This document provides an overview of music in China, including traditional and modern forms. It discusses classical Chinese instruments like the qin and pipa, as well as traditional ensembles. It also covers the development of music under Confucianism and Communism as a tool for social control and propaganda. More recently, Western influences have integrated with Chinese traditions, while new genres like rock and heavy metal have emerged.
Chinese Traditional Music (School Presentation 2013)Deanne Alcalde
Traditional Chinese Music School Presentation with nice template and History, Background, Facts, and Key points of Traditional Chinese Music. It contains slides about the Foundation tone, Rites and Ritual, General Traits of Chinese Music, and Traditional Instruments.
Chinese Traditional Music (School Presentation 2013)Deanne Alcalde
Traditional Chinese Music School Presentation with nice template and History, Background, Facts, and Key points of Traditional Chinese Music. It contains slides about the Foundation tone, Rites and Ritual, General Traits of Chinese Music, and Traditional Instruments.
East Asia can be viewed as one of the big four among the generally urban, literate cultural areas of the world. The other three are South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Around each of these major regional cultures one can find many satellite musical systems known as national forms. In most cases, the fundamental musical concepts of such national forms reflect the basic ideals of the cultural core. For example, the musics of Iran and Egypt are of one family, as are those of France and Sweden or of China and Japan. A possible fifth addition to the “big four” concept is the Southeast Asian musical culture characterized by the use of knobbed gongs. Its documents on music theory from the 18th to the 20th century combine South and East Asian concepts with indigenous insights. Its most distinctive aspects are its instrument types and resulting ensembles and forms.
Using instrument type alone as a measure, it is sometimes possible to note cultural influences and mixtures of the major traditions in smaller units. For example, the physical structure and playing positions of various bowed instruments in mainland Southeast Asia can often mark clearly Chinese influence, as in Vietnam, or Muslim and Chinese forms in confluence, as in the various bowed lutes of courtly ensembles in Cambodia and Thailand. By the same token, the appearance of flat gongs in mainland Southeast Asia shows Chinese connections, while the knobbed gongs clearly stem from Southeast Asian culture proper.
Concepts of music
If one turns to distinctions in musical style, one of the first questions to arise is “What is music?” Two basic definitions will suffice for the present discussion. The first definition is cultural: a sonic event can be called music if the people who use it call it music, regardless of one’s own reaction to it. Similarly, certain events that sound musical to foreign ears are not music culturally if they are not accepted as such by native culture carriers. A good example of such a situation is found in the Middle East, where singing is never allowed in the mosque, though one may hear performances and even buy records of “readings” from the Qurʾān. Such cultural and functional problems of definition seldom arise in East Asian music, and a more neutral definition is appropriate. A sound event may be considered and studied as music if it combines the elements of pitch, rhythm, and loudness in such a way that they communicate emotionally, aesthetically, or functionally on the levels that either transcend or are unrelated to speech communication. Those who have been moved by a love song or a lament can well appreciate some of the implications of such a view of music. When listening to “exotic” music—i.e., that of a tradition outside one’s own background—it is important to remember that such transcendental values are at work for the alien listener as well as for listeners familiar with the particular musical language in use.
There are many kinds of music and arts nowss
The five players on each side fall into five playing positions. The tallest player is usually the center, the second-tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.
Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports.[1][2] The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.[3][4] Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas. The FIBA Basketball World Cup and Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament are the major international events of the sport and attract top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for national teams, like EuroBasket and FIBA AmeriCup.
The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup and Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament feature top national teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA (NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship is also popular), whereas the strongest European clubs participate in the EuroLeague Women.
The five players on each side fall into five playing positions. The tallest player is usually the center, the second-tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.
Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports.[1][2] The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.[3][4] Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas. The FIBA Basketball World Cup and Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament are the major international events of the sport and attract top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for national teams, like EuroBasket and FIBA AmeriCup.
Its all about the music and dance in china.
In this presentation, you can observe the different kinds of their dances, their music (include history, vocal and instrument)
East Asia can be viewed as one of the big four among the generally urban, literate cultural areas of the world. The other three are South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Around each of these major regional cultures one can find many satellite musical systems known as national forms. In most cases, the fundamental musical concepts of such national forms reflect the basic ideals of the cultural core. For example, the musics of Iran and Egypt are of one family, as are those of France and Sweden or of China and Japan. A possible fifth addition to the “big four” concept is the Southeast Asian musical culture characterized by the use of knobbed gongs. Its documents on music theory from the 18th to the 20th century combine South and East Asian concepts with indigenous insights. Its most distinctive aspects are its instrument types and resulting ensembles and forms.
Using instrument type alone as a measure, it is sometimes possible to note cultural influences and mixtures of the major traditions in smaller units. For example, the physical structure and playing positions of various bowed instruments in mainland Southeast Asia can often mark clearly Chinese influence, as in Vietnam, or Muslim and Chinese forms in confluence, as in the various bowed lutes of courtly ensembles in Cambodia and Thailand. By the same token, the appearance of flat gongs in mainland Southeast Asia shows Chinese connections, while the knobbed gongs clearly stem from Southeast Asian culture proper.
Concepts of music
If one turns to distinctions in musical style, one of the first questions to arise is “What is music?” Two basic definitions will suffice for the present discussion. The first definition is cultural: a sonic event can be called music if the people who use it call it music, regardless of one’s own reaction to it. Similarly, certain events that sound musical to foreign ears are not music culturally if they are not accepted as such by native culture carriers. A good example of such a situation is found in the Middle East, where singing is never allowed in the mosque, though one may hear performances and even buy records of “readings” from the Qurʾān. Such cultural and functional problems of definition seldom arise in East Asian music, and a more neutral definition is appropriate. A sound event may be considered and studied as music if it combines the elements of pitch, rhythm, and loudness in such a way that they communicate emotionally, aesthetically, or functionally on the levels that either transcend or are unrelated to speech communication. Those who have been moved by a love song or a lament can well appreciate some of the implications of such a view of music. When listening to “exotic” music—i.e., that of a tradition outside one’s own background—it is important to remember that such transcendental values are at work for the alien listener as well as for listeners familiar with the particular musical language in use.
There are many kinds of music and arts nowss
The five players on each side fall into five playing positions. The tallest player is usually the center, the second-tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.
Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports.[1][2] The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.[3][4] Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas. The FIBA Basketball World Cup and Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament are the major international events of the sport and attract top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for national teams, like EuroBasket and FIBA AmeriCup.
The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup and Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament feature top national teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA (NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship is also popular), whereas the strongest European clubs participate in the EuroLeague Women.
The five players on each side fall into five playing positions. The tallest player is usually the center, the second-tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.
Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports.[1][2] The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.[3][4] Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas. The FIBA Basketball World Cup and Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament are the major international events of the sport and attract top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for national teams, like EuroBasket and FIBA AmeriCup.
Its all about the music and dance in china.
In this presentation, you can observe the different kinds of their dances, their music (include history, vocal and instrument)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. CLASS PRAYER
Dear Lord and Father of all, Thank you for today.
Thank you for ways in which you provide for us all.
For Your protection and love we thank you. Help us to
focus our hearts and minds now on what we are about
to learn. Inspire us by Your Holy Spirit as we listen
and write. Guide us by your eternal light as we
discover more about the world around us. We ask all
this in the name of Jesus.
Amen.
4. China in the World
►Pick one of these topics and discuss in a
short essay China’s:
►Support of N. Korea;
►Support of Iran and Syria as allies of Russia;
►Economic Development in Africa, Central
and South America;
►Trial of Bo Xilai;
5. Chapter Overview
► China has a long musical tradition documented in
historical and notated sources. Traditional Chinese music
depends more on memorization, repetition, idiomatic
realization, and embellishment of standard instrumental
pieces, rather than on improvisation. The music for Peking
(or Beijing) Opera contains sound codes that emphasize
the drama created by combinations of instruments. While
Confucianism revered proper sounding music for inducing
correct social behavior in ancient times, the Communist
Chinese in the 20th century exercised a similar philosophy
by filling songs with propaganda. Much Chinese music and
many of its instruments derived from interactions of the
numerous minorities over thousands of years, and their
music further developed into standard repertories.
6. Ethnic Population
► A Billion and a Quarter People, Includes 56
Recognized Minorities
► Han –– the world’s largest ethnic group that
comprises more than 93% of China’s population
► Putuaghua –– the Han language, in the West
known as Mandarin
► Zhuang, Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan, Hui,
Uyghur, Kazak, Tarter, Kirgiz, Tajik, Uzbek peoples
8. ►Capital municipality of the People’s Republic
of China
►Bei –– means, “north”; jing means,
“capital”
►Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), Ming Dynasty
(1368-1644), Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
based in Beijing
9. Important Music Terms
► Jingju –– literally “capitol theater”, Peking Opera –
– the main type of Chinese popular musical
theater that first emerged in the Chinese capital
Beijing (Peking) in the late eighteenth century
► Liyuan –– literally “Pear Garden,” the metaphor
for “theater”
► Qing chang –– singing without staging, costume,
or make-up, practiced publicly by jingju fans
► Jinghu –– literally “capital fiddle”; a two-string
spiked fiddle, the principal melodic instrument in
jingju
► Nan ban zi –– an aria introduction played by a
jinghu
10. ►Qin (pronounced chin) –– a Chinese seven-
stringed zither most revered and patronized
by the educated class. Originally an
instrument for court music (elegant music;
yayue), it later came to be played in privacy
by scholars for contemplation, self-
purification, and self-regulation. It has no
frets or bridges, but thirteen position-
markers called hui.
12. Formal Structure of a Qin piece
► Sanqi –– introduction to a qin piece (0-37”)
► Rudiao –– the exposition of a qin piece (37-1:40)
► Ruman –– the variations section, or development,
of a qin piece (1:40-5:00)
► Fuqi –– restatement of the theme (5:00-6:56)
► Weisheng –– literally “tail sounds”; the short coda
that concludes a qin piece, using the strings’
harmonics produced by lightly touching the strings
(6:56-end)
13. Definitions
► Introduction – Music that comes before the main
piece to put the listener in the proper frame of
mind.
► Exposition – The first hearing of the main theme
or themes.
► Variations – Alterations to the themes stated in
the exposition.
► Development – building on the themes stated
above.
► Coda – A short ending or conclusion.
15. Questions
►Based on your reading of the text and
listening to the above example, do you think
this music is composed or improvised?
►Please explain your answer.
17. ►Pipa –– a four-stringed, fretted lute with a
bent neck and pear-shaped body; an
imported instrument to Han China, originally
from the Kucha Kingdom (an ancient
Uyghur kingdom). It developed an
important repertory by the time of the Sui
and Tang periods (581-618 and 618-905). It
has 23 to 25 frets placed along the neck
and the sound board. Its pieces have
programmatic titles.
18. Programmatic vs Absolute Music
► Programmatic – tells a
story through music.
► http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=bGXBIThp
1g4
► Absolute – pure music
with no “extra”
meaning.http://www.y
outube.com/watch?v=
KwNonij12tQ
19. Types of Pipa Music
►Yan yue –– banquet entertainment music
►Wen –– lyrical, civil
►Wu –– martial
20. Example 1 Example 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jtr
thXXmKgA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=jXvNgl5Yq2U
21. Questions
►Should example 1 be classified as an
example of yan yue, wen or wu and why?
(based on slide 19 and your exploration of
the example)
►Example 2, same question.
►Into which formal classification would you
place the qin and the pipa? Be very specific.
22. Winds and Strings Ensembles in
Shanghai
► Jiangnan sizhu—a type of Chinese chamber
instrumental ensemble made up of strings and
winds, popular in the areas around Shanghai
► Jiangnan –– literally means, “south of the river,”
in reference to the Yangzi River
► Si –– literally means, “silk”; in reference to string
instruments (strings were once made of silk, but
now made of steel for louder volume)
► Zhu –– literally means, “bamboo”; in reference to
wind instruments made of bamboo
23. Jiangnan sizhu ensemble
Strings
pipa (see slide 20)
sanxian (three-stringed lute with long, fretless
neck and oval sound box. video below)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyJe0HdxCy
k
24. erhu (two-stringed fiddles with hollow wooden
cylindrical sound boxes having one side covered with
snake-skin) On the left in the video below
qinqin (lute with a long, fretted neck) In the center in
the video below
25. One yangqin (a dulcimer struck with a pair of
bamboo sticks)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UW25
YUnOxA0
26. Winds
dizi (a transverse bamboo flute with six finger-
holes, a mouth hole, and another hole covered
by a thin membrane that vibrates to give the
instrument a reedy sound)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxsOks4V35
w
27. sheng (a free-reed mouth organ made of a series of bamboo
pipes arranged in a circle, each with a reed in its lower end,
and all inserted into a base made of copper, wood, or gourd,
to which the mouthpiece is attached. Two or more tones may
be produced simultaneously.)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWt4mf3whxw
28. xiao (an end-blown bamboo flute with five
frontal finger-holes, one hole in the back, and a
blowing hole at the top) Begins at 24”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNzGLAGLL
uE
30. Jingju Theater (Capital Theater, or
Peking Opera in the West)
►includes arias, recitative-like short phrases,
and heightened speech
►Heightened speech - a stylized stage speech
with steeply rising and falling contours that
exaggerate the natural intonation of spoken
Chinese
31. Questions:
►Research online or in library texts and
define, Aria and Recitative.
►In what western art forms are they used?
32. Jingju Theater (Capital Theater, or
Peking Opera in the West)
► includes arias, recitative-like short phrases, and heightened
speech a stylized stage speech with steeply rising and
falling contours that exaggerate the natural intonation of
spoken Chinese http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSfwP-
a-w_E
33. Main Categories of Role
►Sheng –– the male role
►Dan –– the female role
►Jing –– the painted face role
►Chou –– the male comic role
36. The Value and Functions of Music
►Musical gratification is equated with the
taste for food, the need for sex, and
aesthetic satisfaction.
►Music is integrated into rituals, banquets,
weddings, funerals, harvest celebrations,
and so forth.
37. ► Kong Fuzi –– Master
Kong, known as
Confucius in the West
(551-479 B.C.E.). He
maintained that music
has positive and
negative powers to
stimulate related
behavior and desire.
38. Master Kong’s classifications
► Shi yin –– proper sound,
features harmoniousness,
peacefulness, and
appropriateness
► Chi yue –– extravagant
music, having attributes of
inappropriate loudness,
wanton noisiness,
stimulating excessive and
licentious behavior
39. ► Mao Zedong (1893-
1976) –– Chairman of
the Communist Party
from 1949-1976, like
Confucius, viewed
music as an
educational tool,
applying it for the
propaganda of state
ideology
40. ► The Communists
discredited scholarly music
for its affiliation with
feudal society, but
promoted folk music as the
music of the workers.
► Before 1949, professional
musicians had low social
status while the educated
amateur was revered.
Under Communism, the
opposite was regarded.
41. New Musical Directions in the 20th
Century
►Kang Youwei (1858-1927) and Liang Qichao
(1873-1929) –– music educators who
established classroom music in China based
on Western models
42. ►Xiao Youmei (1884-1940) –– reformed
Chinese music by incorporating Western
elements, notably harmony
►Zhao Yuanren (1892-1982) –– the creator of
the modern Chinese art song
43. ►Songs of the Masses –– Chinese Communist
political songs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5q4cL9
qZQI
44. ► Jiang Qing (1913-
1991) –– wife of Mao
Zedong, who reformed
jingju by incorporating
elements of western
orchestral and
harmonic practice,
ballet, scenic design,
and replacing
traditional stories with
revolutionary plots
45. Cui Jian –– the most famous Chinese rock musician whose
music rejected the materialism that swept China in the 1980s,
culminating in the Tiananmen Square uprising in 1989
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYwsPt854Xo
46. Zhong jinshu –– Chinese heavy
metal music
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sccTU1UD52c
47. Questions:
►How do you think Master Kong would
classify the Communist Political songs?
►Give some examples of how western music
is incorporated into the rituals of life.
Weddings, funerals, festivals, etc.
49. Importance of Written Language and
History:
►A non-alphabetic ideographic script meant
that Chinese could be used by neighbors
with totally different languages, and that
classics written centuries earlier could be
understood by contemporary readers. This
led to a great regard for history, high status
for scholar-officials, and an imperial state
system based on bureaucracy. Each dynasty
had its own historical records, much of
which provided musical documentation.
50. Highly Specific Musical Systems with
Codification at Many Levels:
►This includes stock character types in
theatrical genres, particular musical styles
used in specific contexts, instruments used
in standardized ensembles, solo
instrumental traditions, each with its own
special notation, repertoire, and idiomatic
technique.
52. Music and Politics:
► Music and politics have long been interconnected.
Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) believed that proper
music (i.e., ritual music played in unison with long,
broad rhythms, slow tempo, and simple melodies)
was capable of promoting proper behavior, while
“extravagant music” (i.e., loud, fast music) could
stimulate excessive, licentious behavior. Mao
Zedong also believed in music as an important
educational tool for the propagation of state
ideology, rather than the expression of virtue.
54. Heterophonic Ensemble Music:
►The Jiangnan sizhu ensemble, like Middle
Eastern groups, comprises a small number
of different musical instruments. The music
is heterophonic, as there is no harmony,
just different renditions of the same tune,
each distinguished by its own sound texture
and by ornamentation specific to the
instrument.
55. Questions:
►Pick out the tune in the following video by
humming it. Describe the sound
characteristic of each instrument and the
manner in which it ornaments the melody.
►How is the way in which it ornaments based
on the construction or basic “nature of each
instrument?
57. Summary
Chinese civilization dates back many centuries and includes
many different ethnic groups, cultures, and languages.
Key instruments include the qin (zither) and pipa (lute).
Traditional musical performances——such as tea house
music——are found in public places, performed by
amateurs and professionals alike; the audience comes and
goes as it pleases, often talking during a performance; and
the melodies are often highly improvised, with no
announced program.
Jingju (or Peking Opera) is one of China’s best known
theatrical/musical styles, featuring elaborate sets and
costumes, and a richly developed sung repertory.
58. “Good music” maintains the proper social order
and underlines the beliefs endorsed by the state;
“bad music” leads to improper behavior or to
criticism of the status quo.
The rise of Communism and the successful 1949
revolution introduced a new, didactic type of
music meant to instill the government’s core
message to the citizenry, drawing on Soviet
models.
As Chinese society has opened up somewhat
following the Cultural Revolution of the ‘60s and
early ‘70s, Western art music and popular songs
have become more accepted, although there
remains an “underground” of unacceptable
musical styles, many of which question the
validity of the state’s power.
59. Questions:
► In what ways can we compare jingju to Western
opera or a Broadway musical?
► How is music used for propaganda in our country?
► How is music used to instill values in our country?
► Why did the Communists, during the Cultural
Revolution (1966-76), utilize Western musical
practices such as orchestration, harmony, ballet,
and scenic design, in spite of being anti- Western?