This document provides information about genetically modified crops. It discusses how GM crops are produced through genetic engineering by inserting genes from other organisms. It then discusses GM crops that have been approved for commercial production, including insect-resistant cotton, maize, and soybean as well as herbicide-tolerant soybean. The document also discusses the global area planted with biotech crops annually and countries that grow the most biotech crops. It outlines some pros and cons of GM crops and how they are regulated in different countries including the US, EU, and India.
Ethical and bio-safety issues related to GM cropsMahammed Faizan
a seminar presentation on ethical and bio-safety issues related GM crops.
impact of gm crops on human, animal and environmental health.
safety measure related transgenic crops.
international governmental bodies
brief presentation about the environmental and health issues associated with transgenic crops
or
impact of transgenic crops or GMO crops on environment and health
Ethical and bio-safety issues related to GM cropsMahammed Faizan
a seminar presentation on ethical and bio-safety issues related GM crops.
impact of gm crops on human, animal and environmental health.
safety measure related transgenic crops.
international governmental bodies
brief presentation about the environmental and health issues associated with transgenic crops
or
impact of transgenic crops or GMO crops on environment and health
Genetic manipulation of plant and animal cells have to be confirmed for further application. One such confirmatory method is the use of stains/dyes which produces fluorescence when the recombination is successful.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
Partnerships and the Future of Agriculture TechnologyCIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Dr. Robert T. Fraley (Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Monsanto, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Genetic manipulation of plant and animal cells have to be confirmed for further application. One such confirmatory method is the use of stains/dyes which produces fluorescence when the recombination is successful.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
Partnerships and the Future of Agriculture TechnologyCIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Dr. Robert T. Fraley (Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Monsanto, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Will Potato Growers be Allowed to Benefit from New Technology? Kevin Folta
This presentation was delivered at the Keystone Potato Producers Association Potato Days in Brandon, MB, in January of 2016. The presentation introduces the audience to the problem of a lack of communication from growers, and although new technology seeks to improve profitable and sustainable farming, there are barriers to acceptance. Potato growers are key in that equation, and using effective tools in communication is the way to find acceptance of scientific messages.
Biopharming is an upcoming research field related with genetic engineering and biotechnology which is ensuring the future health of the humanity while letting us making so many therapeutics. Also, it let us consume some vaccines as an oral food source, showing some perfect alternative for the developing countries. However, this is yet to be argued, tested and confirmed for its biosafety for both human and to nature.
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students...Skyfox Publishing Group
This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about
genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male).
Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken
into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30
questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of
the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as
harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the
question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students
answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The
averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is
statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic
knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students
believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will
increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion.
the presentation explains the most important disadvantages of genetically modified organisms and the risk they present against our life and the environment, the presentation has been presented in a debate about GMO's in the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania-Crete-Greece. 08/11/2019
Work is done by:
-BOUBLAT Hatem
-Ebid Mina
-GIAKOUMAKI Stella
-MAROUNI Zainab
-TUL Safiye
Ethical issues associated with Genetically Modified Crops and Genetically Mod...PunithKumars6
As GMO are being widely used and disturbed across the world for their unique characters which is being beneficial for both industries and civilians, it also rises the concern of its safety and ethics. So I have accumulated some of the major concerning Ethical issues related to GMO that would give a glimpse of Risks associated with Genetically Modified Crops and foods.
At Taste Of Middle East, we believe that food is not just about satisfying hunger, it's about experiencing different cultures and traditions. Our restaurant concept is based on selecting famous dishes from Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other Arabic countries to give our customers an authentic taste of the Middle East
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Food and beverage service Restaurant Services notes V1.pptx
My ppt of gmo
1. SEMINAR REPORT ON GENETICALLY
MODIFIED CROP
SUBMITTED TO
I.K.GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
KAPURTHALA, PUNJAB
BY
(2017-2019)
SAKSHI THAKUR
REG NO. 1732065
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
3. What Are Genetically Modified Foods
•Any food containing or derived from a
genetically engineering organisms (plants,
animals or microorganisms).
4. Background
• As we entered the 21st century, industrialized countries struggling with side effects
of,
‘GREEN-REVOLUTION’.
• Worse, many of the world’s poor have never benefitted from Green Revolution because it
did not solve underlying problem,
‘POVERTY’
• Now, WHAT CAN HELP THEM?
Many scientist think a new ‘GENE REVOLUTION’, uses biotechnology to create a new
‘Genetically Modified’ or ‘GM CROPS’.
• But, some people worry that whether,
‘These crops are safe or not’
Source: www.biotechinstitute.org/download/files/YourWorld/yw-101-food
6. HOW GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS PRODUCED?
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are being made by inserting a gene from
an external source such as viruses, bacteria, animals or plants into usually
unrelated species.
7. Contd…. Types of Crop
FRUITS
VEGETABLES
ORNAMENTALS
PLANTATION CROPS
• Genetically modified crops or
Transgenic crops carrying the novel traits
and released for commercial agriculture
production.
• These include:
Pest resistant cotton, maize, canola (mainly Bt or
Bacillus thuringiensis), herbicide glyphosate resistant
soybean, cotton and viral disease resistant potatoes,
papaya and squash.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
CROPS
VIRUS
TOLERANCE
DROUGHT
RESISTANCE
8. GENERATION OF GMOs
FIRST GENERATION SECOND GENERATION THIRD GENERATION
Enhance crop productivity
Traits such as herbicide
tolerant, better insect
tolerant, and better
tolerance to environmental
stress.
They are not significantly
different from traditional
crops in terms of
appearance, taste and
nutrition.
Examples: Corn, soybean
etc.
Concerns product quality
characteristics such as
having better taste, more
nutritional content, and
having longer shelf life.
Example: Flavr savr
tomato, Potato.
Use of plants to make cheaper, more efficiently produced
and more plentiful industrial products, such as biosensors,
industrial enzymes and epoxies, plastics and cosmetics, and
pharmaceutical drugs such as vaccines, antibodies, and
therapeutic proteins and such crops are called Pharmacrops
Production of spider silk proteins in tobacco and potato.
1st human biologic drug derived from the milk of goats that
have been genetically engineered to produce human anti-
thrombin in their milk.
In Feb 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved recombinant anti-thrombin prevention of blood
clots, hereditary anti-thrombin deficiency.
17. Its depressing that despite India is producing sufficient food to feed its
population, it is unable to provide access to food to a large no. of people. The
amount of food wasted in our country is staggering.
19. EXAMPLES OF GM-CROPS
• Genetic engineering for Moisture deficit stress tolerance
• Genetic engineering for Salinity tolerance
CROPS GENE TARGET TRAIT REFERENCES
POTATO TPS 1 Drought tolerance Yeo et al (2000)
APPLE Osmyb4 Drought stress Pasquali et al (2008)
TOMATO CBF1 Oxidative stress as well
as water deficit stress
tolerance
Hsieh et al (2002)
BANANA MusaWRKY71 Oxidative and salt stress
tolerance
Shekhawat and
Ganapathi (2013)
CROPS GENE TARGET TRAIT REFERENCES
STRAWBERRY
Osmotin Salt tolerance Husaini (2008)
CARROT Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase Salt tolerance Kumar et al (2004)
Capsicum annum Osmotin Salt tolerance Subramanayam et al
(2011)
TOMATO SlMBP11 Salt stress tolerance Guo et al (2016)
20. • Genetic engineering for Cold tolerance
• Genetic engineering for Biotic stress resistance
CROPS GENES TARGET TRAIT REFERENCES
CUCUMBER Dehydrin DHN10 DHN24 Chilling tolerance Yin et al (2004)
GRAPEVINE DREB1b Cold tolerance Jin et al (2007)
APPLE MsDREB6.2 Drought tolerance Liao et al (2016)
TOMATO codA Chilling tolerance Park et al (2004)
CROPS GENES TARGET TRAIT REFERENCES
APPLE Lytic peptide attacin E
Cysteine proteinases
Fire blight resistance
Nematode tolerance
Ko et al (2000)
Roderick et al (2012)
GRAPES Antifreezing protein Low-temperature tolerance Gutoranov et al. (2001)
PINEAPPLE
chitinase (chi), ap24 Heart and root rot resistance Espinosa et al. (2002)
SQUASH Coat protein genes CMV, ZYMV, and WMV Fuchs and Gonsalves
(2007)
Lettuce Coat protein Mirafiori lettuce virus Yoichi et al. (2009)
22. YEAR HECTARES (million) ACRES(million)
1996 1.7 4.2
2001 52.6 130.0
2003 67.7 167.3
2004 81.0 200.2
2006 102.0 252.0
2010 148.0 365.7
2011 160.0 395.4
2012 170.3 420.8
2013 175.2 432.9
2014 181.5 448.5
2015 179.7 444.0
2016 185.1 457.4
2017* 189.8 469.0
TOTAL 2,339.5 5.780
Global Area of Biotech crops, 22 years, 1996 to 2017. (source: ISAAA, 2017)
*Global area of biotech crops in 2017 increased to 189.8 million hectares compared with 185.1 million hectares in
2016, equivalent to 3% or 4.7 million hectares (11.6 million acres).
23. BIOTECH CROPS IN INDUSTRIALIZED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Global Area of Biotech Crops, 2015 and 2017: Industrialized and developing
countries (Million Hectares). (Source: ISAAA, 2017)
24. TOP TEN BIOTECH CROP COUNTRIES (SOURCE: ISAAA, 2017)
TOP 10 COUNTRIES
36. Various organisation perceptions
• Leading voices opposing GMOs
• Greenpeace
• Fairtrade International
Six Corporations
Monsanto
DuPont
Dow
Syngenta
Bayer
BASF
37. What's wrong with genetic engineering (GE)?
Arguments given by Anti-GMO Voices
• GMOs can spread through nature via cross-pollination from field to field and interbreed
with natural organisms, thereby making it impossible to truly control how GE modified
crops spread
• GMOs cannot be recalled once released into environment
• GMOs should not be released into environment since there is not an adequate scientific
understanding of their impact on environment and human health
• Oppose all patents on plants, animals and humans, as well as patents on their genes
• Biology is not an industrial commodity
38. • Contamination of conventional crops and wild plants, potential damage to
wildlife, and the uncertain effects on human health when consuming these
foods
• Farmers lose control of seeds they once used and are unable to continue
using ecological pest management
• Instead, farmers have no choice but to buy full package of pesticides that
need to be used with GE seeds to ensure they perform
39. REFERENCES
• Yeo, E.T., Kwon, H.B., Han, S.E., Lee, J.T., Ryu, J.C., Byu, M.O., 2000. Genetic
engineering o f drought resistant potato plants by introduction of the trehalose-6-
phosphate synthase (TPS1) gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cells 10, 263–268.
• Pasquali, G., Biricolti, S., Locatelli, F., et al., 2008. Osmyb4 expression improves adaptive
responses to drought and cold stress in transgenic apples. Plant Cell Rep. 27, 1677.
• Hsieh, T.H., Lee, J.T., Chang, Y.Y., Chan, M.T., 2002a. Tomato plants ectopically
expressing Arabidopsis CBF1 show enhanced resistance to water deficit stress. Plant
Physiol. 130, 618–626.
• Shekhawat, U.K.S., Ganapathi, T.R., 2013. MusaWRKY71 overexpression in banana plants
leads to altered abiotic and biotic stress responses. PLoS One 8 (10), e75506.
• Yin, Z., Pawlowicz, I., Bartoszewski, G., Malinowski, R., Malepszy, S., Rorat, T., 2004.
Transcriptional expression of a Solanum sogarandinum GTDhn10 gene fusion in
cucumber and its correlation with chilling tolerance in transgenic seedlings. Cell. Mol.
Biol. Lett. 9, 891–902.
• Jin, C.W., You, G.Y., He, Y.F., Tang, C., Wu, P., Zheng, S.J., 2007. Iron deficiency-induced
secretion of phenolics facilitates the reutilization of root apoplastic iron in red clover.
Plant Physiol. 144, 278–285.
40. • Liao, X., Liu, G., Guo, X., Wang, Q., Li, T., Wang, Y., Zhao, D., Yao, L., Wang, S., 2016.
Over-expression of MsDREB6.2 results in cytokinin-deficient developmental phenotypes
and enhances drought tolerance in transgenic apple plants. Plant J. 89.
• Park, E.J., Jekni, Z., Sakamoto, A., DeNoma, J., Yuwansiri, R., Murata, N., Chen, T.H.H.,
2004. Genetic engineering of glycinebetaine synthesis in tomato protects seeds, plants,
and flowers from chilling damage. Plant J. 40, 474–487.
• Roderick, H., Tripathi, L., Babirye, A., Wang, D., Tripathi, J., Urwin, P.E., Atkinson, H.J.,
2012. Generation of transgenic plantain (Musa spp.) with resistance to plant pathogenic
nematodes. Mol. Plant Pathol. 13, 842-851.
• Ko, K., Norelli, J.L., Reynoird, J.P., Boresjza-Wysocka, E., Brown, S.K., Aldwinckle, H.S.,
2000. Effect of untranslated leader sequence of AMV RNA 4 and signal peptide of
pathogenesis-related protein 1b on attacin gene expression, and resistance to fire blight in
transgenic apple. Biotechnol. Lett. 22, 373–381.
• Gutoranov, G.P., Tsvetkov, I.J., Colova-Tsolova, V.M., Atanassov, A.I., 2001. Genetically
engineered grapevines carrying GFLV coat protein and antifreeze genes. Agric. Conspec.
Sci. 66, 71–76.
• Espinosa, P., Lorenzo, J.C., Iglesias, A., Yabor, L., Menéndez, E., Borroto, J., Hernández,
L., Arencibia, A.D., 2002. Production of pineapple transgenic plants assisted by
temporary immersion bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep. 21, 136–140.
41. • Fuchs, M., Gonsalves, D., 2007. Safety of virus resistant transgenic plants two decades
after their introductions: lessons from realistic field risk assessment studies. Annu. Rev.
Phytopathol. 45, 173.
• Yoichi, K., Ryoi, F., Yuji, N., 2009. Transgenic resistance to Mirafiori lettuce virus in
lettuce carrying inverted repeats of the viral coat protein gene. Transgenic Res. 18, 113–
120.
• Saraswathi M.S. et al., 2018. Critical evaluation of the benefits and risks of genetically
modified horticultural crops. Elsevier Inc. 316-351.
• Maghari et al., 2011, Genetically Modified Foods and Social Concerns. Reproductive
Biotechnology Research Center. 3, 109-117.
• : www.biotechinstitute.org/download/files/YourWorld/yw-101-food
• Buiatti M. et al., 2012. The application of GMOs in agriculture and in food production for
a better nutrition: two different scientific points of view. Genes Nutr. 8, 255-270.
• U.S. census beaureau, International database, August 2016 updates.
• Grebmer K.V. et al., 2017. Global Hunger Index: The inequality of Hunger. International
food policy research Institue.Washington. 5-46.
• Agarwal A., 2010. Water Pollution with Special Reference to Pesticide Contamination in
India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 05, 432-448.
• Kumar e al., 2012. Harmful effects of pesticide on Human health. Annal of Agri Bio
research, 17, 125-127.
42. • Seetharam G., 2018, These two issues could put the brakes on Bt cotton story. The
Economic Times.
• ISAAA Briefs, brief 53, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017.
• Noreo D., 2015, Latin American GMO powerhouse Brazil expands portfolio of crops with
intro of new herbicide resistant soy. Genetic Literacy project.
• Norris M.L., 2015, Will GMOs Hurt My Body? The Public’s Concerns and How Scientists
Have Addressed Them. Science in the news.
• Lau J., 2015, Same Science, Different Policies: Regulating Genetically Modified Foods in the
U.S. and Europe. Science in the news.
• Dang, H., Gilmour, B., & Kishor, N. (2015). India’s agri-biotech policies, regulations, and
decision-making. AgBioForum, 18, 87-97
Editor's Notes
Goodorning one n all present here myself sakshi Thakur and my topic is about genetic modified food.
So lets start with the basic definition of GM food. Genetically engineered organisms could be plant animals or mo.
Lets start with the Basic Introduction.. Green revolution was initiated in 1960s in order to solve the issue of malnutrition in developing countries. Now what the green revolution is? GR technology involves the use of bioengineered seed that work in conjunction with chemical fertilizers and heavy irrigation so that we get increased yield of crop. The technology was readily adopted in India and was a great success. However there are farmers who could not afford inputs necessary to participate in green revolution like lack funds to take advantage of technology, insufficient info and resources available to small farmers to apply technology and absence of gov. support for small farmers, and gap between social classes widened as wealthy farmers got wealthier and poor farmers lagged behind. So inorder to solve these issues scientists thought a new gene revolution that uses biotechnology to create a new GM crops. But some peope worry that whetehre these crops are safe or not.
As you can see in this table…There are gm crops and gm food derived from these crops.
Now lets see how gmos are produced….GMO could be plant animal and mo. And natural DNA of paticular organisms has been altered via different techniques. This technology is called GE or Modern biotechnology. Now here I this picture u can see that there is a bacterial cell having a gene that produces pest killing protein which is taken out via biochemical scissors and pasted into plants DNA using molecular techniques. Now normal plant clell turned into GM cell which can produce pest resistant protein and then a whole plant can be produced from single GM cell n finally in result we got a pest resistant plant.
Now the generation of gmos..there are three generation of gmos…The first gen is only specified to enhance crop productivity like herbicide toleratnt insect tolerant etc. In 2nd gen. product quality characters such as better taste better nutritional content longer shelf life is enhanced and in third gen plants are used for production of industrial products like biosensore plastiics cosmetics and drugs like vaccines antioboied and the crops used for such production is called Pharmacrops. Eg maize engineered to express human gastric lipase used to treat cystic fibrosis.
Now it was all about the basic introduction of GMOS…Now come to the fact that why we need Gm crops.
As we know the whole wolrd is facing a several challenges like population growth problem of malnutrition, climatechange , co2 conc. Isbincreasing crop loss due to pest infestation and food is not avalaible to all. So GM may be the solution for these problems.. As shown here in the graph current population is 7.3 billion which is expected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030 and 9.7 billion by 2050.
Now here in this slide global hunger index is shown…GHI track and measure hunger globally and by country and by region. The problems of hunger is measured in 5 categories….zero is the best score and 100 is worst
Now if we talk about the indian states then Punjab is the best best performing state in term of hunger and the worst performing states are Mp Jharkhand bihar and chatisgarh
It is estimated that around 56.7% peopleare engaged in agriculture so agriculture is backbone of India economy. But Indian agriculture is facing many problems like crop loses due to pests as you can see crop loss due to ….And if we see loss in terms of rupees it is 60,000 crore. In other picture u can see 2 types of losses post harvest and pre harvest…So overall loss from pests are as hgh as 5%.So farmers are using pesticide to protect their food products their crops in form of herbi, weedi, fungicide etc.
Here in the pie chart we can see In india there is 75% consumption of insecticide…but in world there less consumption of insecticide n more consumption of herbicide.The next pie chart showing statewise consumption of pesticide in india ….Ap telangana, Punjab, Maharashtra lead in consumption of pesticide
This is showing pesticide cycle in nature..As the farmer sprayin pesticide on the plants some amount of pesticides get absorbed into soil ……and again it may come to earth surface by raining…and in result it can affect human via food chain..Now the harmful effects of pesticieds..Pesticide can get into the body by oral exposure, inhalation exposure, skin…Toxic effects depends on exposure time and concentration of pesticide. And exposure colud be chronic and acute… and can resukts into various health effects like
This is the list of approved transgenic horticulture crops by ISAAA…ie International service for acquisition of AGRI biotech application is a non profit organisation focusing on genetic engineering.
These are the examples of some gm crops with different target trait and different genes.
The 3.7 million hectares increment in the industrialized countries between 2016 and 2017 is due mainly to increases in the USA at 3% and Canada at 13%, as well as small increases in Australia, Spain and Portugal. Increases in developing countries, led by India at 6%, Brazil and Pakistan at 3%, and increases in the biotech area in Bolivia, Vietnam, Chile and most especially in Bangladesh at 242%
These are the top 10 biotech crop counries in which usa is leading which grew 75 million hectares followed by brazil argentina and Canada…India is in the 5th position
These are crop mainly grown in these countries..In usa maize soybean cotton etc are the major gm crops and in India mainly the bt cotton is grown.
So this is the major examples of biotech
Golden rice is gm rice which is modified to enhance its nutritional value .it c
Now lets see how the gmos are regulated in different countries…This picture is showing the regulation of gmo in European union and US.. US approach is to focus on the product n the U.S., the same regulations apply to GM and conventional foods because despite the different processes used to make them, the final products are considered to be similar. The document concluded that foods made with genetic engineering techniques are not fundamentally different from conventional foods in terms of overall composition, so there was no need for legislation specifically dealing with GM foods. In other words, agencies should use the same regulatory processes to evaluate conventional and GM foods. he document established that regulation should focus on the nature of the final food product rather than the process by which the food product is made. 3 federal agencies playing role FDA, USDA, EPA. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates the safety of substances added to foods, such as color dyes, artificial sweeteners, and genetically engineered proteins. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prevents the spread of potentially invasive new plants within the U.S., including plants imported from other countries and GM crops. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines the risks of pesticides and chemicals to human and environmental health, whether the substances are applied traditionally as a spray or expressed by the GM crop [5]. Because GM foods fall under the FDA classification of “generally recognized as safe,” they typically do not require special labeling or premarket approval, that is, they do not have to be approved before entering the market.
The FDA recommends that companies go through a voluntary consultation process to determine whether their new GM food would require premarket approval. Approval is necessary if the GM food contains high levels of toxic substances or allergens or reduced levels of important nutrients, but this is rarely the case. Companies can gain this exemption by demonstrating that the GM food is “substantially equivalent” to a prior existing food in terms of composition, nutrition, and safety. he USDA requires companies to submit a wide range of data before GM plants can be introduced in U.S. fields under regulated or nonregulated status. The EPA’s regulations on how pesticides affect human and environmental health extend to GM plants that produce insecticidal substances . The EU focus on the process . Compared to the U.S., the EU imposes strict regulations on GM food. In the EU, all GM food products must go through a centralized process for premarket approval and follow labeling guidelines,. . When companies submit applications for GM food approval to an EU member state, the centralized European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) conducts scientific risk assessments. The EFSA is an independent scientific committee that evaluates the human and environmental health risks posed by GM foods, using the same types of data required by the various U.S. regulatory agencies. Following approval, GM foods on the market must adhere to labeling guidelines. Specifically, food products containing more than 0.9% GM material must be labeled as being GM foods [4].
Now see the biotech regulatory in india…Three central governmental ministries—MOST (DBT), MOEF, and MOA—are involved in this governance, along with a number of risk-management institutions within or outside of these ministries either the central or national level. GMOs and relevant products in India are regulated as per the Rules 1989 implemented by MOEF. These rules are enforced by both MOEF and DBT through the authorized institutions identified under the Rules, which mainly include rDNA Advisory Committee (RDAC), Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC), Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM), Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), State Biotech Coordination Committee (SBCC), and District Level Coordination Committee (DLCC; MOST, DBT, 2011). While the RDAC is advisory only, IBSC, RCGM, and GEAC are involved in regulatory enforcemen. RCGM brings manual and guidline forspecifying project and geac gives approval for usage of hazardus mo and gmos relase to env and experimental trial.
