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MULTIPLE ALLELES AND BLOOD GROUPING
This document discusses multiple alleles and blood grouping presented by Mr. Dinabandhu Barad. It defines alleles and multiple alleles, explains the four main components of blood. It describes Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the ABO blood group system in 1901 and the antigens and antibodies present in the four blood groups. Genotypes for each blood group are presented, and genetics of the ABO system is discussed, including inheritance and prediction of offspring blood groups from parental genotypes. Worked examples are provided to predict possible blood group combinations.
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MULTIPLE ALLELES AND BLOOD GROUPING
- 1. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad,MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 2. MULTIPLE ALLELES & BLOOD GROUPING PresentedBy: Mr. Dinabandhu Barad MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 3. MULTIPLE ALLELES &BLOOD GROUPING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the class you will be able to: • Define allele and multiple alleles • Explain blood groups • Recall the KARL LANDSTEINER’s law • Identify the genotype of the blood groups • Apply genetics to predict blood group Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 4. ALLELE An Allele isan alternative form of a same gene, located on same locus on the homologous chromosomes. Alleles were first defined by Gregor Mendel in the law of segregation Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 5. MULTIPLE ALLELES • Accordingto Altenburg, “Three or more kinds of gene which occupy the same locus are referred to as multiple alleles.” • Multiple alleles are defined as three or more alternative form of a same gene, located on same locus on the homologous chromosomes, coding for certain characteristic in a population. • EXAMPLE: ABO BLOOD GROUP (Has three alleles) Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 6. BLOOD Blood is aspecialized body fluid. It has four main components: 1. Plasma 2. Red blood cells 3. White blood cells 4. Platelets Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 7. ABO BLOOD GROUPS •ABO blood group in Human was discovered by KARL LANDSTEINER in 1901. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 8. ABO BLOOD GROUPS •Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), the Austrian-born American immunologist. • He, has been titled as the “father of immunology”. • He discovered the blood groups (ABO) and framed the Landsteiner’s Law by 1904. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 9. RBC ABO BLOOD GROUPS •The ABO system is characterized by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of Red Blood Cells. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 10. RBC ABO BLOOD GROUPS •The ABO system is characterized by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of Red Blood Cells. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 11. RBC ABO BLOOD GROUPS •The ABO system is characterized by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of Red Blood Cells. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 12. ABO BLOOD GROUPS Mr.Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 13. LAWS OF KARLLANDSTEINER 1. If an ANTIGEN is present in the red cells of a blood, the corresponding ANTIBODY must be absent from the plasma. 2. If an ANTIGEN is absent in the red cells of a blood, the corresponding ANTIBODY must be present in the plasma. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 14. ABO BLOOD GROUPS Mr.Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 15. ABO BLOOD GROUPS Mr.Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 16. ABO GENOTYPE Mr. DinabandhuBarad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU Blood Group Antigens Present on RBCs Antibody Present in plasma Genotype A A antigen Anti-B IAIA or IAIO B B antigen Anti-A IBIB or IBIO AB A antigen B antigen None IAIB O None Anti-A, anti-B, anti-A,B IOIO
- 17. ABO GENOTYPE Mr. DinabandhuBarad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU Blood Group Antigens Present on RBCs Antibody Present in plasma Genotype A A antigen Anti-B IAIA or IAIO B B antigen Anti-A IBIB or IBIO AB A antigen B antigen None IAIB O None Anti-A, anti-B, anti-A,B IOIO
- 18. GENETICS OF ABOBLOOD SYSTEM • The ABO blood type is inherited in an Autosomal Co- Dominant fashion. • The ABO locus is located on chromosome 9 at 9q34.1-q34.2 consisting 18 kb of genomic DNA. • The A and B alleles differ from each other by seven nucleotide substitutions • The gene controlling ABO blood type is labeled as I. • The alleles are designated as IA, IB and IO (or i). Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 19. GENETICS OF ABOBLOOD SYSTEM • Where, I → Isoagglutinogen (antigen) • IA → Allele for A antigen • IB → Allele for B antigen • IO → Allele for o antigen • Dominance Hierarchy among alleles; IA = IB > IO • i.e., Alleles IA & IB are dominant over IO • Alleles IA & IB are Co-dominant Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 20. Mr. Dinabandhu Barad,MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP
- 21. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 1 A father of blood type A and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? SOLUTION Father’s blood group A : alleles- IAIA or IAIO Mother’s blood group B: alleles- IBIB or IBIO Possible combinations: 1. father has IAIA and mother has IBIB 2. Father has IAIA and mother has IBIO 3. Father has IAIO and mother has IBIB 4. Father has IAIO and mother has IBIO Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 22. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 1 A father of blood type A and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? 1. father has IAIA and mother has IBIB Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU F/M IB IB IA IAIB (AB group) IAIB (AB group) IA IAIB (AB group) IAIB (AB group)
- 23. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 1 A father of blood type A and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? 2. Father has IAIA and mother has IBIO Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU F/M IB Io IA IAIB (AB group) IAIo (A group) IA IAIB (AB group) IAIo (A group)
- 24. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 1 A father of blood type A and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? 3. Father has IAIO and mother has IBIB Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU F/M IB IB IA IAIB (AB group) IAIB (AB group) Io IOIB (B group) IOIB (B group)
- 25. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 1 A father of blood type A and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? 4. Father has IAIO and mother has IBIO Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU F/M IB IO IA IAIB (AB group) IAIO (A group) Io IOIB (B group) IOIO (O group)
- 26. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 1 A father of blood type A and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? SOLUTION: Father’s blood group A : alleles- IAIA or IAIO Mother’s blood group B: alleles- IBIB or IBIO ANSWER: A,B,AB,O Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 27. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 1 A father of blood type A and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? SOLUTION: Father’s blood group A : alleles- IAIA or IAIO Mother’s blood group B: alleles- IBIB or IBIO ANSWER: A,B,AB,O Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 28. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 2 A father of blood type AB and a mother of blood type O. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? SOLUTION: Father’s blood group AB : alleles- IAIB Mother’s blood group O: alleles- IOIO Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 29. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 2 A father of blood type AB and a mother of blood type O. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? Father has IAIB and mother has IOIO Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU F/M IO IO IA IAIO (A group) IAIO (A group) IB IBIO (B group) IBIO (B group)
- 30. PREDICTING BLOOD GROUP QUESTIONNO: 2 A father of blood type AB and a mother of blood type O. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? SOLUTION: Father’s blood group AB : alleles- IAIB Mother’s blood group O: alleles- IOIO ANSWER: A,B Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 31. ASSIGNMENT QUESTION NO: 3 Afather of blood type AB and a mother of blood type A. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? QUESTION NO: 4 A father of blood type AB and a mother of blood type AB. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? QUESTION NO: 5 A father of blood type B and a mother of blood type B. What blood types are possible in their subsequent children? Mr. Dinabandhu Barad, MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU
- 32. THANK YOU Mr. Dinabandhu Barad,MSc Tutor, SNC, SOA, DTU