Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, immune mediated disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) (Definition of MS). This disease is estimated to affect more than 400,000 people in the
United States alone, and about 2.5 million worldwide. In the United States, about 200 new cases of
MS are discovered weekly (Pietrangelo, Anne and Higuera, Valencia) . In a healthy person, an
insulation covering called myelin, coats the nerve fibers in the CNS (Article from mom). When one
develops MS, the communication between their brain and other parts of his/her body is disrupted as
"an abnormal immune–mediated response" attacks the myelin coating that encloses nerve fibers in
the CNS. This causes a disturbance in communication between the CNS and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms are determined by the location of the plaques. Symptoms associated with plaques in
the spinal cord include: numbness or loss of feeling, weakness, bladder difficulties, bowel
difficulties, sexual dysfunction, and disturbances in feeling in the limbs or on the trunk (Rosner &
Ross). Symptoms associated with plaques in the brain stem include: eye movement abnormalities,
imbalance, incoordination, speech disorders, emotional disturbances, and facial nerve abnormalities
(Rosner & Ross). Symptoms associated with plaques in the optic nerve include blurred vision,
vision loss, impaired depth perception, and pain or tenderness followed by headaches (Rosner &
Ross).
When one has MS, many complications can occur. MS can lead to depression, and other mental
changes such as forgetfulness or moodiness (Mayo Clinic Staff). It also can lead to epilepsy and
paralysis. The loss of function and sensory may occur in the limbs. It also can prompt muscle
stiffness or muscle spasms (Mayo Clinic Staff). Although there are many complications, the
majority of the symptoms and complications of MS are not fatal. MS does not affect life expectancy,
as much as the quality of one's life (Madell,
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Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS)
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a CNS autoimmune disease configured by demyelination,
inflammation, and degeneration of axons. This disease inflict great harms to patients. The most
common problem is inability to control musculoskeletal system and decrease in mobility. These
consequences could vary from patients to patients. About 10–15% of all MS patients develop
primary progressive MS (PPMS). Despite the most common appearance of MS, which is
progressive–relapsing MS (PRMS), PPMS affects older adults. Its process has no recovery periods,
and gender distribution measurements indicate no differences. Etiology of MS is still unclear but it
is believed both environmental and hereditary factors are involved. MS susceptibility in population

Multiple Slerosis Outline
For many people, multiple sclerosis (MS) is a frightening disease. Imagine waking up one morning
and discovering you are totally blind in one eye. This issue usually resolves itself, but your doctor
says it could be MS. Although scientists don't know what causes multiple sclerosis, there is a
growing amount of information on how to live with this medical condition.
Headline: What Is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system or CNS. The CNS is the
brain, spinal column and optic nerves. With MS the body's immune system functions abnormally
and damages the covering (or sheath) of the nerve fibers. This sheath, made of fatty substances, is a
protective layer for the nerves, similar to insulation. The sheath helps the brain to communicate with
other parts of the body.
When the sheath is damaged, it forms scar tissue, also known as sclerosis. This scar tissue damages
the central nervous system and the brain then has difficulty sending signals or information to the rest
of the body. MS is the result of this communication malfunction.
MS is an unpredictable disease with a variety of symptoms that affect every person differently. This
stems from the amount of damage to the nerve fibers and the location of these damaged nerves. This
is why MS can affect any part of the body, and the symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe.
There is currently no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, there are treatments available for

Essay On Multiple Sclerosis
Morgan Lippens
BIOL252/Banks
Lab Report 6 Research Paper
November 16, 2015
Multiple Sclerosis Nearly 400,000 individuals in the United States are diagnosed with multiple
sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis is defined as "a potentially disabling disease of the brain and
spinal cord". (Multiple) Multiple sclerosis is classified as an autoimmune disorder in which the
immune system attacks an element of itself, specifically the protective sheath (myelin) that covers
nerve fibers and causes problems with communication between the elements of the central nervous
system and the rest of the body. Multiple sclerosis can cause nerves to deteriorate over time or
permanently damaging the nerves, which causes permanent damage to the body as nerves are unable
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doctors utilize primarily a "differential diagnosis" with multiple sclerosis in which other diseases
are tested to be ruled out before making the MS diagnosis. These tests may include blood panels,
lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and MRI. Genetic counseling is also available because of the higher
likelihood of parental diagnosis (Multiple). The total number of people worldwide with multiple
sclerosis is 2.5 million, 400,000 of which come from within the United States (MS). Multiple
sclerosis is typically diagnosed in the early 20s and the percentage of cases diagnosed after age 50 is
only 10% (Statistic). MS is almost never fatal, the percentage of people who survive 20+ years after
diagnosis is nearly 80%, with the average lifetime cost of treatment at 1.2 million dollars

Causes Of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis is an unpredictable, potentially disabling disease of the central nervous system
that can affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Multiple Sclerosis can range from relatively benign
to disabling to devastating. The disease is considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's
immune system attacks its own tissues causing damage to the myelin sheath, which covers the nerve
fibers, and causes communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body and
ultimately cause the nerves to deteriorate or become permanently damaged. When any part of the
myelin sheath is damaged or destroyed the nerve impulses that travel back and forth to the brain and
spinal cord are interrupted, this produces a range of different symptoms. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cause is still unknown–scientists believe the disease is triggered by as–yet–unidentified
environmental factor in a person who is genetically predisposed to respond (National Multiple
Sclerosis Society). Multiple Sclerosis affects about 2.3 million people worldwide and is thought to
be triggered in a genetically susceptible individual by a combination of one or more environmental
factors. Most patients are diagnosed with MS between the ages of 20 and 50, they are not born with
the disease, it's two to three times more likely that woman get the disease than men, Caucasians are
more vulnerable, and those that are of European extraction. One major unanswered question is
whether MS is a single disease or if it could be multiple diseases with different antigens that are
affecting different

What Is Multiple Sclerosis?
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Jessica Zelenak
American Military Public University
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis affects 2.3 million people worldwide. Multiple Sclerosis patients diagnosed are in
the age range of twenty to fifty. Multiple Sclerosis effects the myelin in the central nervous system
that disrupts the flow of information that is sent to the brain. This disruption effects your vision,
mobility and bodily functions. Multiple Sclerosis has a wide variety of people it can effect. Your
age, sex, where you grew up and even certain infections like Mono. There are a few tests that can be
done to find out if you have Multiple Sclerosis, such as; MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) this is
not the only test but it is a huge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(National MS Society) (Mayo Clinic) Myelin is the fatty substance that surrounds and insulated the
nerve fibers. (National MS Society) Multiple Sclerosis is also know to be an immune–mediated
process that sends abnormal responses of the body's immune system that is directed again the
Central Nervous System (CNS). Myelin is compared to the insulation on electrical wires. (National
Multiple Sclerosis Society) The Central Nervous System is made up of the optic nerves, brain and
spinal cord. The exact antigen – or target that the immune cells are sensitized to attack remains
unknown. (National Multiple Sclerosis Society) In Multiple Sclerosis immune system There is yet to
be any reason as to what causes MS. Scientist believe the disease is triggered by but not yet
identified by environmental factors in a person who is genetically predisposed to respond. (National
MS Society) Some researchers say that it is an autoimmune disease. There is no cure for MS, but
there are treatments that can help you recovery and minimize your attacks, and modify the diseases
course. (Mayo Clinic) Some of the signs and symptoms of MS vary widely, and it also depends on
how damaged and which nerves are affected. Symptoms can range from the inability to walk to not
having any symptoms at all. Depending on

Multiple Sclerosis Research
In adult patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis (MS), research has been done to show that in the
brain, deep grey matter atrophy (damage or lesions) is measurable even within the first few years
after the first attack. The neurodegenerative aspect of Multiple Sclerosis is crippling not only to the
central nervous system, but to important brain substructures like the thalamus, putamen, caudate,
and globus pallidus (a major part of the basal ganglia) and could lead to a hindering of brain growth
in the brains of adolescents who are in critical stages of development. Researchers on behalf of the
Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Network teamed together to study just that, the impact of
pediatric–onset multiple sclerosis on age–expected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research also confirms that females have higher thalamic volumes relative to brain size which
could explain why females are more susceptible to the disease. The thalamus, researchers believe, is
more effected by the disease than the brain overall. In adult–onset MS the thalamus is one of the
earliest and most prominent signed of subcortical grey matter pathology, even evident at the time of
the first

Multiple Sclerosis
Markel Franklin
Professor Idziak
Speech 1311
March 27, 2012
Multiple Sclerosis
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about multiple sclerosis by exploring various facts of the
disease including what causes it, types of the disease and how it is treated.
General Purpose: To make people aware of the autoimmune disease.
Introduction
I. Greeting– Good afternoon Ladies and Gentlemen. It is always a pleasure to stand before such an
enthusiastic crowd and to talk about a topic that has affected many of us in one way or another–
Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
II. Attention Getter– A saying by Cheryl Peters, "multiple sclerosis affects everyone differently".
III. Benefits to the Audience– Knowledge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary– progressive Multiple Sclerosis: it is a type of multiple sclerosis characterized by rare
relapses and increased disability.
e) How is Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosed and Treated?
i. Diagnosis
▪ Using MRI scans (Magnetic resonance Imaging)
▪ Using an electro–physiological test

▪ Examination of the cerebral–spinal fluid (National Institute of Neurological

Essay Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
The primary objective of this paper is to raise fundamental questions in regards to multiple sclerosis,
and to explore possibilities that attempt to answer these inquiries. Second, the prospective outcome
is to provide a solid knowledge base for which my peers may begin to understand the relationship
between multiple sclerosis and neurobiology and behavior. The first question to address in the
general schema of this essay is: What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple Sclerosis also commonly referred to as MS is considered an autoimmune disease that
affects the central nervous system (CNS). The key to understanding MS is to recognize its
relationship to the human immune system. The immune system is an intricate ... Show more content
The transmission of electrical impulses will be hindered as a direct consequence of damaged or
destroyed myelin. One may ask why does the body begin to attack and destroy the myelin? This
question ultimately leads to the inquiry: What causes multiple sclerosis? The response is that the
exact origin of MS is unknown, and that scientists and researchers suspect that the damage to the
myelin results from an abnormal response by the body's immune system. In other wards science
cannot explain this phenomena. However, research is making advances in the area of MS, and the
future for those who are affected by multiple sclerosis appears to be more optimistic.
In most recent years, scientists have created a group of tools that provide them with the capacity to
target the genetic influences that make an individual prone to multiple sclerosis. Molecular genetics
has provided a model for which these instruments are utilized to separate and determine the
chemical structure of genes. Since the 1980's, scientists have begun to apply the tools of molecular
genetics to human diseases that are attributed to genetic defects in individual genes. Now, some
scientists are convinced that one may be "susceptible to MS only if she or he inherits an unlucky
combination of alterations in several genes." An example that demonstrates progress in the area of
MS research; by 1996 it was reported that up to twenty locations that may contain

Multiple Sclerosis Report
Worldwide, more than 2.3 million people are currently affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This
condition "is a life–long, potentially debilitating disease of the central nervous system (CNS)"
(Pasquier, 2014, 537). Specifically, it is a chronic auto–immune disease that attacks the central
nervous system. Furthermore, the person's own immune system does not recognize the neurons and
attacks the myelin, and the nerve fibers it covers and protects. The myelin then creates scar tissue
which causes damage and keeps the nerve impulses in the neuron from being able to travel to the
brain or the spinal cord. If this occurs, bodily functions become difficult or impossible because
messages aren't being delivered to or from the organs back to the CNS. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What patients experience due to this disease are a range of physical and cognitive problems.
According to Bonafede (2013), these symptoms may include difficulty with balance, muscle
coordination, memory, concentration, vision and speech. Moreover, they may "come and go or
become progressively worse," which will end up hindering the person's abilities and productivity.
Until recently, the major course of therapy only included the use of steroids, due to their
immunosuppressive qualities; however, now "several new compounds have been developed and
approved," in hopes to change the course of the disease (Tavazzi, 2014, 833). Current available
treatments include steroids and Glatiramer acetate, Natalizumab, and Fingolimod. The first,
suppresses the immune system to reduce the inflammatory response, thus avoiding the immune cells
from entering the central nervous system. However, long–term use of steroids puts the patient at risk
for infection or hypertension; so, during the use of these drugs one must make into account if the
benefits outweigh the risk. The latter, is a "synthetic amino acid polymer resembling myelin basic
protein," delivered via injection (Tavazzi, 2014, 833). To be more specific, it is thought to set the
immune system so as not to attack the myelin, so as to reduce its scarring and damage to the CNS. It
has been shown to be safe and well–tolerated. Some

Essay On Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis one a nervous system disease that affects the brain, spinal cord,
and the optic nerves in the eyes. It causes problems with vision, balance, muscle control, and other
basic body functions. The effects are often varying from person to person ("Multiple Sclerosis",
n.d). MS happens when the immune system attacks a fatty material named myelin, that protects the
nerves. Without the protection of this outer shell, the nerves become damage. Scientists and doctors
studied for centuries what multiple sclerosis is and they were unable to define it for long period time
"MS has been conceived from the 14th century through the early 20th century (Butler, 2003).
During those periods, the physicians and scientists faced hardship to distinguish between MS and
other cognitive diseases. During the 21 century, because of technological advancement and
researches, MS studied well and consequently treatment options reflected in a new belief system
(Butler, 2003).
Multiple Sclerosis symptoms: According to neurologists, multiple sclerosis symptoms can be
grouped in to three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These symptoms include Bladder problems; about 8 in 10 people with multiple sclerosis have
bladder problems( "Multiple Sclerosis", n.d). Other secondary symptoms include: decrease bone
density, insufficient breathing, poor postural alignment and truck control are also secondary
symptoms of MS. These symptoms are usually treated by avoiding the primary symptoms. The last
and the tertiary symptoms usually referred as "trickle down" effects of the multiple sclerosis on
people's lives ("Multiple Sclerosis", n.d). These symptoms include social, occupational and
psychological complications. The stress and strain of dealing with MS often alters social networks
and sometimes fractures

Understanding Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by the proliferation of malignant
cells in the bone marrow (Porth, 2009). Also known as plasma cell myeloma, myelomatosis,
medullary plasmacytosis or Kahler's disease, MM results from the development of a monoclonal
immunoglobulin (referred to as an M–protein), a monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain, or both
(Ferreira, 2013). Patients with MM can present with a wide range of signs and symptoms including
bone fractures, anemia and kidney damage or no symptoms at all (Lobban & Perkins, 2013). This
creates a diagnostic challenge to clinicians as many of these conditions are of benign etiology
(Lobban & Perkins, 2013). The individual variations among patients with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Patients with increased age, male gender, African American descent, familial incidence of MM or a
history of other plasma cell disorders are all at higher risk of a developing MM (Lobban & Perkins,
2013). Radiation and exposure to agricultural chemicals like Agent Orange have been linked to MM
(Kelly et al, 2010). Other risk factors include chronic immune stimulation, autoimmune disorders,
and certain viruses including HIV infection (Porth, 2009). To understand the pathophysiology of
MM, it is essential to understand the concept of B–cell maturation into plasma cells that release
proteins called immunoglobulins (Kelly et al, 2010). Lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow
develop into either T or B lymphocytes (Kelly et al, 2010). The B lymphocyte is responsible for
humoral immunity and can be identified by the presence of a membrane immunoglobulin (Sommer,
2009). There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE (Sommer, 2009).
Each immunoglobulin has "two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains to form
a 'Y'–shaped molecule" (Sommer, 2009, p. 365). The light chains are termed kappa or lambda and
the heavy chains define the five classes of immunoglobulins (Kelly et al, 2010). Myeloma occurs
when there is an overproduction of one of these immunoglobulins (Kelly et al, 2010). The
immunoglobulin that

Multiple Sclerosis Essay
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS)
that typically is diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. Normally, nerves are enclosed in
myelin sheaths that help facilitate transmission of nerve impulses within the CNS and the peripheral
nervous system throughout the body. In patients with MS, the myelin sheath is damaged and
eventually degenerates, causing patches of scar tissue called plaques or lesions to occur anywhere
randomly on the myelin sheath (Ruto, 2013). This results in impaired nerve conductivity, which
interferes with message transmission between the brain and the other parts of the body. As a result,
impulse transmission is altered, distorted, short–circuited, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Pathophysiology
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage in the brain
and spinal cord with a loss of myelin that covers the axons. As the myelin sheath regenerates, scar
tissue forms, which looks like plaques on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Multiple sclerosis
arises when immune–mediated inflammation activates T cells and causes the T cells and immune
mediators to cross the blood–brain barriers into the CNS and attack oligodendrocytes (ie, a type of
neuroglial cell with dendritic projections that coil around axons of neural cells). When the
oligodendrocytes are attacked, the myelin sheath is replaced by scar tissue, which forms throughout
the CNS. As a result of damage to the myelin sheath, the ability to transmit and conduct nerve
impulses along the spinal cord and in the brain is interrupted, leading to muscle weakness, fatigue,
loss of coordination, balance impairment, and cognitive and visual disturbance (DeLuca &
Nocentini, 2011). This disease is characterized by unpredictable remissions that occur over several
years. During periods of remission, the myelin sheath usually regenerates and symptoms may
resolve, but the myelin cannot be completely repaired. As the disease progresses, the myelin sheath
is destroyed and nerve impulses become much slower or absent and symptoms worsen. When
degeneration exceeds self–repair ability, permanent disability results. There are four defined clinical
types of

Multiple Myeloma Case
A 71–year–old male with known multiple myeloma presents to his physician's office complaining of
progressive back pain and increasing fatigue. He has had no diarrhea or vomiting. The patient was
diagnosed with multiple myeloma 3 years ago, at which time he was not considered a good
candidate for bone marrow transplantation. He was started on chemotherapy with melphalan and
prednisone with bortezomib (a proteasome inhibitor) and thalidomide for maintenance.
Bisphosphates were given to control bone pathology. The disease has progressed significantly over
the past year, with his M–spike increasing fourfold to 12 gm/dL.
Physical examination reveals dull lower back pain to percussion. Lung auscultation is clear, no S3
heart sound is heard, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
True hyponatremia has a decreased serum osmolality. Osmolality is a colligative property of
solutions that depends only on the number of solute particles present in a given volume of solution.
The three types of solutes most often encountered in biological fluids are electrolytes, organic
molecules, and colloids. Sodium and its counter ions (e.g., chloride [Cl–]) are the major contributors
to serum osmolality. The other two principal active osmolar solutes in serum are urea and glucose.
The reference interval for serum osmolality in healthy individuals is typically 282–300 mOsm/kg of
water (H2O). The most commonly used formula for estimating serum osmolality

Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that can impact many different parts of the body. It starts out by the
immune system attacking the myelin that surrounds the nerve fibers in the Central Nervous System.
Once the myelin tissue is damaged, it forms a type of scar tissue that essentially causes the sclerosis.
It then sends nerve impulses back and forth between the brain and spinal cord that can cause many
different ranges of symptoms. Scientists are still researching the cause for this disease; however,
there have been great advancements since it was first discovered back in the eighteen–hundreds.
From conducting research over the years, scientists have been able to collect data that gives a further
insight into how MS works. There is no cure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The MRI modality can be used in either a T1 or T2 scan which can help differentiate the different
tissues to see the abnormalities. T1 scans show the current disease by highlighting the active
inflammation that is either new or a larger form from over time. Dark images can be used to see
permanent nerve damage as well. On the other hand, T2 scans show the amount of space that the
lesion takes up. The myelin layer that protects the nerve cells are made up of fatty tissue which
repels water. However, once that layer is destroyed from the immune system attacking itself, "the
area holds more water, and shows up on an MRI scan as either a bright white spot or a darkened area
depending on the type of scan that is used" (NationalMSSociety). T2 scans are the most preferred
MRI images to diagnose the Multiple Sclerosis. FLAIR is a newer image technique from MRI that
is being used to identify brain lesions for Multiple Sclerosis. Spinal cord imaging is also used
through MRI that is useful for diagnosing MS. The stronger the magnet, the better the quality of the
image will turn out. By using magnets with higher Tesla's, the stronger image can show the lesions
better for a more accurate diagnosis. Taking correct images for diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis is
important. The brain, spinal cord and eyes are the three main areas to scan for the diagnosis to be
made. When imaging the brain in axial view, only the outside of the skull is seen along with the
brain and sinuses. In a

Multiple Filters
Results This systematic review utilized three health and medical databases in order to search
multiple sets of specific keywords. After the exclusion and inclusion of certain filters, ProQuest
Medical, CINAHL and PubMed collectively identified scholarly and scientific articles of which the
15 most relevant were used in conducting this final review. The basic filters consisted of peer–
reviewed articles published since 2007. Following the set filters, the team completed a manual
search of the remaining publications, eliminating articles that did not provide enough relevant
information on the topic of opioid and cannabinoid treatments for individuals living with multiple
sclerosis. The remaining articles were then analyzed to compare the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(2009) studied the effects of Sativex on those who did not find relief from typical routes of pain
management, the idea that cannabinoids might have more use as a secondary method of pain
management was also addressed in the article Is there a need for weed? The role of cannabinoids in
managing neuropathic pain. The article cites a study of 26 MS patients who were unresponsive to
other pain treatments, found "significantly better pain relief" (p.12) by using sublingual cannabis
extract. However, in analyzing a study with a larger number of participants, Is there a need for
weed? The role of cannabinoids in managing neuropathic pain found that there was no marked
improvement of pain levels over the placebo group, however they did note some objective
improvement (such as

Description Of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis:
Multiple Sclerosis; also known as MS, is a chronic and degenerative disease that affects the central
nervous system. It is a disease in which the body is attacking its own myelin as if it was a foreign
substance. This disease is currently affecting about 2.3 million people in the world (Tran, 2014).
History of disease:
Multiple sclerosis has existed long before it had a name, just like many other diseases. In 1838, Dr.
Jean–Martin Charcot became the first person credited with identifying multiple sclerosis as a
disease. Charcot was a French scientist and physician who is claimed to be the founder of modern
neurology. A female patient of his suffered an unusual combination of symptoms and he tried some
of the typical treatments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before treatment is possible, it's important to get a proper diagnosis from a doctor. When symptoms
fit the criteria for MS and neurological exams and MRI results show the abnormalities, a proper
diagnosis can be formed. Nutritional therapy is very important for the patient as it gives the patient a
low fat diet to follow to help slow down any progression of the disease. Any type of exercise is
beneficial for MS patients, as well as movement therapy. For patients that are too weak for exercise,
other options such as yoga or water aerobics would be helpful. Aromatherapy would also be very
beneficial where the patient's body can be massaged with essential oils to treat affected areas. It's
important for the patients to do research on the type of treatment that they would prefer to help
become more confortable (Tran, 2014). As well as exercise, it's important to change your diet in
correlation with new medications that the patient would be receiving. Medications such as Avonex
has been seen to help limit the progress of an disabilities from episodes, Betaseron also helped some
patients with reducing the number and severity of relapses (Tran, 2014). All drugs are administered
by injection, and also have significant side effects, which is why it is important to do research to
figure out which is best for

Multiple Sclerosis: The Symptoms Of Multiple Sclerosis
This report will discuss what multiple sclerosis is, symptoms, how it is treated, and much more.
Multiple Sclerosis causes demyelination and affects the central nervous system.
Multiple Sclerosis is caused by chromosome 6. It is an autoimmune disease in which the body's
immune system attacks its own tissues. Symptoms of this disorder include numbness or weakness in
one or more limbs typically on one side of the body or the legs, partial or complete loss of vision,
tingling or pain in parts of your body, slurred speech, and dizziness.
Tests that help diagnose multiple sclerosis are blood tests, lumbar puncture, evoked potential tests,
and a MRI. There is no cure for this disease, but there are some treatments. Treatments that help are

The Cause of Multiple Myeloma
The cause of multiple myeloma is cellular resulting in diverse symptoms and affecting various
groups of people. Multiple myeloma affects 1 in 149 people in the United States making it a .67%
threat of people. According to the American Cancer Society in 2014, there will be "24,050 new
cases... (13,500 in men and 10,550 in women)... 11,090 deaths are expected to occur (6,110 in men
and 4,980 in women). Cancer.org" Although not a common cancer being aware of what multiple
myeloma is and how to detect it can prevent mortalities. Imaging has been found promising in
assessing patients with multiple myeloma. CT, MRI, and PET/CT are all used to diagnose multiple
myeloma patients however; they each have advantages and disadvantages in analysis. First, we need
to look at what multiple myeloma is in order to determine the best diagnostic modality.
Multiple Myeloma is a neoplastic disease that involves the plasma cells within bone marrow. Plasma
cells are a type of white blood cell that helps make up our immune system. They work within our
immune system by generating antibodies that guard us from microorganisms and other unsafe
materials. Although multiple myeloma forms in the immune system, the abnormal antibodies
decrease the effectiveness of the body ability to fight infection. Since multiple myeloma is an
uncommon cancer, the etiology is idiopathic, unknown. When plasma cells start to divide rapidly
they become abnormal, and this is when myeloma starts. Healthy patients have a 5%

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder where the myelin sheath within the Central Nervous
System is attacked (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2017). The myelin sheath protects the axon
of the nerve cell. When the myelin sheath is intact, the axon is able to carry impulses away from the
neuron's cell body, and the message carried is clear. With Multiple Sclerosis, the myelin sheath
becomes scarred, hence the word "sclerosis", and distorts the nerve impulses traveling over the CNS
(National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2017). This may cause the message to be changed or stopped
altogether.
This disorder affects an estimated 2.3 million people around the world (National Multiple Sclerosis
Society, 2017) and 400,000 people in the US ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MS can cause debilitating pain that may leave with temporary symptoms or may be permanent
(National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2017). One third of all patients with MS will suffer from
transient symptoms, rather than enduring (NIH, 2013). After 15 years on onset MS, 20 percent of
patients are bedridden or institutionalized, and another 20 percent require assistance walking with a
wheelchair or other aide (NIH, 2013).
There is no cure for Multiple Sclerosis (Mayo Clinic, 2017). Most treatment is focused on
improving quality of life by treating symptoms and slowing its progression. There are a few drugs to
help slow progression, most of which are for relapsing–remitting MS (Mayo Clinic, 2017). In March
of this year, the FDA approved the first drug for primary–progressive MS (FDA, 2017), called
ocrelizumab, which slows the advancement of disability (Mayo Clinic, 2017). Ocrelizumab may
cause infusion related reactions, such as hives, shortness of breath, fever, etc, and may lead to an
upper respiratory tract infection (FDA, 2017). Acute relapses are treated with corticosteroids to
reduce nerve inflammation, a traditional and approved method of treatment. (NIH, 2013). To treat
symptoms, those with MS may go to physical therapy to help strengthen muscles and manage gait
problems (Mayo Clinic, 2017). They may also use muscle relaxers to treat extremely painful

Vitamin A and Multiple Scolorosis
Vitamin A and Multiple Sclerosis
There is countless research that widely associates vitamin D and vitamin A in possibly decreasing
adverse effects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although, vitamin A is not as popular in research as
vitamin D it has shown in certain trials to be beneficial to patients suffering from MS, but more
commonly there is a positive link to vitamin A in animal trials of treating experimental autoimmune
encephalitis (EAE) the animal version of MS, . Vitamin A is a fat– soluble vitamin that can function
in immunological responses as well as brain development. This vitamin is crucial for vision, gene
transcription, and bone metabolism (7). Vitamin A may help in MS by lowering inflammation as
well as increasing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results of the double blind randomized trial showed that there was no significant difference in
those taking vitamin A from the placebo group, since values in lipid profiles and fasting profiles did
not provide any justifiable evidence in vitamin A being beneficial in MS. However, one surprising
result came from the CRP values, or the inflammation marker, by showing an increase in the vitamin
A group in comparison to the placebo group. Although, the increase was still in the normal range it
was still an unexpected outcome from the study. Even though vitamin A's effect on Th1 and Th2
cells had the possibility of improving effects of MS, the trial concluded that there was no clinical
evidence to vitamin A's role in minimizing the harmful effects of MS (2).
A prospective study was conducted by the Nurses' Health Study, which tested vitamin A intake in
the risk of women. The results proved no support for dietary carotenoids such as alpha–carotene or
beta–carotene in lowering the risk of MS in women (7). Even though this was one of the few large–
scale studies–– comprising of 81, 683 women inspected throughout 12 years (7) –– the scientific
data proved no association to a beneficial role of vitamin A intake to MS risk in women.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is the only protein expressed in the CNS, so its
response to T–cells may be a factor in the etiology of MS (3). A double blind study was

Multiple Myeloma Cancer
Multiple myeloma is blood cancer that starts in the plasma cells in bone marrow. Plasma cells are
white blood cells that help your body fight infection by producing proteins called antibodies. When
plasma cells grow out of control in the bone marrow, they no longer perform their intended function
in the immune system, they form tumors in the areas of solid bone, and the growth of these bone
tumors makes it harder for the bone marrow to make healthy blood cells and platelets. Multiple
Myeloma is the second most common blood cancer in the United States and constitutes
approximately 1 percent of all cancers. The age–adjusted death rate was 3.4 per 100,000 men and
women per year, based on patients who died in 2005–2009 in the US. A plasmacytoma is tumor
formed by a collection of aberrant plasma cells in a single location. Plasmacytomas may be an
indication or precursor for multiple myeloma. This paper presents some highlights of the current
approach for evaluating and treating plasmacytomas. I am writing about this problem because my
father encountered a rare form of plasmacytoma last year that fortunately turned out to be an
isolated occurrence with no indication of systemic disease.
Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell formed from B cells produced in a person's bone marrow.
B cells mainly stay within the bone marrow and are responsible for a specific defense mechanism
that involves the production of antibodies by plasma cells. These antibodies are able to move

An Overview Of Multiple Sclerosis
AN OVERVIEW OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 1
An Overview of Multiple Sclerosis: the Disease, the Challenges, the Symptoms, and the Treatments
Meiying Li
AN OVERVIEW OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The
characteristics of MS are demyelination and axonal loss. The etiology of MS is unknown, and there
is no cure. Diagnosis to confirm MS has been complicated but is now improved with acceptance of
the revised 2010 McDonald Criteria. The disease produces numerous physical and mental symptoms
which require both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These lesions, consist mostly of dead nerve cells, whose axons have lost their myelin sheaths that
normally protect them and permit the conduction of nerve impulse.
(Joy JE, Johnston RB, 2001) This immune system attack of the body 's own myelin sheath is why
MS appears to be an autoimmune disease. MS is a chronic degenerative disease that usually begins
in young adulthood and destroys muscular control. Most people will live with MS for many years
after their diagnosis. MS reduces life expectancy by only about ten–fifteen years, and about half of
the patients survive thirty years or more from onset. (Joy JE, Johnston RB, 2001) Approximately
eight–five percent of MS patients begin with relapsing–remitting disease, as in optic neuritis, or
several separate systems at the same time, for example, combined motor and sensory problems.
Attacks involving single neural systems are somewhat more common in the first MS relapse. Most
patients experience their second attack within two to three years of the first, but five percent of
patients remain free of relapses for fifteen years or more. In most cases,
AN OVERVIEW OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 4 there is substantial recovery from the first relapse;
only four percent of patients show no improvement. (Joy JE,

Multiple Sclerosis Analysis
Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. It causes the
destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve fibres. The myelin sheath is made up of protein and fatty
substances. It insulates our nerve fibers both in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and has
many other duties. The myelin around the nerve fibers prevents the conduction of electrical
impulses. Between myelin cells, there are nodes which allows the conduction of pulses. These are
called the
Nodes of Ranvier. Instead of all the Sodium/Potassium channels opening one after another along the
nerve, only the ones that located at the node will open. This is called saltatory conduction because
the propagation of the action potential travels through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When learning about any disease or malfunction in human pathology, a common first question is
what is the cause of this condition? In the case of Multiple Sclerosis, this is a tough question to
answer. Simply put, the cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown.
It's considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its
own tissues (Brassington et al, 1998). Researchers work every day to continue to get closer to
finding the cause of Multiple Sclerosis, so that we can then find a way to treat it and help those who
suffer from it. From the research outcomes we have seen so far, it seems that MS has genetic,
environmental, and immunologic variables (Brassington et al, 1998). There have also been many
interesting proposals in what the underlying cause of MS was. These possible explanations include a
slow–acting virus, a delayed reaction to a common virus, or an autoimmune reaction to something
which causes the body to attack its own tissues (Brassington et al, 1998). None of those possibilities
have
been confirmed undeniably yet, so in the research community, the race to find a cause, and then a
cure, is still very much

Multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, is one of humankind's most mysterious diseases. No one
knows the exact cause and there is no exact treatment. Still multiple sclerosis has the ability to affect
nearly 3 million people worldwide and at least 500,000 people in the United States (Boroch). This
disease tends to be more common in individuals of northern European descent and women are more
than twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis as men. Of those 3 million people, most of them
are between the ages of 20 and 50 years old (Dangond). Even though multiple sclerosis is a mystery
disease, scientists are working to determine the exact cause and treatment. Multiple sclerosis is an
autoimmune disease that involves the different areas of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multiple sclerosis is a very strange disease without a well known cause. One important thing to
know about multiple sclerosis is that there are many different types. There are four, vaguely defined,
types of MS: Relapsing– remitting, Primary–progressive, Secondary–progressive, and Progressive–
relapsing (Dangond). Relapsing–remitting MS, most common, is when patients experience a series
of attacks followed by the disappearance of symptoms. So, in this type, multiple sclerosis attacks
and then goes in to remission until another attack occurs. Its alternates back and forth. Primary–
progressive MS is when there is a continuous decline in a person's physical abilities. Secondary–
progressive is when relapses are rare but the patient accumulates more disability (Dangond). Lastly,
we have progressive–relapsing which is the more complex type. It is very similar to primary–
progressive MS but it includes small periods where the symptoms and disease become worse
(Blackstone). With any disease come many misconceptions and myths. When an individual tells
someone else that they have MS they might get a response that MS with cripple them in some way
(Blackstone). For some reason, individuals believe that when some has MS they should be in a
wheel chair. That is not the case. Actually, it depends on the person. Some people go their whole life
without ever needing

Multiple Sclerosis Definition
There are four different patterns of inflammation in the white matter that is associated with
individuals with multiple sclerosis (Lassmann et. al. 2007).The first pattern of inflammation is
associated with the demyelination caused by macrophage activity. This pattern of inflammation is
characterized by perivascular demyelination with radial expansion and extensive remyelination. The
second pattern of inflammation demyelination is associated with antibody and complement activity.
The lesions exhibited in this pattern are similar to lesions that occur in the first pattern except that
the active demyelination sites demonstrate additional deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) and
activated complement in pattern 2. Immunoglobulins are antibodies that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals suffering from MS face continually worsening symptoms leading to progressing
disability and early mortality. There is currently no cure and current treatments have negative
impacts on the life of the individual receiving the treatment. The story of the discovery and
understanding of the disease spans to almost two centuries of medical research and still there is
much to understand. Autoimmune disorders are becoming more common in our society and it is
crucial to understand the cause of these diseases and to develop better treatments. In the two
centuries of research, the life expectancy of an individual with MS has increased dramatically. Upon
diagnosis in the late 1800's and early 1900's individuals had an average life span of 10 years but
today, due to advances in medical technologies, individuals with MS may live 30 years or more.
More research is required to understand how to better treat this disease or prevent the initial
autoimmune response from

Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma (also plasma cell myeloma also known as MM, myeloma,
plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease) is a progressive hematologic (blood) disease. It is a
cancer of the plasma cell, an important part of the immune system that produces immunoglobulins
(antibodies) to help fight infection and disease. The immune system is made up of several types of
cells that work together to fight infections. Lymph cells (called lymphocytes) are the main type of
cell in the adaptive immune system. There are 2 types of lymph cells: T cells and B cells. When B
cells respond to an infection, they change into plasma cells. The plasma cells are found mainly in the
bone marrow–the soft, inner part of some bones. The plasma cells ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
MM is often also characterized usually in the pelvis, spine, ribs, and skull by diffuse osteoporosis.
There are often no symptoms in the early stages of myeloma. In some cases, myeloma may be
exposed by an accident in the course of routine blood testing and if symptoms are present they may
be indistinct and related to those of other medical conditions. It is very rare to have any one patient
with all of these symptoms below:
Bone pain: Tiny fractures in the bones, causing bone pain often results due to the accumulation of
plasma cells and weakened bone structures. The most common sites of bone pain are back or the
ribs, but usually any bone can be affected. Pain is usually worse with movement and at night.
Fatigue: The growth and development of red blood cells in the bone marrow may be suppressed
while having increase in the number of malignant plasma cells, which then cause low levels of red
blood cells in the blood. This condition, know as anemia, can result in unusual fatigue or weakness.
Recurrent Infections: The production of

Living With Multiple Scoliosis
Introduction Imagine that you are a registered nurse charged with bringing a patient up to the
hospital's catheterization lab for an emergency procedure and have a very limited time to avoid
permanent cardiac damage to the patient's heart. Upon entering the elevator, you press the floor
button for the catheterization lab but nothing happens. Sporting a confused look on your face, you
press the button a few more times, and finally the door closes. However, when it opens, it is on the
wrong floor. Repeatedly the correct floor is chosen, but the elevator never arrives at the
catheterization lab. Welcome to being plagued with Multiple Scoliosis (MS). Those living with MS
are essentially wired with a malfunctioning electrical system, and people living with MS are
constantly plagued with miscommunication as well as other complications. Although, not born with
this malfunctioning electrical system, we will discover what MS is, what happens to the body, and
what complications can occur in those diagnosed with it.
Multiple Scoliosis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through inflammation and destruction of the myelin sheath covering nerves, irreversible damage
slows, redirects, or stops nerve impulses. This is due to the fact that nervous tissue cannot repair
itself resulting in plaques also referred to as MS lesions being left behind. Demyelination can occur
in grey or white matter of the nervous system with wide reaching affects due to the immune system
attacking the nervous system systemically as opposed to being confined to a small area. Huether, S
and McCance, K (2012) found that MS is usually triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by
a viral infection, traumatic injury, or

Essay Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a complex, autoimmune disease caused by damage of the fatty myelin sheaths
around axons of the brain and spinal cord which leads to demyelination, lesions (scaring) and
inflammation1, 2, 3. This damage leads to disruption of nerve impulse along axons resulting in the
many symptoms seen in multiple sclerosis patients. Although its exact etiology is unknown, current
research indicates that multiple sclerosis is a complex combination of genetic and environmental
factors. It has been established that multiple sclerosis is not inherited but research is being focused
on genetic influence and suceptibility3. Like many other diseases with genetic components to their
etiology, disease risk for multiple sclerosis can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results are consistent with the IL2/IL2R pathway in its role of controlling autoimmunity since the
IL2/IL2R pathway controls immunity through proliferation and survival of T cells. In addition this
pathway maintains peripheral T–cell tolerance, which, when not kept in check by regulatory T cells
will result in autoimmunity leading to damage of the myelin sheaths around axons. Reduced
function of regulatory T cells has been detected in multiple sclerosis patients1, pointing to reduced
function of the IL2/IL2R pathway due to genotypic variation.
A similar study investigating the genetic role of IL7/IL7RA pathway in multiple sclerosis
susceptibility was conducted through genotyping and statistical analysis of genotypic distributions,
in multiple sclerosis patients and controls, who were matched ethnically, by gender and age. Results
show that polymorphisms in IL7 not only indicate statistically significant association with the
disease but higher estimated genotype relative risks as well2. The IL7/ILRA pathway is involved in
development, maturation and survival of T and B cells, contributing to the body's immune system2.
Autoimmune response can result from the modified function of the pathway due to genetic variation
of IL7 or IL7RA genes. Results of the study show that genetic variations in the IL7/IL7RA play an
important role not only in the

Causes Of Multiple Sclerosis
Affecting women more than men, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is normally diagnosed between the ages
20 and 40, but can be seen during any age.; which is the most common disabling neurological
disease of young adults. It's caused by the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering which
surrounds the nerve cells, by being damaged. Nerve signals start slowing down or they stop when
this nerve covering is damaged, which is caused by inflammation. It can affect any area of the brain,
spinal cord, and optic nerve. The causes for Multiple Sclerosis are still unknown, however the
common thought on it is that it's a virus or gene defect, and environmental facts could also play a
role in it. With MS, it causes the sheath to be stripped away, which is a process called
demyelination. Severe or mild disabilities can occur depending on the nerves that were affected. If
the myelin in the sensory nerves is lost, a person may have impaired sense of touch. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sclerosis is the result of scar tissue forming in the central nervous system (a process called
gliosis). In part because we cannot determine in advance which nerve fibers will be affected in a
particular patient––the disease can impair any part of the central nervous system––the severity of
multiple sclerosis is often unpredictable. Some people may have mild problems, with no significant
permanent disability. For others, multiple sclerosis means severe paralysis and confinement to a
wheelchair."

Multiple Schlerosis Disease
Multiple Sclerosis is a nervous system disease that disturbs the brain and spinal cord (Rolak,2005).
Initially affects the myelin sheath, the material that covers and protects your nerve cells. Multiple
Sclerosis causes demyelination (Rolak,2005). The nerve damage is caused by inflammation
(Rolak,2005). Inflammation occurs when the body's own immune cells attack the nervous system
(Rolak,2005). This can happen in any area of the brain, optic nerve, or spinal cord (Rolak,2005). It
is unknown what exactly causes Multiple Sclerosis (Rolak,2005). It is considered to be a virus and
environmental factors may also play a role (Rolak,2005). A person's immune cells begins to attack
the central nervous system and degenerate (Rolak,2005).
Consequently, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A., Kannenberg, K., Bodisom, S., Chang, P., Colainni, D., Goodrich, B., Lieberman, D. (2014).
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain & Process 3rd Edition. American Journal of
Occupational Therapy. Doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.682006
Bethoux, F., & Bennett, S. (2011). Evaluating Walking in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Which
Assessment Tools Are Useful in Clinical Practice? International Journal of MS Care,13(1), 4–14.
http://doi.org/10.7224/1537–2073–13.1.4
Haines, J. D., Inglese, M., & Casaccia, P. (2011). Axonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis. The Mount
Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York, 78(2), 231–243. http://doi.org/10.1002/msj.20246
Gajofatto, A., & Benedetti, M. D. (2015). Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start,
when to change, when to stop? World Journal of Clinical Cases : WJCC, 3(7),
http://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.545
Rolak, L. A. (2003). Multiple Sclerosis: It's Not the Disease You Thought It Was. Clinical Medicine
and Research, 1(1),

Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs in individuals
between the ages of twenty and forty (1) and in higher numbers of women than men (2). In Multiple
Sclerosis (or "MS") a loss of the nerves' axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from
efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at
the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the name "Multiple
Sclerosis"or "many scars" (3). The demyelination found in MS is thought to be caused by an
autoimmune process, in which the body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissue (4). Other
diseases thought to have an autoimmune basis are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of the activated T–cells then release cytokines and adhesion molecules that enable the T–cells to
adhere to and cross over the blood–brain barrier, which normally prohibits the flow of substances
into the brain (8,9). The proteins in these T–cells bind to myelin fragments on microglial cells and
undergo a secondary activation (10), after which they multiply and release more cytokines, further
invading the nervous system (11) and inflaming and damaging the blood–brain barrier. The greatly
weakened barrier becomes easily permeable, allowing additional immune system cells, such as B–
cells and cytotoxic T–cells to cross over (12). Once through the barrier, B–cells produce antibodies
which bind to the oligodendracytes (the cells of the CNS which create myelin) and the myelin itself.
Associated macrophages procede to destroy the myelin and may also damage the oligodendracytes
(13).
Myelin, found only in vertebrate nervous systems, is a fatty substance that surrounds the axons and
long dendrites of nerves in the brain and spinal cord tissue (4). By lowering the rate at which the
axonal membrane absorbs nerve impulses, myelin acts as an insulator, allowing NS potentials to
travel rapidly through the nervous system and maintain communication between the brain and the
rest of the body (2). This communication between the brain and the rest of the CNS and peripheral
nerves is a central

Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma
Pamela Haverly B.S.N., R.N.
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma is a cancer formed by malignant plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in
the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. Plasma cells become cancerous
and grow out of control they can produce a tumor called a plasmacytoma. Theses tumors can
develop in a bone but are also rarely found in other tissues. If there is only a single plasma cell
tumor, it is called an isolated or solitary plasmacytoma. When there is more than one plasma cell
tumor, it is called multiple myeloma.
In the United States , the risk of getting multiple myeloma is 1 in 149% (0.67%). The American
Cancer Society estimates in 2013: About 22,350 new cases will be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
High calcium levels can cause extreme thirst, nausea, constipation, confusion, and appetite loss. *
Kidney failure can be caused by high levels of M protein. (M proteins are found with multiple
myeloma, and other conditions and is found by urinalysis). * Anemia–related fatigue occurs when
there is a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs). This happens when myeloma cells replace RBCs in the
bone marrow. * Bone injuries and fractures occur when the myeloma cells invade the bone.
Osteolytic bone fractures appear as punched out areas on x–ray. Bone pain is experienced especially
in the back, pelvis, ribs and skull. * Nervous systems symptoms large myeloma can cause the blood
to thicken (hyperviscosity) causing blood flow to slow to the brain and confusion, dizziness and
stroke like symptoms. * Weakness or numbness especially in the lower extremities, related to the
myeloma cells can be nerve toxic. * Weight loss. * Chronic infections.
How is multiple myeloma diagnosed? Most cases are detected before any signs are present. Routine
physical exams, blood and urine tests can add evidence of myeloma.
Blood counts and detection of M proteins are performed. X–rays, MRI's and CT scans are used to
determine bone involvement and bone marrow biopsies are performed. Staging is the process of
finding out how much the cancer is advanced . A new staging system called the international staging
system for

Multiple Sclerosis (MSS)
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis or "MS" is a very different disease there isn't an exact cause as to why MS occurs
but researchers have stated that it affects the central nervous system of the body so the body is
having a disruption of messages that are supposed to be sent to the brain (Danette). The central
nervous system is made up of your spine, brain and optic nerves (eye nerves). The immune system
become sensitized and will mistakenly attack myelin which is the neurons that let us think, see,
speak, hear and feel and when that myelin is attacked at it, it makes those five important functions
difficult to do but it's different for every person (What is MS?).
MS can somewhat be hard to diagnose because there's no test for it but there's ... Show more content
One that has MS has to spend a lot of time coping with the disease so there life is changed, some
have become so involved with helping with research for a cure, if you didn't have the disease
individuals wouldn't care to help out so much so it's believed by many that suffer that the positive
outlook is that you'll become more involved in society and your community (Valentine). But the
negative impact that comes along with it could be gaining depression because you have so much
emotion burden, you're always having to have assistance with everything you do and sometimes
that's just inconvenient, the person will also have to change their diets because certain liquids and
solids can irritate the immune system and cause the disease to worsen, such as alcohol. Alcohol
should be cut of one's diet because the meds you take to help you can really affect the liver and it
doesn't help having alcohol there to flare it up as well. But no matter what an MS patient just wants
to lead on a normal life and be treated normally as if nothing is really happening to the individual

Multiple Sclerosis Thesis
Multiple sclerosis is one of the most common causes of disability with a wide range of physical
symptoms and a great emotional and psychological impact (courts). There is an increasing amount
of research in the domain of multiple sclerosis, to optimize treatment and get a better understanding
of the impact of chronic illness.
This master thesis is a part of the achievement of master in rehabilitation sciences and physiotherapy
form the department medicine of the university of Hasselt.
This master thesis is the continuation of master thesis part 1 " Multiple sclerosis: the lived body".
The first part was a literature study on how patients with MS experience their bodies and how their
lives are affected by the illness. Three main themes

The Importance Of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is an unpredictable, mostly paralyzing disease of the central nervous system that
inhibits the flow of information inside the brain, and between the brain and body.
The myelin sheath is sort of a conductive blanket around nerves which assists nerve impulses and
messages travel fast and effectively, it is made up of protein and fatty substances. Usually the
myelin sheath is used to keep a fast pace up nerve cell transmission from the brain and spinal cord.
The nodes of ranvier are constrictions in the myelin sheath that border the axons of nerve cells, or
neurons. They happen about one millimetre intervals along the body of the axon. There must be
breaks in the myelin to conduct electricity in neurons. These spaces are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
How multiple sclerosis works is that white cells puncture the blood–brain barrier and they infiltrate
the central nervous system. These white cells then damage/harm the myelin sheath that safeguards
the nerve fibers which then forms lesions. More white cells will then appear from being drawn by
chemical messages from the beginning white cells. Repair and scarring follow from the
inflammation but some myelin will be permanently damaged. Impulses will then travel along the
damaged nerves very poorly/slowly. In extreme cases nerve impulses don't travel at

Multiple Myeloma-Lessons
Cancer Sucks in Every Color
"When someone has cancer. The whole family, and everyone who loves them does too." Two people
that I was and am very close to have had cancer in my lifetime. One of which is still here today, and
one passed away 25 April 2013. My main points of this essay are: – Multiple Myeloma –Lessons
learned about cancer, and finally Small Cell Carcinoma. Cancer sucks and I am about to tell you my
experiences with cancer and how it has affected my family and those around us. My Grandfather
(My dad's dad) has a type of cancer called Multiple Myeloma. Multiple Myeloma is a cancer that
forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Plasma cells help you fight infections by
making antibodies that recognize and attack germs. Multiple Myeloma causes cancer cells to
accumulate in the bone marrow, where they crowd out healthy blood cells. My grandpa has had
cancer for 5–7 years and it is now spreading to his brain. Here at the V.A. Hospital in Boise they did
an M.R.I. and then send him and my dad to Seattle, WA. on the 31st of August. When they got to
Seattle they did another M.R.I. and they found a heart murmur, after they found the heart murmur
they drained ½ a gallon of fluid off of his lungs, then they discovered he had Cirrhosis of the Liver.
They went ahead and did the surgery anyways. They removed a cancer tumor off of his skull the
size of a golf ball, they also had to remove part of his skull and they filled it in with metal mesh.
They came home on the 15th of September, they have to leave again on the 27th of September to get
the 100+ staples he has in his head due to surgery removed. Then they will both come back for a
while, but the downside is they have to go back to Seattle, WA. for a solid seven weeks or more for
chemotherapy. My Great Grandfather (My mom's Grandfather) had a type of cancer and it has no
cure. He got sick in December of 2013 while on vacation in Arizona, he thought it was a common
cold, so when they came home he kept taking cold medicine. In the middle of January beginning of
March the pharmacist told him he needed to go visit a doctor and find out what was going on
because it wasn't a normal cold over the counter medicine could cure. So he finally listened

Multiple Sclerosis Model
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease, distinguished by inflammation and
demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) that mainly affects young adults (Bodhankar et
al., 2013, Markovic–Plese and McFarland, 2001). The etiology of this heterogeneous disease have
been related with immunological, environmental and genetic factors, but the reason of MS is still
unknown (Milo and Kahana, 2010). The pathogenesis of the disease is accompanied by the
activation and infiltration of mononuclear cells predominantly antigen–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T
cells and B cells in the CNS (Mosayebi et al., 2010, Zhang et al., 2014). Experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE) is currently the most commonly used animal model for the study ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ovariectomized mice were used to avoid the potential confound of various circulating sex hormones
especially estrogen. Moreover, we find out lack of estrogen causes more extensive EAE and
different doses of estrogen could protect against EAE. We demonstrated intermediate dose of
estrogen (5 fold lower than pregnancy level) could reduce the incidence and severity of clinical
disease similar to pregnancy level of estrogen but also lower side effects than high dose estrogen
therapy. Further, we discovered administration of low dose estrogen has a beneficial efficiency in
treatment of EAE condition, although it will be necessary to perform supplementary investigations
in the future

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

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