This document discusses antennas and propagation in wireless communication systems. It covers topics such as antenna characteristics, radiation patterns, polarization, Maxwell's equations, far-field approximation, Hertzian dipole antenna model, radiated power flux density, normalized radiation intensity, antenna gain, directivity, radiation resistance, and different antenna types including dipole and Yagi antennas. Examples are provided to analyze antenna properties such as radiated power, resistance, directionality, and beamwidth for dipole antennas of different lengths.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
This document contains all the necessary basic information to understand Antenna Basics with simple and to the point non mathematical description.
This document is suitable for those who wants to understand only basics of antenna wireless communication.
For any queries or suggestions please contact on : mansithakur0304@gmail.com
Contents:
Electromagnetic Spectrum and RF basics.
Antenna introduction and its parameters.
Some other important factors like radiation pattern and polarization
Types of antennas and mobile antenna designs
How radio wave propagates
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
In radio and electronics, an antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
This document contains all the necessary basic information to understand Antenna Basics with simple and to the point non mathematical description.
This document is suitable for those who wants to understand only basics of antenna wireless communication.
For any queries or suggestions please contact on : mansithakur0304@gmail.com
Contents:
Electromagnetic Spectrum and RF basics.
Antenna introduction and its parameters.
Some other important factors like radiation pattern and polarization
Types of antennas and mobile antenna designs
How radio wave propagates
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
In radio and electronics, an antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
In our daily life we see so many antennas everywhere, from simple radio transreceiver to big tower antennas and DTH antennas. Antenna is a magical element in the field of communication. Nobody can dream of wireless communication without the use of antennas. It’s the antenna which creates the magic in the air and makes wireless communication possible.
In this paper authors will discuss about the cellular antennas. They will concentrate mainly on fundamentals of antenna, relationship between frequency, wavelength and dipole wave propagation and parameters of antenna like Gain, VSWR, SFR and FBR etc.
Authors also discuss about types of down tilt, generic requirements of antennas, selection of antennas and beam forming and active antenna systems.
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Bob Boule
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
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Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
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- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
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Attacks on counties – USA
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Cyber risk predictions
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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4. Demo
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Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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3. Antenna Characteristics
o Radiation patterns
o Radiated power
o Half-power beam width of the
antenna
o Antenna position, shape, and length
o Antenna gain with respect to an ideal
case
4. Remember:
Antenna Properties
o An antenna is an electrical
conductor (transducer) or
system of conductors
n They carry time-varying
currents and,
consequently, accelerating
electrons
n à A Transmission Antenna
radiates electromagnetic
energy into space
n à A Reception Antenna
collects electromagnetic
energy from space
radiating
electromagne
tic energy
into space
collecting
electromagnet
ic energy from
space
5. Remember:
Waves and Propagation - Demo
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?
sim=Radio_Waves_and_Electromagnetic_Fields
radiating
electromagne
tic energy
into space
collecting
electromagnet
ic energy from
space
Anntena
carry time-
varying
currents
6. Remember: Antenna Properties
Reciprocal Devices
o Most antennas are reciprocal devices,
n That is they are exhibiting the same radiation pattern
for transmission as for reception
o When operating in the receiving mode, the antenna
captures the incident wave
n Only that component of the wave whose electric field
matches the antenna polarization state is detected
o In two-way communication, the same antenna can be
used for transmission and reception
n Antenna characteristics are the same for transmitting
or receiving electromagnetic energy
o The antenna can receive on one frequency and
transmit on another
8. Start With Basics:
o We know:
n Q (static charges) à E field– capacitor example[1]
n I (moving charges) à H field– compass example[2]
n Thus, in the presence of time-varying current à we
will obtain interdependent EM fields
o A time-varying current (I) along a wire
generates rings of Electromagnetic field (B)
around the wire
o Similarly the current passing through a coil
generates Electromagnetic field in the Z axis
[2] http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/compass/
index.html
[1] http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/electricity/
capacitance.html
9. Simple Experiments
Faraday’s Law: Electromotive force (voltage) induced
by time-varying magnetic flux:
An induced magnetic field
Faraday confirmed that
a moving magnetic field
is necessary in order for
electromagnetic
induction to occur
Galvanometer needle moves
Electromagnetic
field (B)
1
2
3
10. Maxwell Equations
o Gauss’s Law
o Faraday’s Law
o Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
o Ampere’s Law
Relationships between
charges, current,
electrostatic,
electromagnetic,
electromotive force!
11. Maxwell’s Equations –
Free Space Set
o We assume there are no charges in free space
and thus, = 0 Time-varying E and
H cannot exist
independently!
If dE/dt non-zeroà
dD/dt is non-zero
àCurl of H is non-zero
à D is non-zero
(Amp. Law)
If H is a function of
time à E must exist!
(Faraday’s Law)
Interrelating magnetic and electric fields!
12. Our Focus:
Far-Field Approximation
1. In close proximity to a
radiating source, the wave is
spherical in shape, but at a far
distance, it becomes
approximately a plane wave as
seen by a receiving antenna.
2. The far-field approximation
simplifies the math.
3. The distance beyond which
the far-field approximation is
valid is called the far-field range
(will be defined later).
Very similar to throwing a
stone in water!
dfar_field=(2*l2)/λ
far-field range
13. What is the power radiated?
A far field approximation
o Assuming the alternating current
travels in Z directionà radiated
power must be in Z
o Antenna patterns are represented
in a spherical coordinate system
o Thus, variables R, θ, φ à
n range,
n zenith angle (elevation),
n azimuth angle
http://www.flashandmath.com/mathlets/multicalc/coords/
shilmay23fin.html
14. Hertzian Dipole Antenna
o Using Ampere’s Law
o But how is the current I(r) distributed
on the antenna?
o One way to approximate this rather
difficult problem is to use thin-wire
dipole antenna approximation
n Dipole because we have two poles (wires)
n a<<L
o We only consider the case when L is
very very short (Hertzian Dipole)
n Infinitesimally short
n Uniform current distribution
http://whites.sdsmt.edu/classes/ee382/notes/382Lecture32.pdf
15. Hertzian Dipole (Differential Antenna)
Radiation Properties
o Very thin, short
(l<λ/50) linear
conductor
o Observation
point is
somewhere in
the space
http://www.amanogawa.com/archive/Antenna1/Antenna1-2.html
16. Hertzian Dipole (Differential Antenna)
Radiation Properties
Note that:
K=wave number
ω = 2π f;
k =ω / c = 2π f / c = 2π / λ;
l << λ / 50;
R ≈ R'
= Γ;
ε is the free space permittivity (about 1)
µ is magnetic Permeability
η is the intrinsic impedance in Ohm
η0 = µ0 /ε0 =120π;
17. Hertzian Dipole (Differential Antenna)
Radiation Properties
In this case:
1/Rà radiation field components
1/R^2àinduction field components
1/R^3àelecrostatic field components
Far-field à only radiation field!
à Only Eθ and Hφ will be significant!
A/m
V/m
R= Range
θ=Zenith (elevation) – side view
φ=Azimuth – top view
19. Radiated
Power Flux Density
Electric and Magnetic Intensity Fields (ER ~ 0)
Average Power flux Density
Cross product of E and H
E(0, Eθ,0)
H(0,y, Hφ)
P(PR,0,z)
20. Normalized
Radiation Intensity(F)
Normalized Radiation Intensity
àHow much radiation in each direction?
So=Smax= Max. Power Density
R= Range
θ=Zenith (elevation) – side view
φ=Azimuth – top view
Elevation Pattern
(side view)
Azimuth Pattern
(top view)
21. Radiation Pattern of Hertzian (short)
Dipole
Doughnut-shaped radiation
pattern in θ-φ space
z=dipole axis /
no radiation
Maximum radiation
In the broadside direction (θ=90)
Note:
F(θ,φ)=1 for isotropic antenna
22. Electric and Magnetic Intensity Fields (ER ~ 0)
Average Power flux Density
Cross product of E and H
Sav = Pden =
E2
η0
=
E2
120π
=
EIRP
4π ⋅d2 W/m^2
Pr = Pden ⋅ Aer =
Pt ⋅Gt ⋅Gr ⋅λ2
(4π)2
⋅d2
=
E2
120π
× Aer W
For Isotropic Antenna We Obtain:
Connecting The Dots:
Radiated Power Flux Density
Note:
Sav is the average power radiated
or pwr density radiated by an
isotropic antenna
EIPR is the total power radiated
Pden is power flux density
24. Antenna Directionality
o Set the wavelength to 1
o Set Current to 1 A
o Plot Power
o Change the length
o Q1: What happens to the
directivity when l changes?
o Q2: What happens to the
power when L changes?
http://www.amanogawa.com/archive/DipoleAnt/DipoleAnt-2.html
The magic is all here:
25. Other Antenna Properties
o We already looked at the radiation
intensity and radiation pattern
o Other properties
n Radiation Pattern Characteristics
n Radiation Resistance
26. Radiation Pattern –
Polar and Rectangular Plots
Principal planes:
1. Elevation plane (x-z and y-z planes) - sides
2. Azimuth plane (x-y plane) - top
27. Radiation Pattern
Beamwidth Dimensions
Null Bandwidth &
Half-power beamwidth
Since 0.5 corresponds to ‒3 dB,
the half power beamwidth is also
called the 3-dB beamwidth.
Half-power angles:
theta1 and theta2
Half-power
beamwidth
28. Antenna Radiation/Reception and
Loss Resistances (Zin = R + jX)
Note:
We want R_loss to be minimized!
Also, when efficiency is 1 à there is no loss!
ηeff _receiver = Pr
Ptotal
= Pr
Pr + Ploss
ηeff _transmitter = Prad
Ptotal
= Prad
Prad + Ploss
= Rrad
Rrad + Rloss
In this case: Rin = Rrad + Rloss
Radiation resistance and loss resistance
We also have Pt = Prad + Ploss
Voc
Circuit model for TX Antenna
From the receiver point of view
Pr is power received)
Note that Rrad determines the
impedance matching
between the TX antenna and
the source OR the RX antenna
and the LOAD
Zin = Rin + iXin
29. Gain, Directivity,
Power Radiated & Rrad
For any antenna:
For the Hertzian dipole:
D =
4πR2
Smax
Prad
=
Smax
Sav
G =ηeff .D
Directionality & Gain
Prad =
4πR2
Smax
D
Assuming there is no ohmic loss
(lossless antenna)
Power Gain = 1.5
Smax
Smax is the average
power radiated or pwr
density radiated by an
antenna
30. Analyze a
Dipole Antenna
o Set the current to 1 A
o Set length of the dipole to
half wave
o What is the Rrad?
o What is Rin resistance?
o What is Directionality?
o What is the total radiate
power?
o Go to “Scan Fields and
Power”,
n Set φ equal to 90
n Determine at which angle of θ
we get max power
n Determine at which angle of θ
we get half power
n What is the 3dB BW for this
dipole?
o Answer the above
questions but this time set
the length to ¼ of the
wave length.
http://www.amanogawa.com/archive/Antenna1/Antenna1-2.html
31. Example
o Example C (Measuring the received power)
o Example D (Resistance loss in a short dipole)
o Example E (rewrite the average power density in terms
of current, distance between the two antennas, length of
the antenna, and frequency of operation for a short
dipole (loop)
32. Review: Isotropic Antenna
o Radiated Power Approximation:
o Power Density (W/m^2) is
o For isotropic antennas Pt=Prad
o Note that the free space
impedance is ratio of E and H
fields
Prad = EIPR = Pt ⋅G =
4πd2
D
Smax
Smax = E2
/ηo =
V2
/ m2
Ω
= W / m2
E =
30Pt
d
H =
Pt
68.8d
Smax = Pden = E ⋅ H =
Pt
4πd2
η = E / H
34. Fields in Half-Wave Dipole
Homework Assignment
• Example F: Find the following:
• Find the expression for average power
density
• Power Density (Smax)
• Normalized radiation intensity, F
• Directionality, D (from the table)
• P_radiated
• R_radiated
• Prove that 3dB BW is in fact 78 degrees
(you can use substitution to prove!
• HINT: Use the applet to check your
answers
All works must be shown!
35. Example:
Complete the Table Below
Antenna Gt=D Rrad Prad 3dB BW Eff. Area
Isotropic ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
Short
Dipole
½ Wave
¼ Wave Later Later Later Later Later
Example G
Why dBi = dBd + 2.15dB? Explain!
36. References
o Ulaby, Fawwaz Tayssir, Eric Michielssen, and Umberto
Ravaioli. Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics: XE-
AU.... Prentice Hall, 2001, Chapter 9
o Black, Bruce A., et al. Introduction to wireless systems.
Prentice Hall PTR, 2008, Chapter 2
o Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless communications:
principles and practice. Vol. 2. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
PTR, 1996, Chapter 3
o Wheeler, Tom. Electronic communications for
technicians. Prentice Hall, 2001. Section 12-1 & 12-2