Scotland is experiencing a devolutionary process within the United Kingdom. Scotland is located in the northern part of Great Britain and has a cool, wet climate. Its physical isolation from England contributed to a distinct Scottish national identity and the devolution movement. Scots express pride in their landscape and environment. Scotland is farther from London, the UK capital, which increased calls for more autonomy over domestic affairs. The main reasons for Scottish devolution are to have more control over cultural affairs like education and to retain more tax revenues within Scotland.

1. Name:
Date:
Tittle: Risotto, “Claimed” country of origin: Italy
Table: Ingredients for making Risotto and their Centers of
Domestication
List of ingredients
Centers of Plants and animal domestication
Rice (grains)
South and Southeastern Asia
Chicken (stock)
South and Southeastern Asia
Dry white (wine)
Native
Onion (Bulb)
Southwest Asia
Garlic (cloves)
Native
Cow (Butter)
Southwest Asia
Olive (oil)
Native
Celery (stalk)
Native
Cow (Parmesan Cheese)
Southwest Asia
Salt
Native
Basic Statistics
Ingredients (10) = 100%
· Native/indigenous (5) = 50%
· South and Southeastern Asian (2) = 20%
· Southwest Asia (3) = 30%

2. Map
Essay
There are so many theories that attempt to explain the origin
and domestication of agriculture. For example the rubbish/dump
heap theory, hypothesizes that dump sites might have acted as
breeding sites for different plant species (Abbo et al., 2005).
This may have led to the start of practicing agriculture and later
on through trade the diffusion of those cultivated crops and
reared animals to other regions of the earth was enhanced. The
more people from different cultural divide travelled and
interacted, the more the diffusion of agriculture happened. For
instance, expansion diffusion happened when onions that are
thought to be first domesticated in Southwest Asia found its
way to regions like the Mediterranean. As much as the
agricultural expansion and diffusion happened; there are some
food that are still associated with a particular community and it
forms part of their cultural identity. For example risotto dish,
although it is popular wide, it is identified with Italian culture
as a traditional Italian food. In fact it is well-known as a staple
in the Italian diet.
Risotto dish is made from several ingredients including: rice,
chicken stock, dry white wine, onions, garlic, unsalted butter,
olive oil, celery, parmesan cheese and salt. 50% of these
ingredients are native to Mediterranean region and they include;
dry white wine, salt, olive oil, celery and garlic. Whereas 30%
of the ingredients originated from Southwest Asia, they include:
Onions, butter, and Parmesan Cheese. Chicken and rice
originated from South and Southeastern they contribute to 20%
of the ingredients. Most of these exotic ingredients found its
way to the Mediterranean through relocation diffusion; for
example when traders moved to different regions of the world,
they carried with them the planting materials. Whereas, other
exotic ingredients were introduced to Mediterranean regions by
expansion diffusion, where it corresponded to the nearby

3. locations for example plants and animals introduced to West
Africa from East Africa.
Rice is a good example of an exotic ingredient that was
introduced to Mediterranean region through expansion
diffusion. Archeological and genetic evidence indicates that rice
was first domesticated in South and Southeastern Asia in 2500
BC (Muthukumaran, 2014). In Mediterranean, rice cultivation
dates back to 7th Century. Studies suggest that the rice was first
introduced to Egypt from South Asian, and then it gradually
spread to countries along the Mediterranean basin (Ferrero,
2005). Similarly, another exotic ingredient that was introduced
to Mediterranean region is onions. Studies suggest that onions
are native to Asian and their cultivation can be traced to at least
5000 years. Around 3200 B.C onions spread to onions and were
later introduced to Mediterranean region by Romans and it
quickly became a popular vegetable (Mehta, 2017).
On the other hand, the introduction of an exotic ingredient like
butter (cows) to other regions from their center of origin and
domestication happened through relocation diffusion. The
existing archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that India
and Near East were the two main sites for domestication of
cows. Through relocation diffusion, herding and farming
routines were spread to other regions including the
Mediterranean region (Beja-Pereira et al., 2006). Additionally,
chicken stock is another important ingredient used to make the
risotto dish. Studies indicates that domestication of chicken
began way back to at least 2000 B.C. and their origin can be
traced back to Southeast Asia; because of presence of the jungle
fowl, their wild relatives (Gregladen, 2008). Just like cows,
chickens too may have been introduced to Mediterranean region
through relocation diffusion. For instance, if the traders moved
from Southeastern Asia to Mediterranean region, they may have
moved together with their chicken and introduced the practice
of chicken rearing to that region.
Although, researchers like Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov did
extensive work in trying to determine the center of origin and

4. domestication for most of the plants and crops; the diversity of
crops and animals we see today in different plants of the world
is largely attributed to the agricultural diffusion. After the early
human culture of hunting and gathering came to an end,
civilization advanced rapidly and agricultural societies
emerged. With barter trade people began to exchange goods
within their community and the later on the practice continued
as different communities and regions exchanged different
commodities. This further enhanced the agricultural diffusion.
In conclusion, the diversity and distribution of various plants
and animals is a result of long history of domestication and
cultivation. The spread and diffusion of agriculture has been
attributed to several factors including movement of people from
one region to another for trading purposes and in the process
planting material were exchanged. The introduction of the
different plants and crops in the different regions led to long
lasting transformation of environmental, socio-cultural and
human dynamics. Hence, globalization we see today. As a
result, of the different ingredients that was introduced to
Mediterranean regions, it made it possible to develop risotto
dish. And even if this dish is associated with the Italian culture,
it still represents globalization that brought about by cultural
and agricultural diffusion.
References
Albano Beja-Pereira, David Caramelli, Carles Lalueza-Fox et
al., (2006). he origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern
and ancient DNA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509210103
Aldo Ferrero (2005). Ecological and Economic Sustainability of

5. Rice Cultivation in Europe and the Mediterranean region.
Gregladen, (2008). The Origin of the Chicken.
https://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2008/02/29/the-origin-of-
the-chicken
Indu Mehta (2017). Origin and History of Onions. IOSR Journal
Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)Volume 22,
Issue 9, Ver. 13 (September. 2017) PP 07-10
Muthukumaran, S., 2014. Between Archaeology and Text: The
Origins of Rice Consumption and Cultivation in the Middle East
and the Mediterranean. Papers from the Institute of
Archaeology, 24(1), p.Art. 14.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.465
Shahal Abbo, Avi Gopher, Baruch Rubin & Simcha Lev-Yadun
(2005). On the Origin of Near Eastern Founder Crops and the
‘Dump-heap Hypothesis’.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-004-7069-x
Name:
Date:
Tittle: Risotto, “Claimed” country of origin: Italy
Table: Ingredients for making Risotto and their Centers of
Domestication
List of ingredients
Centers of Plants and animal domestication
Rice (grains)
South and Southeastern Asia
Chicken (stock)
South and Southeastern Asia
Dry white (wine)
Native
Onion (Bulb)
Southwest Asia
Garlic (cloves)
Native
Cow (Butter)

6. Southwest Asia
Olive (oil)
Native
Celery (stalk)
Native
Cow (Parmesan Cheese)
Southwest Asia
Salt
Native
Basic Statistics
Ingredients (10) = 100%
· Native/indigenous (5) = 50%
· South and Southeastern Asian (2) = 20%
· Southwest Asia (3) = 30%
Map
Essay
There are so many theories that attempt to explain the origin
and domestication of agriculture. For example the rubbish/dump
heap theory, hypothesizes that dump sites might have acted as
breeding sites for different plant species (Abbo et al., 2005).
This may have led to the start of practicing agriculture and later
on through trade the diffusion of those cultivated crops and
reared animals to other regions of the earth was enhanced. The
more people from different cultural divide travelled and
interacted, the more the diffusion of agriculture happened. For
instance, expansion diffusion happened when onions that are
thought to be first domesticated in Southwest Asia found its
way to regions like the Mediterranean. As much as the
agricultural expansion and diffusion happened; there are some
food that are still associated with a particular community and it
forms part of their cultural identity. For example risotto dish,
although it is popular wide, it is identified with Italian culture

7. as a traditional Italian food. In fact it is well-known as a staple
in the Italian diet.
Risotto dish is made from several ingredients including: rice,
chicken stock, dry white wine, onions, garlic, unsalted butter,
olive oil, celery, parmesan cheese and salt. 50% of these
ingredients are native to Mediterranean region and they include;
dry white wine, salt, olive oil, celery and garlic. Whereas 30%
of the ingredients originated from Southwest Asia, they include:
Onions, butter, and Parmesan Cheese. Chicken and rice
originated from South and Southeastern they contribute to 20%
of the ingredients. Most of these exotic ingredients found its
way to the Mediterranean through relocation diffusion; for
example when traders moved to different regions of the world,
they carried with them the planting materials. Whereas, other
exotic ingredients were introduced to Mediterranean regions by
expansion diffusion, where it corresponded to the nearby
locations for example plants and animals introduced to West
Africa from East Africa.
Rice is a good example of an exotic ingredient that was
introduced to Mediterranean region through expansion
diffusion. Archeological and genetic evidence indicates that rice
was first domesticated in South and Southeastern Asia in 2500
BC (Muthukumaran, 2014). In Mediterranean, rice cultivation
dates back to 7th Century. Studies suggest that the rice was first
introduced to Egypt from South Asian, and then it gradually
spread to countries along the Mediterranean basin (Ferrero,
2005). Similarly, another exotic ingredient that was introduced
to Mediterranean region is onions. Studies suggest that onions
are native to Asian and their cultivation can be traced to at least
5000 years. Around 3200 B.C onions spread to onions and were
later introduced to Mediterranean region by Romans and it
quickly became a popular vegetable (Mehta, 2017).
On the other hand, the introduction of an exotic ingredient like
butter (cows) to other regions from their center of origin and
domestication happened through relocation diffusion. The
existing archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that India

8. and Near East were the two main sites for domestication of
cows. Through relocation diffusion, herding and farming
routines were spread to other regions including the
Mediterranean region (Beja-Pereira et al., 2006). Additionally,
chicken stock is another important ingredient used to make the
risotto dish. Studies indicates that domestication of chicken
began way back to at least 2000 B.C. and their origin can be
traced back to Southeast Asia; because of presence of the jungle
fowl, their wild relatives (Gregladen, 2008). Just like cows,
chickens too may have been introduced to Mediterranean region
through relocation diffusion. For instance, if the traders moved
from Southeastern Asia to Mediterranean region, they may have
moved together with their chicken and introduced the practice
of chicken rearing to that region.
Although, researchers like Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov did
extensive work in trying to determine the center of origin and
domestication for most of the plants and crops; the diversity of
crops and animals we see today in different plants of the world
is largely attributed to the agricultural diffusion. After the early
human culture of hunting and gathering came to an end,
civilization advanced rapidly and agricultural societies
emerged. With barter trade people began to exchange goods
within their community and the later on the practice continued
as different communities and regions exchanged different
commodities. This further enhanced the agricultural diffusion.
In conclusion, the diversity and distribution of various plants
and animals is a result of long history of domestication and
cultivation. The spread and diffusion of agriculture has been
attributed to several factors including movement of people from
one region to another for trading purposes and in the process
planting material were exchanged. The introduction of the
different plants and crops in the different regions led to long
lasting transformation of environmental, socio-cultural and
human dynamics. Hence, globalization we see today. As a
result, of the different ingredients that was introduced to
Mediterranean regions, it made it possible to develop risotto

9. dish. And even if this dish is associated with the Italian culture,
it still represents globalization that brought about by cultural
and agricultural diffusion.
References
Albano Beja-Pereira, David Caramelli, Carles Lalueza-Fox et
al., (2006). he origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern
and ancient DNA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509210103
Aldo Ferrero (2005). Ecological and Economic Sustainability of
Rice Cultivation in Europe and the Mediterranean region.
Gregladen, (2008). The Origin of the Chicken.
https://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2008/02/29/the-origin-of-
the-chicken
Indu Mehta (2017). Origin and History of Onions. IOSR Journal
Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)Volume 22,
Issue 9, Ver. 13 (September. 2017) PP 07-10
Muthukumaran, S., 2014. Between Archaeology and Text: The
Origins of Rice Consumption and Cultivation in the Middle East
and the Mediterranean. Papers from the Institute of
Archaeology, 24(1), p.Art. 14.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.465
Shahal Abbo, Avi Gopher, Baruch Rubin & Simcha Lev-Yadun
(2005). On the Origin of Near Eastern Founder Crops and the
‘Dump-heap Hypothesis’.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-004-7069-x
Individual Case Study

10. Country: Scotland (Great Britain)
Assignment Overview
· Devolution refers to a process in which powers are granted by
a central government to a lower-level region or state. More
specifically, it describes the process in which centrifugal forces
(those that divide a state) such as cultural diversity or
difference in religion, language, etc., divides a region or
peoples of a region in which they gain political strength through
demands, negation, or rebellion. Devolution typically occurs in
countries where nationalism grows due to centrifugal forces and
their inhabitant feel the need to depart from their centers (or
central government); in many instances, they consider
themselves minorities within a country. There are many
examples of devolution occurring today. Europe, Catalonia,
Scotland, and Ukraine are some of the regions undergoing this
transformation.
After providing an overview of the location of the region you
are studying in relation to the country where it is situated,
answer the following questions:
· In terms of its physical landscape, where is the region that is
experiencing a devolutionary process located and what type of
climate is prevalent?
· According to the sources you have consulted, do these
physical/natural characteristics have played any role in the
historical background for this devolutionary process? How?
· How do the people that inhabit the region you are studying
speak about their relationship to the land and the environment?
Do they express any ideas on biodiversity conservation?
· Do they say anything about their homeland? If the region you
are studying has a website (official or not), what role do maps
play on their web site/s?

11. · Is this region located close to or far from the center of power
of the country (the national capital city)?
· Does this condition have any impact on the reasons why they
would like to gain at-least more autonomy to make their own
decisions?
· According to the source/s you have consulted, what are the
main reason/s why this population would like to break-up from
the country in which they live in?
· Do this/these source/s mention any explanation/s based on
cultural or ethnic characteristics? For example, speaking a
different language? Which one? Professing a different religion?
Which one? Economic disparities?
In addition to these questions and in case some of these regions
have their own websites, or you have consulted a source
published by a native inhabitant of the region, or you have read
excerpts from interviews, look for discussion of conflict,
cooperation, or disagreement with national governments, private
companies, or multinational corporations working in this region.
You may also want to use the following questions to improve
your study:
· Do the people living in the region you are studying have more
than one self-generated website and do those sites present
different ideas?
· Is there a regional or national project or policy that is
disputed?
· What position is taken on the website/s? How is the position
framed in relation to their rights to self-rule and culture?
· What major issues and challenges does the site highlight and
how do these relate to globalization?
Sources to Compose your Work:

12. Students are encouraged to use any academic source, including
the course textbook (required to include in this assignment)
(don’t worry), as well as the news media, especially BBC News,
CNN, The New York Times, and any other reputable news
source.
Students are NOT allowed to use Wikipedia.
Technical Aspects of the Paper:
Paper must conform to the following formatting:
· 12-point font (Arial, Times New Roman, Garamond, or Book
Antiqua)
· one-inch margins all around
· double-spaced
· numbered pages
Word count: 1000