2. Musculoskeletal System
• It is made up of bones , joints, ligaments, muscles & tendons
Functions:
• Provide support ,Movement & protection to body.
• Storage of Carbohydrate & lipids supply energy.
• Storage of calcium for strengthen bones
• Blood cells are produce by bone marrow.
• Provide attachment between muscles.
3.
4. Bones
• It is hardest structure .
• A total of 206 bones form human skelton.
5. Bones of Human Skelton
• Bones of skull: Cranium, face & lower jaw.
• Bones of trunk: Ribs, sternum, vertebral column
• Bones of upper limb: scapula(shoulder girdle), Humerus(arm
bone), Radius & Ulna( Forearm ) ,Phalanges (finger bones).
• Bones of lower limb: Pelvic girdle( Hip bone), Femur
(Thigh bone), Tibia , febula ( Leg bones),Meta tarsal bones(
foot bones)
• Bones of skull & Trunk form Axial skelton
• Bones of upper limb &Bones of lower limb form
appendicular skelton.
6.
7. Classification of Bones
• Long Bones: Found in limbs.
• Short Bones : Found in wrist & ankle.
• Flat Bones: Pelvic bones& scapula
• Sesmoid Bones: Patella of Knee joint
• Irregular Bones : Some facial bones, vertebrae..
8. Bones of Skull
Bones of Cranium: 8 in numbers.
Frontal Bone-1,Temporal Bone-2,Parietal Bone -2,Occipital
Bone-1,Sphenoid Bone -1,Ethmoid Bone -1
Ear Ossicles :2 Malleus, 2 Incus & 2 Stapes
Hyoid Bone is located in upper part of throat just above
larynx.
Bones of Face: 14 Bones
2 Zygomatic bones,2 Maxilla, 2 Nasal Bones,2 Lacrimal, 1
Vomer, 2 Palatines , 1 Mandible , 2 Inferior Nasal
Conchae.
9.
10.
11. Function of Skull
• To protect brain.
• Skull bear jaw which is important for cutting & masticating
food.
• Protect special sense organs by orbit .
• Hyoid protect &support throat.
12.
13. Vertebral Column
• 33 vertebrae
• Consist of 26 bones because 5 sacral bones are fused to form
1 bone. 4 coccygeal bone fused to form 1 bone.
Vertebrae are divided into 5 groups
• Cervical Vertebrae: 7 . Present in neck.First is Atlas, second
is Axis.
• Throacic Vertebrae: 12 present in chest
• Lumbar Vertebrae: 5. Present in chest.
• Sacrum: 1
• Coccygeal: 1
•
14.
15. Functions
• Protect spinal cord.
• Carry body weight during motion & standing
• Cervical vertebrae allow Free movement of head
• Inter vertebral disc gives flexiblity.
16. Ribs
• Sternum is a flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax
• 12 pairs of ribs.
• First 7 pairs are true ribs.
• Eight , ninth & Tenth are false ribs.
• 11 th & 12th are Floating Ribs
17.
18. Function
• Protect heart & lungs
• Protect kidney by floating ribs.
• Provide surface for attachment of muscles.
19. Appendicular Skelton
The bones of the upper and lower limbs along with
their girdles constitute the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral Girdle:
• 2 Bones: 1 Scapula, 1 clavicle.
Functions:
• Attachment of arm muscles
• It provide glenoid cavity for artculation with head of humerus.
20.
21. Pectoral Girdle
• Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in the articulation of
the upper and the lower limbs respectively with the axial
skeleton.
• Each girdle is formed of two halves.
• Each half of pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a
scapula.
• Scapula is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal
part of the thorax between the second and the seventh ribs.
• Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two curvatures.
This bone is commonly called the collar bone
• The dorsal, flat, triangular body of scapula has a slightly
elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat,
expanded process called the acromion.
• The clavicle articulates with this.
• Below the acromion is a depression called the glenoid
cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to
form the shoulder joint.
23. Limb Bones
• Each arm consist of 30 bones
• The bones of the hand (fore limb) are humerus, radius and ulna, carpals (wrist
bones – 8 in number), metacarpals (palm bones – 5 in number) and phalanges
(digits – 14 in number)
• Femur (thigh bone – the longest bone), tibia and fibula, tarsals (ankle bones – 7 in
number), metatarsals (5 in number) and phalanges (digits – 14 in number) are the
bones of the legs (hind limb)
• A cup shaped bone called patella cover the knee ventrally (knee cap)
Functions
• Gives support to shoulder by articulating with head of
humerus with glenoid cavity.
26. Leg Bones
• 3o bones in each leg
• 1 femur, 1 tibia, 1 fibula, 1 patella, 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal
bones, 14 phalanges.
Functions:
It provide balance of main pelvic girdle
Weight of body is also carried by long bones
28. Pelvic Girdle
• 2 bones which are in hip region.
• Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones
• Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion
of three bones – ilium, ischium and
pubis.
• At the point of fusion of the above bones
is a cavity called acetabulum to which
the thigh bone articulates.
• The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet
ventrally to form the pubic symphysis
containing fibrous cartilage.
Functions
• Provide for surface for attachment of
legs.
• Protect soft organs present in pelvic
cavity of this region.
Acetabulum
29.
30.
31. Difference
Bleeding Time
• When a sharp object is used
to pierce tip body part
bleeding will occur.
• Time depend upon depth of
depth of wound & clotting
factors.
• Lack of clotting factor can
increase bleeding time.
• It lasts for 3to 6 minutes.
Clotting Time
• Time required for blood
to form a clot
• Normal CT time 5-15
min.
32.
33.
34.
35. Role of Vitamin K
• It is essential for blood clotting .
• Necessary for synthesis of prothrombin in liver.
• Deficiency of Vitamin K blood clotting delay.
36. Heart Beat
• Rhythmic contraction (systole ) and relaxation (Diastole)of
heart is called Heart Beat.
• Human heart beat around 72 times per minute at rest.
• It increase during fever, fear, anger& exercise.
37. Difference
SA Node
• It is present in right atrium
near opening of superior
vena cava.
• It has maximum rthymicity
• Stimulated by cardiac center
present in medulla oblongta.
• Also called pacemaker.
AV Node
• Present in right atrium but
near inter atrial septum.
• Less rthymicity
• Stimulated by cardiac
impulses originated in SA
Node.
• Also called pacesetter.
•
38.
39.
40.
41. Cardiac Output
• Amount of blood pumped by heart per minute is called cardiac
output .
• Heart beats 72 times per minute & about 70 ml of blood per
beat .
• Cardiac output is 72 × 70 = 5040 ml per minute or 5 L
42. Pulse
• It is rhythmic contraction & relaxation in aorta & its main
arteries
• It is passing through arteries when left ventricle pump blood
into aorta.
• It is regular jerk of an artery also called arterial pulse.
• It is usually taken on radial artery in wrist
43. Difference
Heart Beat
• It is rhythmic contraction &
relaxation of heart.
• One heart beat consist of
one systole & one diastole.
• it is regulated by nervous
system.
Pulse
• It is rhythmic contraction
and relaxation in aorta and
its main arteries.
• It is regular jerk on artery.
• Regulated by flow of blood
from heart
44. • Pulmonary Trunk : it arise from right ventricle. At base of
pulmonary trunk pulmonary valves.
• Aorta : arise from left ventricle. At base of aorta aortic
semilunary valves arise .
• Valves allow free & foreward flow of blood but prevent
backward flow of blood.
46. Stages of Cardiac Cycle
1. Atrial Systole: Stimulation of SA node atria contract. Blood goes
into ventricles as biscupid and tricuspid valve open.
2.Begining of Ventricular Systole: Stimulation of AV node ventricles
contract . Bicuspid and Tricuspid valve close producing first heart
sound.
3. Complete Ventricle Systole: Ventricle completely contract then
blood flows into pulmonary trunk and aorta as semilunar valve open.
4.Begining of Ventricle Diastole: ventricle begin to relax and
semilunar valve closed . This cause second heart sound .
5. Complete Ventricle Diastole:The tricuspid and bicuspid valves
open when ventricle completely diastole and blood flows from atria
into ventricles.
47. Heart Sound
• Heart produce sounds which can be heard by placing ear
against chest or by using stethoscope.
48. Difference
First Heart Sound
• It is called Lubb.
• It is produced by closure of
bicuspid and tricuspid valve.
• Low pitched , less loud and
of long duration
Second Heart Sound
• It is called Dup
• Closure of pulmonary and
aorta valve.
• High pitched, louderand
short duration.
49. Blood Group
• It describe type of blood person has.
• Blood group is based on type of antigen present on surface of
Red Blood Cells.
• More than 30 antigen on surface of blood cell that give rise to
different blood group.
• ABO blood is most common group.
52. ECG (Electrocardiogarph)
• Graphic record of electric current produced by excitation of
cardiac muscles.
• Normal ECG consist of P , QRS , T wave.
• P wave is small wave that represents atria depolarization leads
to contraction of atria.
• ORS wave: it begin as Q small downward deflection & R
continues as large upright & S ending as downward wave.
• T wave is dome shaped represents ventricle repolarization .
End of T wave is marks end of ventricle systole.
53.
54. ST interval represent time between end of spread of impulse
through ventricular depolarisation and its repolarisation.
55. • Normal PR interval is < 0.12 to 0.2 sec.
• Normal QRS complex < 0.10 sec.
• Normal OT is < 0.42 sec.
•
Increase P R time interval in case of arheroslerotic heart
disease . inflammation of atria and AV node.
• Enlarged Q & R wave indicate myocardial infarction
• ST is elevated in acute myocardial infarction.
• ST is depressed when heart muscle received insufficient
oxygen.
•
56. • T wave is flat when heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen
as in artherosclerotic disease .
• T wave is elevated when body potassium level is increased.
