This document discusses abiotic and biotic stresses that impact fruit production. It defines plant stress and describes different types of stresses such as water stress, temperature stress, light stress, and interactions with microbes. The document reviews literature on how these stresses affect various fruits and crops. It also discusses management practices and biotechnological tools that can be used to alleviate abiotic stress and improve traits such as drought tolerance and disease resistance in fruit crops to enhance food security. The conclusion states that plant biotechnology has potential to improve long-term production of fruit crops through genetic manipulation of vegetatively propagated plants.

1. Role of Abiotic stress and Improved
varieties on Fruit Production.
by
ABIOLA, Samson Olaniyi.
AGN/2014/0001.
1

2. INTRODUCTION
• Definition of Plant Stress
Stress is defined in plants as "any unfavorable
circumstance or substance that impacts plant
metabolism, growth, or development." These conditions
and substances enhance a plant's defense response that
is molecular, biochemical, physiological, and/or
morphological (Carlos et al., 2017).
2

3. INTRODUCTION
• Types of Stresses
– Biotic stress
Biotic factors include microbes, herbivores, and other
plant species that influence plant development and
secondary metabolite production (Vivanco et al., 2005).
Plant interactions with microbes or plant physiological
features such as phenology and ontogeny are linked to
biotic impacts (Pavarini et al., 2012). 3

5. INTRODUCTION
• Types of Stresses
– Biotic stress
Biotic factors include microbes, herbivores, and other
plant species that influence plant development and
secondary metabolite production (Vivanco et al., 2005).
A more complicated connection between plant
biochemistry and physiology is referred to as biotic
factors (Briskin, 2000).
Plant interactions with microbes or plant physiological
features such as phenology and ontogeny are linked to
biotic impacts (Pavarini et al., 2012). 5

6. INTRODUCTION
• Types of Stresses
– Abiotic stress
Abiotic stress is caused by external elements such as
chemical compounds, salt, temperature, metal ions,
light, and water; plants have the potential to increase
chemicals with functional applications in many
circumstances (Das et al., 2016).
 Drought stress occurs when the soil humidity and
relative air humidity are both low and the ambient
temperature is high (Lipiec et al., 2013)
6

7. Effect of various Abiotic stress on Fruits production
– Water stress
Plants subjected to abiotic stress, such as water scarcity,
produce an excess of free radicals, which can damage
DNA, proteins, and enzymes, among other things (Carlos
et al., 2017).
Irrigation deficit enhanced peel redness, vitamin C
(27%), phloretin (98%), protocatechuic acid (10%), and
overall antioxidant capacity (46%), and it delayed the
development of chilling injury symptoms during storage
(Carlos et al., 2017).
7
LITERATURE REVIEW

8. Effect of various Abiotic stress on Fruits production
– Temperature
Climate change is being identified as one of the most
significant global environmental threats to human
activities that directly contributes plant physiology and
generally accelerates the photosynthetic rate and
increases plant growth and yield (Chang et al., 2016).
Storage temperatures (11°C) and low temperature
conditioning (7 days at 16°C) on “Star Ruby” grapefruit
(Citrus paradisi Macf.) reduced the incidence of chilling
injury (Chaudhary et al., 2014).
8
LITERATURE REVIEW Cont’d

10. Effect of various Abiotic stress on Fruits production
Cont’d
– Light
Light intensity in artificial tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
cultivars reduced variance in its components; low-light
intensity condition cultured tea samples can generate
high-quality teas with high amino-acid content such as
glutamine, arginine, and theanine (Miyauchi et al., 2014).
Ultraviolet radiation causes hormesis, which influences
morphological, metabolic, and molecular processes and
boosts phytochemical characteristics in fruits and
vegetables (Andrade-Cuvi et al., 2011).
10
LITERATURE REVIEW Cont’d

11. Effect of various Abiotic stress on Fruits production Cont’d
Light
UVC and UVB light have been used in fruits with similar
outcomes to strawberry Fragaria x ananassa D. cv.
Camarosa), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum, cultivars
Collins and Bluecrop), papaya (Carica papaya L.),
watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. ), mango
(Mangifera indica L.), carambola (Averrhoa carambola
L.), guava (Psidium guajava L.), pear (Pyrus communis L.),
apple (M. (Alothman et al., 2009).
11
LITERATURE REVIEW Cont’d

12.  Management practices towards alleviating abiotic stress.
Soil management and irrigation : Deep tillage can
achieve a significant increase in rooting depth in soils
with distinct hard subsoils; nevertheless, due to the high
cost of the operation, it is usually suggested only in the
most thick soil locations (Ferrero and colleagues, 2005).
Choice of Crops and Varieties.
Foliar application of growth regulators and expression
of aquaporins (Farooq et al., 2009), 12
LITERATURE REVIEW Cont’d

13.  Biotechnological tool in fruit crop improvement
Tissue culture: Anther/microspore culture, somaclonal
variety, embryo culture, and somatic hybridization are all
being used to generate beneficial genetic variability for
incremental improvement in anther/pollen culture.
Shelf life improvement: Fruit attributes like days to
maturity, fruit weight, and total soluble sugars were
comparable across transgenic and control papaya trees
(Cabanos et al., 2014).
 Disease resistance (Ravelonandro et al., 2000).
13
LITERATURE REVIEW Cont’d

14. CONCLUSION
Several abiotic stressors can reduce crop productivity
under field settings. Plant biotechnology has the potential
to be critical in the long-term production of fruit crops.
There is, however, significant potential for genetic
manipulation of some vegetatively propagated fruit crops
to improve disease and insect resistance. It is feasible to
include features such as drought tolerance, so broadening
the geographic distribution of some fruit crops for
production and contributing significantly to improved
food security and poverty alleviation.
14

15. REFERENCES
• Andrade-Cuvi, M.J., Vicente, A.R., Concellón, A., and
Chaves, A.R., (2011). Changes in red pepper antioxidants as
affected by UV-C treatments and storage at chilling
temperatures. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 44, 1666–1671.
• Alothman, M., Bhat, R., and Karim, A.A., (2009). UV
radiation-induced changes of antioxidant capacity of fresh-
cut tropical fruits. Innov. Food Sc.i Emerg. Technol. 10, 512–
516.
• Briskin, D.P., (2000). Medicinal plants and phytomedicines.
Linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health.
Plant Physiol. 124, 507–514.
15

16. REFERENCES
• Carlos E. O., Raúl A., Addí R. N., and Aurelio L., Enrique P.,
(2017). Biotic and Abiotic Factors to Increase Bioactive
Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables. Food Bioconversion
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811413-1.00009-7.
• Chang, J.D., Mantri, N., Sun, B., Jiang, L., Chen, P., Jiang, B.,
Jiang, Z., Zhang, J., Shen, J., Lu, H., Liang, Z., (2016). Effects
of elevated CO2 and temperature on Gynostemma
pentaphyllum physiology and bioactive compounds. J. Plant
Physiol. 196-197, 41–52.
• Chaudhary, P.R., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Porat, R., Patil, B.S.,
(2014). Low temperature conditioning reduces chilling
injury while maintaining quality and certain bioactive
compounds of “Star Ruby” grapefruit. Food Chem. 153,
16

17. REFERENCES
• Das, S.K., Patra, J.K., and Thatoi, H., (2016). Antioxidative
response to abiotic and biotic stresses in mangrove plants:
A review. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 101, 3–19.
• Farooq M., Aziz T., Wahid A., Lee D.J., Siddique K.H.M.,
(2009). Chilling tolerance in maize: agronomic and
physiological approaches. Crop Past Sci., 60, 501-516.
• Lipiec J., Doussan C., Nosalewicz1 A. and Kondrack K.,
(2013). Effect of drought and heat stresses on plant growth
and yield: a review. Int. Agrophys., 27, 463-477 doi:
10.2478/intag-2013-0017.
17

18. REFERENCES
• Miyauchi, S., Yuki, T., Fuji, H., Kojima, K., Yonetani, T., Tomio, A.,
Bamba, T., Fukusaki, E., (2014). High-quality green tea leaf
production by artificial cultivation under growth chamber
conditions considering amino acids profile. J. Biosci. Bioenginee.
118, 710–715.
• Pavarini, D.P., Pavarini, S.P., Niehues, M., and Lopes, N.P., (2012).
Exogenous influences on plant secondary metabolite levels. Anim.
Feed Sci. Tech. 176, 5–16.
• Ravelonandro, M., Scorza R., Callahan, A., Levy L., Jacquet C.,
Monsion M., Damsteegt V., The use of transgenic fruit trees as a
resistance strategy for virus epidemics: the plum pox (sharka)
model. Virus Research 71, 63–69.
 Vivanco, J.M., Cosio, E., Loyola-Vargas, V.M., and Flores, H.E.,
(2005). Mecanismos químicos de defensa en las plantas. Inv. Cienc.
341, 68–75. 18