. 294. no. 5546, pp. 1488–1495, November 2001.
[8] A. Imre, G. Csaba, L. Ji, A. Orlov, G. H. Bernstein, and W. Porod,
“Majority Logic Gate for Magnetic Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,”
Science vol. 311, no. 5758, pp. 205 – 208, January 2006.
[9] A. Dalton, S. Collins, J. Razal, E. Munoz, E. Von Howard, B. Kim, J.
Coleman, J. Ferraris, and R. Baughman, “Super-tough carbon-nanotube
fibers,” Nature, vol. 423, p. 703, June 2003.
[10] M. Ma and R. Hill, “Superhydrophobic surfaces,” Current Opinion in
Colloid & Interface Science, vol. 11, pp. 193–202, 2006.
[11] M. Sarikaya, C. Tamerler, A. Jen, K. Schulten, and F. Baneyx,
“Molecular biomimetics: Nanotechnology through biology,” Nature
Materials, vol. 2, pp. 577-585, Sept. 2003.