The document provides information on mucormycosis or black fungus disease. It discusses what mucormycosis is, the fungi that cause it, risk factors, symptoms, types (rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, disseminated), treatment which involves controlling underlying conditions, antifungal medication like amphotericin B, and sometimes surgery, and prevention measures like controlling diabetes and limiting environmental exposure to fungal spores. Mucormycosis is a serious fungal infection caused by exposure to fungal spores that can affect the sinuses, lungs or other organs and has a high mortality rate, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by fungi of the Mucoraceae family. It is an opportunistic infection seen predominantly in patients with diabetes, neutropenia, or other immunocompromised states. The rhinocerebral form involves the facial, orbital, paranasal sinus and cerebral regions. Diagnosis involves biopsy and culture. Treatment requires control of risk factors, aggressive surgical debridement of infected tissues, and antifungal therapy typically with amphotericin B. Despite treatment, mucormycosis has a high mortality rate of 50-85%.
Mucormycosis is caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It is an opportunistic infection seen in immunocompromised patients. The rhino-orbito-cerebral form presents as sinusitis that can invade the orbit and brain. Pulmonary mucormycosis is the second most common type seen in cancer and transplant patients. Diagnosis requires tissue biopsy demonstrating wide, ribbon-like hyphae. Treatment involves antifungal therapy with amphotericin B and surgical debridement of infected tissues. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and treatment.
The document discusses mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by exposure to mucor molds. It provides details on COVID-19 associated mucormycosis infections, including risk factors like steroid use in severe COVID cases. The summary discusses the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis, as well as challenges in diagnosis. Standard diagnostic methods outlined include tissue biopsy, culture, and microscopy of samples to detect fungal hyphae. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to manage mucormycosis and reduce mortality.
Coronaviruses can cause respiratory illnesses ranging from mild to severe like pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is an enveloped positive-sense RNA virus that binds to ACE2 receptors and primarily affects the respiratory system. It spreads via respiratory droplets and fomites. COVID-19 symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. In severe cases it can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome due to a cytokine storm. Those at highest risk are elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions.
The document discusses various opportunistic mycoses caused by yeasts and molds. It describes the classification of organisms that cause opportunistic mycoses like Candida, Aspergillus, and Zygomycetes. It provides details on diseases caused, host factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of common fungal infections including candidiasis, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis.
This document discusses Rhinosporidiosis, a chronic granulomatous disease characterized by nasal polyps caused by the pathogen Rhinosporidium seeberi. It defines the disease, describes the life cycle and morphology of R. seeberi, and covers the epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, and treatment of Rhinosporidiosis. Key points include that the disease is most common in India and Sri Lanka, presents as recurrent nasal polyps, and the treatment involves total surgical excision combined with long-term dapsone medication to prevent recurrence.
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, confusion, and a rash. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture of cerebrospinal fluid to check for bacteria and inflammation. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics such as penicillin or ceftriaxone. Vaccines can help prevent disease. A case study describes a 21-year-old man who developed meningitis after traveling to China and was successfully treated with antibiotics.
This document provides information about histoplasmosis, including its characteristics, pathogenesis, types, clinical presentation, and laboratory diagnosis. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which exists in both a mycelial and yeast form. It is found worldwide in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
2. Infection typically occurs via inhalation of yeast cells into the lungs. It can cause pulmonary or disseminated disease, spreading to organs in immunocompromised individuals.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct examination of samples for yeast cells, culture of the fungus, and serological tests like complement fixation
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by fungi of the Mucoraceae family. It is an opportunistic infection seen predominantly in patients with diabetes, neutropenia, or other immunocompromised states. The rhinocerebral form involves the facial, orbital, paranasal sinus and cerebral regions. Diagnosis involves biopsy and culture. Treatment requires control of risk factors, aggressive surgical debridement of infected tissues, and antifungal therapy typically with amphotericin B. Despite treatment, mucormycosis has a high mortality rate of 50-85%.
Mucormycosis is caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It is an opportunistic infection seen in immunocompromised patients. The rhino-orbito-cerebral form presents as sinusitis that can invade the orbit and brain. Pulmonary mucormycosis is the second most common type seen in cancer and transplant patients. Diagnosis requires tissue biopsy demonstrating wide, ribbon-like hyphae. Treatment involves antifungal therapy with amphotericin B and surgical debridement of infected tissues. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and treatment.
The document discusses mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by exposure to mucor molds. It provides details on COVID-19 associated mucormycosis infections, including risk factors like steroid use in severe COVID cases. The summary discusses the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis, as well as challenges in diagnosis. Standard diagnostic methods outlined include tissue biopsy, culture, and microscopy of samples to detect fungal hyphae. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to manage mucormycosis and reduce mortality.
Coronaviruses can cause respiratory illnesses ranging from mild to severe like pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is an enveloped positive-sense RNA virus that binds to ACE2 receptors and primarily affects the respiratory system. It spreads via respiratory droplets and fomites. COVID-19 symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. In severe cases it can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome due to a cytokine storm. Those at highest risk are elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions.
The document discusses various opportunistic mycoses caused by yeasts and molds. It describes the classification of organisms that cause opportunistic mycoses like Candida, Aspergillus, and Zygomycetes. It provides details on diseases caused, host factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of common fungal infections including candidiasis, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis.
This document discusses Rhinosporidiosis, a chronic granulomatous disease characterized by nasal polyps caused by the pathogen Rhinosporidium seeberi. It defines the disease, describes the life cycle and morphology of R. seeberi, and covers the epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, and treatment of Rhinosporidiosis. Key points include that the disease is most common in India and Sri Lanka, presents as recurrent nasal polyps, and the treatment involves total surgical excision combined with long-term dapsone medication to prevent recurrence.
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, confusion, and a rash. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture of cerebrospinal fluid to check for bacteria and inflammation. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics such as penicillin or ceftriaxone. Vaccines can help prevent disease. A case study describes a 21-year-old man who developed meningitis after traveling to China and was successfully treated with antibiotics.
This document provides information about histoplasmosis, including its characteristics, pathogenesis, types, clinical presentation, and laboratory diagnosis. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which exists in both a mycelial and yeast form. It is found worldwide in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
2. Infection typically occurs via inhalation of yeast cells into the lungs. It can cause pulmonary or disseminated disease, spreading to organs in immunocompromised individuals.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct examination of samples for yeast cells, culture of the fungus, and serological tests like complement fixation
The document summarizes the HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae. It describes their roles as normal flora that can sometimes cause infections like endocarditis. It covers their laboratory identification through gram stains, culture characteristics, and biochemical reactions. It also discusses their antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment considerations.
Mucormycosis is a serious fungal infection caused by mucormycetes molds commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can infect humans through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Those at highest risk include diabetics, especially those with ketoacidosis, as well as those with organ transplants, cancer, HIV/AIDS or prolonged corticosteroid use. Common symptoms depend on the infected area but may include sinus congestion, eye swelling, coughing or abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy and identifying fungal elements microscopically. Treatment requires controlling underlying conditions, antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and aggressive surgery to remove infected tissues
This document provides an overview of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis is caused by fungi of the order Chaetothyriales and presents as chronic, progressive skin lesions on exposed areas of the body. Phaeohyphomycosis is caused by various pigmented fungi and can manifest as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic infections. Both conditions are diagnosed through microscopy, culture, and histopathology of lesions. Treatment involves antifungal medications, surgery, or a combination depending on the severity and location of the infection.
Neisseria meningitidis is an aerobic, gram-negative coccus that appears in pairs and can cause meningitis or meningococcemia. There are 8 major serogroups, with A, B, and C being most common. It normally lives harmlessly in the nasopharynx of 5-15% of the population but can spread via respiratory droplets. It uses pili to adhere to epithelium and enter the bloodstream, where it can proliferate rapidly and release endotoxins, activating the complement and coagulation cascades and potentially causing septic shock. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, neck stiffness, and headache, while meningococcemia presents with fever,
Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It predominantly affects immunocompromised individuals, especially those with diabetes, hematological malignancies, or who have undergone transplants or immunosuppressive therapy. The infection spreads through inhalation or skin/mucous membrane contact with fungal spores and has a high mortality rate even with aggressive treatment. Management involves controlling underlying risk factors, surgical debridement of infected tissues when possible, and antifungal therapy primarily with polyene antifungals like amphotericin B.
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. It commonly affects the nose and nasopharynx, presenting as a polypoidal pink to purple mass. The disease is transmitted through contact with contaminated water. The life cycle of R. seeberi involves a trophic stage and production of endospores. Diagnosis is made through biopsy showing sporangia filled with spores. Treatment involves complete surgical excision combined with dapsone to prevent recurrence, as recurrence is common with surgery alone.
This document provides an overview of systemic and opportunistic mycoses. It defines systemic mycoses as deep fungal infections caused by soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that are accidentally inhaled. The main causative agents described are Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals and the most common causes are Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Key clinical features, laboratory diagnostics including microscopy, culture, and serology, treatment approaches, and important epidemiological details are summarized
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis involves direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include microscopic observation of tissue aspirates stained with Giemsa to identify the kinetoplast of Leishmania parasites, and culture of aspirated material in media such as Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle to grow promastigotes. Indirect methods detect antibodies through tests like the Montenegro skin test, or detect antigens using ELISA. Animal inoculation of infected material into hamsters or mice is also used but takes a long time. Together, these laboratory methods allow diagnosis and grading of leishmaniasis infections.
Laboratory diagnosis of mycology microscopy, staining techniques, culture me...Prasad Gunjal
- The document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections through microscopy, staining techniques, culture media, and serology. It covers specimen collection sites and methods, various microscopic examination techniques including KOH wet mounts, gram staining, and histopathological stains. Culture media discussed include Sabouraud's dextrose agar, corn meal agar, rice starch agar, brain heart infusion agar, and ChromAgar media. The document provides an overview of diagnostic methods for confirming fungal infections in the laboratory.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a gram-negative bacteria that was formerly a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases in children under 5 years old. Before Hib vaccines were introduced in 1988, approximately one in 200 children would develop invasive Hib disease and it was responsible for 50% of bacterial meningitis cases. Since widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccines, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has declined over 99%. Public health actions focus on rapid reporting, isolation, prophylaxis of contacts, and ensuring vaccination to prevent additional cases.
Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, a protistan parasite. It is characterized by polyps in the nasal cavity. It is most commonly seen in southern India and Sri Lanka. The parasite exists in both sporangial and spore forms and has a dimorphic life cycle involving both aquatic and host tissues. Clinical presentation involves polypoidal lesions in the nose that bleed easily. Treatment involves surgical removal of the polyps combined with long term dapsone medication to prevent recurrence.
Viruses are a common cause of respiratory infections. Influenza virus is an RNA virus that causes influenza and can evolve through antigenic drift or shift, resulting in seasonal epidemics or pandemics. Other respiratory viruses include rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenoviruses. These viruses are diagnosed through antigen detection, virus isolation, or serology and treated symptomatically, though vaccines exist for some viruses. SARS is a coronavirus that emerged in 2002 and can cause severe respiratory illness.
This document summarizes malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. It kills nearly 1 million people annually. Certain genetic mutations provide protection against severe malaria. Complications include splenomegaly and kidney disease. Diagnosis involves blood smears, and treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and drug resistance. Prevention involves drugs like doxycycline and mefloquine.
This document discusses Mycoplasma, a class of bacteria that lack cell walls. It describes their general characteristics, examples of pathogenic species and diseases they cause, laboratory techniques for isolation and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and genital Mycoplasmas, and serological tests for diagnosis of Mycoplasma infections. Key points are that Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms, are difficult to culture, and cause respiratory and genital tract infections in humans.
Black fungi, also known as dematiaceous fungi, are a diverse group of slow-growing fungi found in soil worldwide. They can cause two types of infections in humans: chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis is a localized fungal infection of the skin caused by fungi such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. It presents as verrucous lesions on exposed areas like the feet and legs. Phaeohyphomycosis is a subcutaneous or systemic infection caused by various dematiaceous fungi presenting as abscesses or lesions. Both infections are diagnosed by microscopic examination of skin or tissue samples and treated with antifungal
This document provides an overview of mycology including yeasts, molds, dimorphic fungi, specimen collection and testing. It discusses common media used for fungal culture and identification methods such as microscopy, staining, and MALDI-TOF. Specific pathogenic fungi are highlighted including Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus that grows as mold at 30°C and yeast at 35°C, causing the lung infection histoplasmosis. Urine antigen detection is the most sensitive test for diagnosing disseminated histoplasmosis.
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by mucoraceae fungi. It mainly affects immunocompromised patients or those with other underlying diseases like diabetes. The infection is acquired through inhalation, ingestion or inoculation of fungal spores from the environment. There are different forms of mucormycosis depending on the route of exposure, with pulmonary or sinus infection developing from inhaled spores and cutaneous infection from skin trauma. Risk factors include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive drug use. Symptoms include sinus pain, fever, headache and coughing. Treatment involves antifungal medications and sometimes surgery. Mucormycosis cases have increased in India during
Group 14 presented on mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by mold in the soil. It primarily affects immunocompromised patients like those with diabetes or undergoing chemotherapy. Symptoms vary depending on the infected site but commonly include nasal congestion, vision changes, and skin lesions. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy of infected tissues, and identifying characteristic fungal hyphae. Treatment requires controlling underlying conditions, surgical debridement of infected areas, and high-dose antifungal medications like amphotericin B. Even with aggressive treatment, outcomes are often poor if the patient's immunity cannot be improved.
The document summarizes the HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae. It describes their roles as normal flora that can sometimes cause infections like endocarditis. It covers their laboratory identification through gram stains, culture characteristics, and biochemical reactions. It also discusses their antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment considerations.
Mucormycosis is a serious fungal infection caused by mucormycetes molds commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can infect humans through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Those at highest risk include diabetics, especially those with ketoacidosis, as well as those with organ transplants, cancer, HIV/AIDS or prolonged corticosteroid use. Common symptoms depend on the infected area but may include sinus congestion, eye swelling, coughing or abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy and identifying fungal elements microscopically. Treatment requires controlling underlying conditions, antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and aggressive surgery to remove infected tissues
This document provides an overview of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis is caused by fungi of the order Chaetothyriales and presents as chronic, progressive skin lesions on exposed areas of the body. Phaeohyphomycosis is caused by various pigmented fungi and can manifest as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic infections. Both conditions are diagnosed through microscopy, culture, and histopathology of lesions. Treatment involves antifungal medications, surgery, or a combination depending on the severity and location of the infection.
Neisseria meningitidis is an aerobic, gram-negative coccus that appears in pairs and can cause meningitis or meningococcemia. There are 8 major serogroups, with A, B, and C being most common. It normally lives harmlessly in the nasopharynx of 5-15% of the population but can spread via respiratory droplets. It uses pili to adhere to epithelium and enter the bloodstream, where it can proliferate rapidly and release endotoxins, activating the complement and coagulation cascades and potentially causing septic shock. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, neck stiffness, and headache, while meningococcemia presents with fever,
Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It predominantly affects immunocompromised individuals, especially those with diabetes, hematological malignancies, or who have undergone transplants or immunosuppressive therapy. The infection spreads through inhalation or skin/mucous membrane contact with fungal spores and has a high mortality rate even with aggressive treatment. Management involves controlling underlying risk factors, surgical debridement of infected tissues when possible, and antifungal therapy primarily with polyene antifungals like amphotericin B.
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. It commonly affects the nose and nasopharynx, presenting as a polypoidal pink to purple mass. The disease is transmitted through contact with contaminated water. The life cycle of R. seeberi involves a trophic stage and production of endospores. Diagnosis is made through biopsy showing sporangia filled with spores. Treatment involves complete surgical excision combined with dapsone to prevent recurrence, as recurrence is common with surgery alone.
This document provides an overview of systemic and opportunistic mycoses. It defines systemic mycoses as deep fungal infections caused by soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that are accidentally inhaled. The main causative agents described are Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals and the most common causes are Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Key clinical features, laboratory diagnostics including microscopy, culture, and serology, treatment approaches, and important epidemiological details are summarized
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis involves direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include microscopic observation of tissue aspirates stained with Giemsa to identify the kinetoplast of Leishmania parasites, and culture of aspirated material in media such as Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle to grow promastigotes. Indirect methods detect antibodies through tests like the Montenegro skin test, or detect antigens using ELISA. Animal inoculation of infected material into hamsters or mice is also used but takes a long time. Together, these laboratory methods allow diagnosis and grading of leishmaniasis infections.
Laboratory diagnosis of mycology microscopy, staining techniques, culture me...Prasad Gunjal
- The document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections through microscopy, staining techniques, culture media, and serology. It covers specimen collection sites and methods, various microscopic examination techniques including KOH wet mounts, gram staining, and histopathological stains. Culture media discussed include Sabouraud's dextrose agar, corn meal agar, rice starch agar, brain heart infusion agar, and ChromAgar media. The document provides an overview of diagnostic methods for confirming fungal infections in the laboratory.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a gram-negative bacteria that was formerly a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases in children under 5 years old. Before Hib vaccines were introduced in 1988, approximately one in 200 children would develop invasive Hib disease and it was responsible for 50% of bacterial meningitis cases. Since widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccines, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has declined over 99%. Public health actions focus on rapid reporting, isolation, prophylaxis of contacts, and ensuring vaccination to prevent additional cases.
Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, a protistan parasite. It is characterized by polyps in the nasal cavity. It is most commonly seen in southern India and Sri Lanka. The parasite exists in both sporangial and spore forms and has a dimorphic life cycle involving both aquatic and host tissues. Clinical presentation involves polypoidal lesions in the nose that bleed easily. Treatment involves surgical removal of the polyps combined with long term dapsone medication to prevent recurrence.
Viruses are a common cause of respiratory infections. Influenza virus is an RNA virus that causes influenza and can evolve through antigenic drift or shift, resulting in seasonal epidemics or pandemics. Other respiratory viruses include rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenoviruses. These viruses are diagnosed through antigen detection, virus isolation, or serology and treated symptomatically, though vaccines exist for some viruses. SARS is a coronavirus that emerged in 2002 and can cause severe respiratory illness.
This document summarizes malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. It kills nearly 1 million people annually. Certain genetic mutations provide protection against severe malaria. Complications include splenomegaly and kidney disease. Diagnosis involves blood smears, and treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and drug resistance. Prevention involves drugs like doxycycline and mefloquine.
This document discusses Mycoplasma, a class of bacteria that lack cell walls. It describes their general characteristics, examples of pathogenic species and diseases they cause, laboratory techniques for isolation and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and genital Mycoplasmas, and serological tests for diagnosis of Mycoplasma infections. Key points are that Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms, are difficult to culture, and cause respiratory and genital tract infections in humans.
Black fungi, also known as dematiaceous fungi, are a diverse group of slow-growing fungi found in soil worldwide. They can cause two types of infections in humans: chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis is a localized fungal infection of the skin caused by fungi such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. It presents as verrucous lesions on exposed areas like the feet and legs. Phaeohyphomycosis is a subcutaneous or systemic infection caused by various dematiaceous fungi presenting as abscesses or lesions. Both infections are diagnosed by microscopic examination of skin or tissue samples and treated with antifungal
This document provides an overview of mycology including yeasts, molds, dimorphic fungi, specimen collection and testing. It discusses common media used for fungal culture and identification methods such as microscopy, staining, and MALDI-TOF. Specific pathogenic fungi are highlighted including Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus that grows as mold at 30°C and yeast at 35°C, causing the lung infection histoplasmosis. Urine antigen detection is the most sensitive test for diagnosing disseminated histoplasmosis.
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by mucoraceae fungi. It mainly affects immunocompromised patients or those with other underlying diseases like diabetes. The infection is acquired through inhalation, ingestion or inoculation of fungal spores from the environment. There are different forms of mucormycosis depending on the route of exposure, with pulmonary or sinus infection developing from inhaled spores and cutaneous infection from skin trauma. Risk factors include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive drug use. Symptoms include sinus pain, fever, headache and coughing. Treatment involves antifungal medications and sometimes surgery. Mucormycosis cases have increased in India during
Group 14 presented on mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by mold in the soil. It primarily affects immunocompromised patients like those with diabetes or undergoing chemotherapy. Symptoms vary depending on the infected site but commonly include nasal congestion, vision changes, and skin lesions. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy of infected tissues, and identifying characteristic fungal hyphae. Treatment requires controlling underlying conditions, surgical debridement of infected areas, and high-dose antifungal medications like amphotericin B. Even with aggressive treatment, outcomes are often poor if the patient's immunity cannot be improved.
The document discusses mucormycosis, an infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It covers the etiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management of mucormycosis. The key points are:
- Mucormycosis occurs in immunocompromised individuals and those with conditions like diabetes or neutropenia.
- Rhizopus is the most common causative genus. Transmission is usually through spore inhalation.
- Clinical manifestations depend on site of infection, which can include sinuses, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of tissues and molecular methods like PCR.
- Treatment requires
DEDICATED FOR MOLAR PSPDG UMY 2012
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drg. Suryono, PhD
1. The document discusses different types of fungal infections (mycoses) that can affect the skin, including superficial mycoses like pityriasis versicolor and tinea versicolor, cutaneous mycoses like various forms of ringworm, and subcutaneous mycoses.
2. It also discusses opportunistic and systemic mycoses that can spread to multiple organ systems in individuals with weakened immunity. Common opportunistic fungi mentioned are Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.
3. Oral candidiasis
This document provides information on meningococcal infection. It begins by defining meningococcal infection and describing its causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis. It then covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of meningococcal infection. Key points include that it is transmitted via air droplets and can cause meningitis, meningococcemia, or both. Clinical features depend on the form but may include fever, rash, headache and vomiting. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid which shows pleocytosis. Meningococcal infection is a serious public health issue worldwide.
The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.
The document provides an overview of medical mycology and fungal infections. It discusses different types of fungal infections including superficial mycoses that do not involve tissue response, cutaneous mycoses caused by dermatophytes that infect the skin, subcutaneous mycoses caused by soil fungi, and systemic or opportunistic mycoses that affect immunocompromised individuals. Common fungal infections like candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis and zygomycosis are explained in terms of their causative agents and presentations. The diagnosis and treatment of various mycoses is also covered briefly.
Systemic mycoses can result from inhalation of fungal spores that then differentiate into yeast or other forms in the lungs. This document focuses on four specific systemic mycoses: Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Paracoccidioides. Coccidioides causes valley fever through inhalation of spores in dry soil in the southwestern US and Central/South America. Paracoccidioides causes a similar disease through inhalation in parts of Central/South America. Both fungi exist as molds in soil and yeasts in tissues. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to disseminated disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and ser
This document provides an overview of fungal diseases of the lung. It describes the characteristics of fungi including their cell walls and ability to grow as molds or yeasts. It then covers the four main types of mycoses and examples of specific fungal diseases including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and mucormycosis. For each disease, it discusses pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphology in tissue and staining characteristics.
This document summarizes information about Neisseriaceae and Bacillus species. It describes the main human pathogens in Neisseriaceae as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, and N. meningitidis, which causes meningitis. N. gonorrhoeae infections are highly prevalent but have low mortality, while N. meningitidis has low prevalence but high mortality. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and control measures are discussed for both pathogens. Other genera in Neisseriaceae including Moraxella are also summarized.
This document discusses opportunistic mycoses that occur in individuals with compromised immune systems. It focuses on several common fungal causes including Aspergillus, Mucor, and Penicillium species. Aspergillosis is described in detail, outlining the different clinical manifestations depending on infection site and immune status. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination and culture of specimens. Treatment involves antifungal therapies like amphotericin B and azoles.
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia (accounting for 10-20% of all pneumonias) as well as urogenital infections. Important species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. hominis, and M. genitalium. While some Mycoplasma species can be part of the normal flora, they can also cause diseases like atypical pneumonia and pelvic inflammatory disease. They are treated with antibiotics like tetracyclines but show resistance to beta-lactams due to their lack of a cell wall.
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii. It typically presents as firm, painless nodules on the skin that can spread and ulcerate. The fungus is commonly found in soil and plants, and infection usually occurs through skin trauma from these sources. Symptoms range from minimal to widespread depending on immune status. Treatment involves antifungal medications like itraconazole or potassium iodide for localized infection, and amphotericin B for more severe cases. Sporotrichosis can also affect animals like cats and is occasionally transmitted between animals and humans through skin contact.
The document discusses infections that affect immunocompromised patients. It describes two main categories of immunodeficiency: defects in innate immunity and deficiencies in adaptive immunity. A wide range of opportunistic pathogens can cause infections in immunocompromised patients, including bacteria like Pseudomonas, fungi like Candida and Cryptococcus, viruses like EBV and adenovirus, and protozoa like Cryptosporidium. Certain infections are more common depending on the underlying cause of immunosuppression, such as Aspergillus infections in neutropenic patients or Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients.
This document discusses systemic mycoses, specifically blastomycosis. It begins with an introduction to systemic fungal infections and dimorphism in pathogenic fungi. It then describes the etiologic agent of blastomycosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and ability to cause pulmonary, cutaneous, or disseminated disease. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis via culture, histopathology, and other methods, and treatment of itraconazole or amphotericin B are summarized. Prevention focuses on avoiding contact with contaminated soil or objects in endemic areas.
A quick walk through the world of microbiology-Patrick NkembaNationalwideChannelo
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2. WHAT IS MUCORMYCOSIS ?
Mucormycosis is an infection caused by several species of
filamentous molds belonging to the order Mucorales.
The infections usually occur in immunocompromised individuals
with one or more underlying conditions.
The fungi responsible for these infections are found in different
environmental niches like soil, decaying vegetables, bread, and
even dust.
Some of the risk factors associated with mucormycosis include
conditions like uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, bone marrow
transplant, neutropenia, trauma, burns, and hematologic
disorders.
3. CONTD..
Studies related to mucormycosis have increased over the years due to
the severity of these infections, with a high rate of mortality.
Some of the species belonging to the order Mucorales are Rhizopus,
Mucor, Rhizomucor, Apophysomyces, etc. Rhizopus is the most
common species associated with mucormycosis, closely followed by
Mucor and Lichtheimia.
The infections can be characterized by different clinical
manifestations depending on the site of infection and the severity.
Mucormycosis has also been associated with molds from the order
Entomophthorales; however, these infections are not angioinvasive
and do not disseminate. Such molds result in chronic subcutaneous
infections even in immunocompetent hosts.
5. HABITAT
The fungal species belonging to the order Mucorales can be found
throughout the environment in different sources ranging from soil to
vegetables.
Even though these species are ubiquitous in distribution, they are
predominantly saprobic soil organisms.
The fungi can be commonly found in soil than in air as these exist in
the form of spores in order to protect themselves as well as to assist
the process of dispersal. The occurrence thus is more prevalent in
tropical areas.
The dispersal and occurrence of these species are more common
during summer than in winter as the fungal spores thrive in dry and
arid conditions.
6. CONTD..
Besides, some of these fungi can also occur in decaying matter
like decaying vegetables and fruits as these are good sources of
carbohydrates that are essential for the growth and survival of
the species.
Mucoralean fungi usually reproduce anamorphically via non-
motile sporangiospores released from different sporangia.
Some of the Mucoralean fungi can also occur as parasites of
plants, fungi, and animals, resulting in different forms of
diseases.
7.
8. ETIOLOGY
The fungal species that are most frequently isolated from patients
with Mucormycosis are Apophysomyces, Cunninghamella,
Lichtheimia, Mucor, Rhizopus, and Rhizomucor.
The etiology of these infections differs considerably in different
countries, but Rhizopus spp is the most common cause of these
infections in most parts of the world.
These species exist as spores and thrive in dry, humid, and arid
conditions. These transmit through the air and result in mild to severe
infections in immunocompromised individuals.
The species present in the order Mucorales display only a small
number of distinguishable morphological characteristics that can be
used to distinguish between themselves.
9. CONTD..
Most of these species are differentiated based on characteristics
like structure, size, and shape of the sporangia, color and state of the
spores, and the mycelium.
The Mucoralean fungi are defined by usually abundant and rapidly
growing mycelium and other anamorph structures.
The mycelium is unsepted or irregularly septed, and the anamorphic
sporangiospores produce multi-spored sporangia.
Structures like chlamydospores, arthrospores, and yeast cells are rare in
these species. The sporangia consist of the variously shaped columella.
Some species might exhibit appendages that enable them to switch
between the filamentous multicellular state and the yeast-like state.
10. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• Mucormycosis is acquired by immunocompromised individuals, mostly
by the inhalation of fungal spores from the environment.
• The primary mode of transmission of Mucorales is the inhalation of
sporangiospores. Other modes of transmission include ingestion of the
spore or inoculation of conidia from wounds or trauma.
• Nosocomial outbreaks of infections can also occur; however, these are
quite rare. Nosocomial infections are associated with contaminated
bandages, medical equipment, and ventilation.
• The mode of transmission of the fungi from one individual to the other
depends on the site of infection and the severity of infection.
• Rhinocerebral mucormycosis transmits mostly via the inhalation of
spores or droplets, whereas cutaneous mucormycosis transmits via
close personal contact.
11. VIRULENCE FACTORS
There is a difference in virulence across different species
belonging to the order Mucorales, which indicates an array of
virulence factors, resulting in aggressive invasive disease in
some species and infrequent mortality in others. The following
are some of the virulence factors employed by the fungal species
responsible for mucormycosis.
a. Iron overload
b. High-affinity iron permease (FTR1)
c. Rhizoferrin
d. Calcineurin
e. Spore coat protein
12. PATHOGENESIS OF
MYCORMYCOSIS
The pathogenesis of mucormycosis begins with the inhalation or
ingestion of spores from the environment.
The entry of the spores into healthy individuals results in
phagocytosis of the spores with the help of polymorphonuclear
phagocytes.
The persistence of the fungi and their growth is facilitated by defects
in the phagocytic activity of the immune cells.
Conditions like hyperglycemia and acidosis affect chemotaxis and
phagocytic killing by the immune cells.
Fungi like Rhizopus secrete the enzyme ketone reductase that
supports the growth of fungi in acidic and glucose-rich environments
like ketoacidosis.
13. The increased virulence in the fungal species results in inherent
resistance in these species to human phagocytes.
Similarly, iron metabolism also plays an important role in the
pathogenesis of mucormycosis. Different factors in the fungal
species like the iron permeases, rhizoferrin, etc., help in the
transition of ferric into soluble ferrous.
The presence of iron in the serum further supports the growth and
survival of the species in the human body.
The fungi then slowly make their way into the bloodstream by
invading blood vessels with resultant thrombosis and tissue
necrosis.
The host-pathogen interaction further results in extensive
angioinvasion with ischemic necrosis and tissue damage.
The movement of the organisms through endothelial cells and the
extracellular matrix is the most critical step in the pathogenesis of
fungal species like R. Oryzae.
14.
15. TYPES
Rhinocerebral (Sinus and Brain) mucormycosis:
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a condition caused by filamentous fungi of
the order Mucorales, which affect organs like the paranasal sinuses, nose,
and brain.
The disease is most acute, but it can become chronic as the fungus grows
rapidly and aggressively.
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is the most common form of mucormycosis,
and the prevalence of the infections depends on the occurrence of the
different high-risk populations.
The infection begins in the nasal cavity and slowly moves to the adjacent
paranasal sinuses. The fungi then attached themselves to the surface of the
sinus and began reproducing as the humid condition of the nose facilitates
growth and invasion of the organism.
The initial condition of the infection is associated with the formation of the
fungal ball in the maxillary sinus with no bone erosion.
16. The condition proliferates further depending on the duration of
infection, host immunity, and severity of the condition.
The progression of the diseases continues as a result of different
virulence factors. It is initiated by the invasion of blood vessels and
damage to the endothelial cells resulting in ischemia and tissue
necrosis.
The invasion of the brain and orbits of the brain is the result of the
invasion of the sphenopalatine and internal maxillary arteries.
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis occurs more commonly in diabetic
patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia.
The early diagnosis of the infection is impeded by the nonspecific
symptoms of the disease. Commonly observed symptoms include one-
sided headache behind the eyes and lethargy.
It is then followed by facial pain, numbness, nasal discharge, and
sinusitis, along with convulsions, altered mental condition, and gait.
17. Pulmonary (Lung) mucormycosis:
Pulmonary mucormycosis is an uncommon form of mucormycosis but
can result in life-threatening opportunistic infections.
It is the second most common mucormycosis infection accounting for
about 25% of total mucormycosis infections.
The infection is more frequent in immunocompromised patients with
transplants and hematological malignancies.
Pulmonary mucormycosis has a high mortality rate of 40-70%,
especially in cases with rapid local progression and angioinvasion.
The infection proceeds from the entry of the organism via inhalation.
The organism reaches the lung spaces where it adheres to the
endothelial cells to result in tissue damage.
The extent of damage and progression of the infection depends on the
immune status of the individual and the underlying conditions.
18. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis:
Gastrointestinal mucormycosis is very rare and is observed only
in about 2 to 11% of the total cases of mucormycosis.
The organs involved in the infection are the stomach and
intestine, but in some cases, the infection can spread to other
regions of the intestinal tract.
The infections are mostly mild, but in some cases, these can be
fatal. The infection begins with the ingestion of spores with food
or other substances that finally make way into the
gastrointestinal tract.
Aggressive antifungal treatments and medical therapy with
surgeries can be used as a method of treatment.
19. Cutaneous (Skin) mucormycosis:
Cutaneous mucormycosis is also a form of mucormycosis either as a
localized infection or dissemination disease.
Cutaneous mucormycosis results from the entry of the pathogen
through trauma or cuts on the skin as a result of surgery, natural
disaster, or inoculation of soil and other contaminated sources.
The infection can spread quite rapidly on the skin to inner layers like
the subcutaneous layer, fascia, and bone.
The predominant species involved in cutaneous mucormycosis
are Apophysomyces and Saksenaea, both of which are common soil
saprophytes.
Cutaneous mucormycosis can be classified as primary and secondary
mucormycosis, where the primary infections include infections where
the organism infects the individual via direct inoculation. Secondary
mucormycosis involves the dissemination of organisms from other
locations, commonly a rhinocerebral infection.
20. The most commonly affected areas in the case of cutaneous
mucormycosis are legs and arms, including other rare cases in the
scalp, face, back, thorax, breast, neck, and groin.
Primary infections are characterized by lesions that are indurated
plaques that eventually become erythematous.
Other manifestations include tender nodules, swollen and scaly
plaques with purpuric lesions.
Primary infections can be nosocomial infections, in which case the
erythema and tenderness rapidly progress to necrosis.
Secondary infections result from the spread of rhinocerebral infection,
and these are more common than primary infections.
The infection begins with sinusitis which then progresses with the
formation of a necrotic eschar.
Other symptoms include fever, periorbital cellulitis, edema, and
proptosis with later intracranial involvement.
21. Disseminated mucormycosis
Disseminated mucormycosis is the rarest form of mucormycosis that is usually
only observed in neutropenic patients with hematologic tumors or post-
transplant patients.
The high rate of dissemination associated with mucormycosis is due to the
tendency of invading endothelial cells within the vascular system.
Dissemination of infections can occur in organs like the lung, pancreas, brain,
and spleen, which mild to severe infections in all or some of the regions.
The condition only occurs in severely immunocompromised individuals who
have received deferoxamine.
The symptoms and presentations associated with disseminated mucormycosis
consist of nonspecific manifestations which result in delayed diagnosis and
further invasion.
The direct inoculation of the fungi is a common mode of transmission where
the fungi can infect cutaneous, subcutaneous, fat muscles, and skeletal tissues.
22. HOW MYCORMYCOSIS SPREAD?
Mucormycosis starts as a skin infection in the air pockets
behind our eyes, nose, cheekbones, and in the spaces
between our eyes and teeth. It then spreads to the skin,
lungs, and possibly the brain. It causes nose
discoloration or blackening, blurred or double vision,
chest pain, breathing problems, and bloody coughing.
23. SYMPTOMS
rhinocerebral (sinus and brain) mucormycosis include:
I. One-sided facial swelling
II. Headache
III. Nasal or sinus congestion
IV. Black lesions on nasal bridge or upper inside of mouth that quickly
become more severe
V. Fever
pulmonary (lung) mucormycosis include:
I. Fever
II. Cough
III. Chest pain
IV. Shortness of breath
24. Cutaneous (skin) mucormycosis can look like blisters or ulcers,
and the infected area may turn black. Other symptoms include
pain, warmth, excessive redness, or swelling around a wound.
gastrointestinal mucormycosis include:
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
Disseminated mucormycosis typically occurs in people who are
already sick from other medical conditions, so it can be difficult to
know which symptoms are related to mucormycosis. Patients with
disseminated infection in the brain can develop mental status
changes or coma.
25. TREATMENT
The successful treatment of mucormycosis is based on a multi-step
approach which requires reversal of underlying conditions, early
administration of antifungal agents at optimal dosages, and removal of
all infected tissues.
In patients with uncontrolled diabetes and suspected mucormycosis,
rapid correction of metabolic abnormalities is a must.
The use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs should be
tapered to the lowest dose possible.
The success of the treatment of mucormycosis depends on the early
diagnosis of the disease with prompt initiation of therapeutic
interventions.
Mucorales can be resistant to most antifungal agents like voriconazole,
but Amphotericin B is the most effective drug for most Mucorales.
26. The medicinal therapy has to be introduced immediately once the
infection is suspected due to the potential for the rapid spread of the
infection.
The optimal dose for these antifungal drugs is still in question; however,
some guidelines have been proposed to provide the appropriate dose and
concentration of these drugs.
The prevalence of intravenous and tablet forms of these drugs has
increased bioavailability and drug exposure.
Other forms of treatment include surgeries when needed. Removal of not
just the necrotic tissues but also surrounding infected healthy tissues
might be required.
Surgery is often required in rhinocerebral mucormycosis and soft tissue
infections. Surgeries might also be helpful in the single localized
pulmonary lesion.
Other forms of medical therapy include the use of hyperbaric oxygen to
prepare a more oxygen-rich environment and the administration of
cytokines along with antifungal agents.
27. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
MEASURES
1) The high mortality rate of these infections indicates the need for early
intervention with immunocompromised individuals.
2) It is important that the patients are aware of the infections and their
presentations so that they can make an early visit to the hospital.
3) Prevention and control of these infections are based on the early
diagnosis of the disease and the maintenance of a proper immune
system.
4) Individuals at risk with different underlying conditions should be careful
about any possible symptoms and other conditions.
5) It has been recommended that the patients take appropriate drugs
assigned for their underlying conditions in order to maintain their
health.
6) The control of the disease can also be made by the use of masks in areas
that might contain the spores the causative agents.
28. How Mucormysosis is related to COVID-19, Why corona
patients are at more risk of Black Fungal Infection ?
Mucormycosis has been increasingly observed as a form of secondary
fungal infection in COVID 19 patients.
The most common form of mucormycosis in COVID 19 patients is
pulmonary mucormycosis, closely followed by rhinocerebral
mucormycosis.
The incidence of mucormycosis with COVID 19 isn’t unusual as the
disease tends to affect the immune status of the patients, resulting in
increased chances of mucormycosis.
Similarly, glucocorticoids and remdesivir are some of the only drugs
that have been beneficial in COVID 19; however, the use of
glucocorticoids can increase the risk of secondary infections.
The use of concurrent immunomodulatory drugs and the immune
dysregulation as a result of the viral infection further add to the
increased risk of the infections.