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N vivo tutorial 2020
- 1. NVivo Tour & its use for literature reviews By Saqar Alzaabi PhD student IRDR, UCL
- 2. What we will cover in this lecture? • Introduction to NVivo – what is it? And why use it? • The basic functions of NVivo – a step by step guide • How it can be used for literature reviews • Advanced coding (optional) • Extra materials and help.
- 3. What is NVivo? • NVivo is a qualitative data analysis software. • It enables the user to categorize unstructured nonnumeric data. • BUT it does provide some numeric data. • For literature reviews: it can also be used as an organizing and analysis tool • It is straightforward but it is based on the analyst work (you build it using your data).
- 4. Why NVivo • Systematic way to organize your research, manage its different components and analyze your qualitative data • Reduce the load on your memory by categorizing & classifying literature (you can come back to them at anytime) • A single workspace for analysis and writing • Plenty of functions for data visualization • Automating yourself for faster qualitative analysis • Multiple analysts working on single project • And of course, you can mention it in your CV • FOR ME, it played a role in increasing my understanding of qualitative research
- 5. NVivo for literature review – the why • Systematic, effective and efficient way for finding connections between the different literature and categorizing them • Helps you structure your literature review by coding and categorizing themes or commonalities • To understand how your research problem has been viewed and approached, schools of thought, areas where scholars have agreed or disagreed • Then knowledge gaps are identified
- 6. • Use the UCL Remote Desktop@Anywhere facility (see https://tinyurl.com/y 8m8whpg) as it allow users to work remotely from their PC or Laptops. In addition, it grants the user access to all Software in UCL's library, including NVivo. • If UCL Remote Desktop@Anywhere becomes problematic, you could instead download the NVivo 12 software from the UCL software database: http://swdb.ucl.ac.uk/package/view/id/260
- 7. NVivo Key Terms • Data or Files The research materials you will be working on. They could be interview transcripts, journal articles, social media feeds, any data. The process is importing. • Codes or Nodes Containers for your coding*. You name them. There are the themes or main ideas. The process is coding. • Cases They are also containers or nodes but they are the units of analysis e.g., people, events, places, authors, organizations
- 8. Key Terms in NVivo • Notes or Memos Your notes, your explanations and discussion. Can be structured as chapters/sections of your work • Search or Queries Analysis tools to find specific phrases, to find frequent words • Mind Maps & Concept Maps Visualizing the results
- 9. Nvivo Main Interface in Mac Ribbon Navigation View List View Detail View
- 10. NVivo for literature review – the 8 steps Create a new Nvivo project Import references (articles) Name them (Author, Year) Classify them Identify the important bits Code them Combine similar codes Develop themes ‘nodes’ ‘categories’ Write up Write Memos & link them to codes Do word or phrase Queries ‘Visualize results’ Write Annotations & link them to codes These tools are used along the process.
- 11. Import data • They are the research material. • They could be interview transcripts, datasets from social media accounts. • Here are the references ‘journal articles PDFs’ or your bibliographic database. • Once imported better to organize them based on their types.
- 12. Case Classification – classifying the reference • Case classification let you store demographic information about the ‘units of analysis’ • Usually in qualitative research, the case is a person and the attributes are age, gender, level of education and occupation. • In L.R., the case is the reference and the attributes are type of research, year, author, theoretical framework, location.
- 13. Coding – the core function • Coding is assigning a word or phrase that accurately describes the text segment or its meaning – a way for indexing the data • Plenty of codes could be created. Therefore, aggregating the similar codes into one node (container/theme) is done along the way. • The Node refers to one concept or theme. • Either drag the text excerpt to an existing code or click the code icon to create a new code. Remember to describe it.
- 14. What is it that you code? • This is the most important part. • In general, they could actions, activities, perceptions, concepts, differences, opinions, processes, whatever you think is relevant. • For L.R., they could be conceptualizing a term, ontological and epistemological position of the author, evolution of thought, models, frameworks, similarities/differences with others, whatever you think is relevant. • Remember that, you are the interpreter and you code what you code because you consider them important.
- 15. Code – combining codes and creating themes • Bringing the similar codes into one node (theme) e.g., vulnerability as a social construct, vulnerability as a physical construct
- 16. Write Memos – record your thoughts • Memos and links are the companion tools to coding; used in conjunction with coding. • You record your thoughts, comments and analysis while coding by creating memos and linking them to the relevant code. • They form your input e.g., literature review, results and discussion chapters. They could also form a new piece of research. • Linking nodes to memos is what makes NVivo a well-organized way of analysis. • Write critically: agree, reject, caveat, highlight similarities/differences and reconcile between arguments
- 17. Run query – text search • If you are interested in specific key terms e.g., learn, learning, learned • You can 1. how many times ‘the term’ has been mentioned across the different sources
- 18. Run query – text search • If you are interested in specific key terms e.g., learn, learning, learned • You can 2. Visualize the term using Word tree
- 19. Run query – word frequency • If you are interested to find out the frequently used terms across the data set • Could be the first step to understand the different topics/phenomena addressed by participants • You can then locate the key terms
- 20. Run query – word frequency • You can visualize the common terms using Word tree • You can then click on any word to find its references and visualize its word tree • You can save them as new codes.
- 21. Explore diagram
- 23. Extra Learning Materials • Bazeley, P. and Jackson, K. eds., 2013. Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Sage Publications Limited. • http://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo/nvivo-community/the-nvivo- blog/tackling-the-literature-review • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtEWglfB2Hw&feature=youtu.b e • Braun, V. and Clarke, V., 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), pp.77-101. • https://www.linkedin.com/learning/nvivo-2018-essential- training/welcome?u=69919578
- 24. THANK YOU!
Editor's Notes
- I will explain how NVivo is used for qualitative research in general and how it been used for literature reviews. I will try my best to explain each step simultaneously. This is how it is used in general and this is how it is used for literature reviews. It is not possible to explain the technical aspect of NVivo without also addressing some aspects of qualitative research.
- It could be a powerful research tool, particularly if you’ve got large amount data. It is a tool for organizing and analyzing qualitative data. They could be for example interview transcripts, qualitative surveys, articles, social media and web content.
- Sources could be for example interview participants. They are not homogeneous. So you could differentiate between based on their ages, experience, role So you gathered lots of text. From One source for example newspapers or plenty sources such as websites, interviews, magazines, newspapers or even scientific literature. And now you want to analyze them. You could do it manually or you do it by using a software to help you out. Nvivo is one of them. It is Nvivo is used for any non-numerical data collected as part of evaluation such observations, interviews, written documents, focus groups transcripts and diaries.
- In many cases, a researcher finds an extensive literature written about a topic and wonders how to categorize and classify them so he/she is able to find out the knowledge gaps and justify his/her focus area. Yes, plenty of research is published but most share common views.
- There is the Windows and Mac version. I will be working on the Mac version but they are very similar. There are also two other versions of NVivo, NVivo Pro and NVIvo Plus. costs $1199.00 USD
- So first lets familiarize ourselves with the key terms used in NVivo 12. Files or data and some call them sources: they could also be audio, video, pictures, surveys, Nodes or codes or coding the process of gathering the pieces of texts under one topic, idea or theme, a pattern or a relationship bwt two things two factors Cases allow us to record demographic data about people or organizations
- Memos allow you to record your thoughts. Queries allow you to search your files or your codes or your cases
- The main areas of the NVivo interface are the navigation view, the list view, the detail view and the ribbon or the command view. It may look familiar to most of you because it was designed based on Microsoft Outlook appearance. Ribbon - locate all NVivo commands Navigation View – organize your materials into folders. List View —When a folder is selected in Navigation View the contents are displayed in list view. Detail View —When an item from list view is opened, it is displayed in Detail View. This is where you actually see the contents of the files. NOTE—the workspace can be rearranged to suite your needs.
- There are many ways in using NVivo for literature review. `But I am developing this method which I found very helpful and system. They are not necessarily linear. Some functions overlap and it is as the case with qualitative research an iterative process. You go back and forth. Most steps are similar if using NVivo for qualitative data such as interview transcripts. Once the appropriate literature is identified like important journal articles, books, reports, etc. Then you need to create a new project
- So the first step is to import the data you will be working on into the software Nvivo. You bring the document into NVivo.
- Sources could be for example interview participants. They are not homogeneous. So you could differentiate between based on their ages, experience, role. So you would classify the references by assigning attributes to them. Three types of literature are usually reviewed in a research: topic-based, theoretical and methodological.
- Why do we need to code data? Three main reasons, to reduce data, to organize data and to generate ideas. Coding sometimes is referred to as ‘indexing’ or ‘labeling’. They are of a particular importance to the phenomenon under study. So you would highlight the text and give it a name (code). Coding is about demarcating data into segments and assigning a code to each one. Analysis could begin with relative frequency of codes and relationships of between them.
- So in my study for example, I found participants tend to make comparisons between the different networks or sectors. Some are perceived better and they would give reasons and factors so I though it is important to address this topic. So NVivo lets you to visualize the connections between codes. This may be important to discuss with others. They are of a particular importance to the phenomenon under study. Themes must be connected and you should describe the theme as well as the connection with other themes.
- They are of a particular importance to the phenomenon under study. You want to understand what officials mean by learning for example.
- The word learning or learn or learned mentioned by participants who have disaster experience while the ones who are new rarely mention it.
- They are of a particular importance to the phenomenon under study. You want to understand what officials mean by learning for example.
- They need … resources, support from others, etc. The organizations that are not well developed mention it more than the ones that are well-developed. It also indicative of the organizations that are more reliant on others. So it would show the hierarchy of dependency.
- Visualize how a case (participant) is connected to its files and codes.