This document is a multimedia presentation by Vaughn M. Bradley Jr. on obsolete and emerging technologies in education. It discusses the overhead projector, an obsolete technology that was popular in schools during the 1980s and 1990s as it allowed teachers to write and project images. However, overhead projectors are being replaced by interactive whiteboards, an emerging technology. Interactive whiteboards allow users to control a computer display on the board and use features like video clips, polling, and virtual tools to support modern, hands-on learning. The document examines these technologies through interviews and an analysis of how they are impacted by forces like evolutionary technologies and disruptive technologies.

1. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION ON
OBSOLETE AND EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES
THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
AND
THE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD
Vaughn M. Bradley, Jr.
Student Id# A0022696
EDUC 8342C: Emerging and Future Technologies
November 11, 2014/Fall Quarter
Professor David Thornburg

2. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION ON OBSOLETE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
AND
THE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD

3. OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
THE
OVERHEAD PROJCTOR
 Provides a low-cost interactive environment for educators.
 Has an adjustable knob that enlarges images.
 Allows teachers to write on transparencies with an overhead transparency
marker.

4. OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
THE
OVERHEAD PROJCTOR
 During the 1980s’ and 1990s’ – A tool to facilitate better communication between teacher and
students.
 The enlarging features of the projector teachers to write in a comfortable small script.
 Overhead projectors are becoming obsolete due to use of computing technology in modern
society.
 Overhead projectors are becoming obsolete due to their inability to support the features that
modern technology users demand.
 Overhead projectors poorly display moving images (Chavez, 2012 October).

5. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
THE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD
 Displays the user’s computer desktop onto the board’s surface where users’ control the computer.
 Allows teachers to facilitate multi-sensory learning such as a group collaboration exercise.
 Users are able to use a stylist or pen that drags icons and text-features along the whiteboard.
 Allows teachers to use five minute video clips that demonstrate a new concept as part of the teacher’s
lesson.
 Allows teachers to cast student responses with an instrument known as an active vote.

6. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
THE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD
 The interactive whiteboard includes features such as the ability to create virtual versions of
paper flipcharts, pen and highlighter options, and possibly even virtual rulers, protractors,
and compasses—instruments that support traditional classroom teaching.
 Interactive white boards are emerging and continuously replacing overhead projectors.
 Research shows that students learn better when they fully engage in multisensory, hands-on
learning. Interactive whiteboards facilitate multisensory learning.
 Thornburg (2013e) says the main advantage for emerging technology in education is that
school practitioners can stimulate deep thinking on how educational practice can change, and
how school practitioners can find ways to prepare for the changes when they are ready to
begin implementation.

7. OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
TETRAD
THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Enhances –
Ability to project writing and images along a wall or
screen .
Ability to enhance or minimize writing and images.
Ability to write on transparencies with washable
markers.
Ability to allow users to write normally along a flat
surface.
Obsoletes –
Need to write with a small font.
Loss of instructional time due to erasing and writing
on a chalkboard .
Need for teachers to continually hold their wrist
upright for writing.
Need for teachers to keep their back towards
students from writing on a chalkboard.
Retrieves/Rekindles –
Ability to use a focus knob similar to a camera for
adjusting.
Ability to provide a visual resource.
Allows teachers to facilitate teacher to student
discourse as they display information or an image.
Reverses –
Into dynamic interactive whiteboards that display
images, animation designs, and video clips .

8. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
TETRAD
THE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD
Enhances –
Ability to provide applications to support multisensory learning.
Ability to use a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enter
responses to questions.
Ability to create virtual versions of paper flipcharts, pen and highlighter
options, and possibly even virtual rulers, protractors, and compasses—
instruments that support traditional classroom teaching.
Ability to allow users to manipulate, drag, and drop their responses into
specific locations with the use of a stylus or pen.
Obsoletes –
Need to use overhead projectors, whiteboards, chalkboards, filming
projectors, digital and video tape players.
Retrieves/Rekindles –
Ability for teachers to promote teacher to student discourse.
Ability to rekindle pedagogical practices that promote cognitive learning.
Ability for teachers to facilitate rich classroom discussions and
clarification.
Reverses –
Ability to provide learners with individual tablets, laptops or chrome-books
for every student.
Ability for students to have individual devices are able to interact.
collaboratively.
Ability to also allow individual learners to have access to the internet.
Ability to use holograms that project three-dimensional images.

9. DECISION MAKER INTERVIEW
 Jon Allaire is an Instructional Specialist with Montgomery County Public School’s Department of
Technology Consulting and Communications. He works in the Central Office.
 The date of the interview is on Wednesday, October 1, 2014. The questions for the interview are:
 Tell me about your background and your decision to become an Instructional Specialist with Montgomery County
Public School’s Department of Technology Consulting and Communications?
 In your opinion, what factors determine how schools begin to integrate or use an emerging technology?
 Why do you think the purchase and use of overhead projectors in schools was popular?
 Why do you think schools are making the decision to integrate interactive whiteboards into the classroom?
 What new technological advancements do you see emerging in classrooms when interactive whiteboards become
obsolete?

10. DECISION MAKER INTERVIEW
WITH JON ALLAIRE

11. END-USER INTERVIEW
 Heidi Walker is the Media Specialist for Montgomery County Public School’s John T. Baker Middle School.
 The date of the interview is on Wednesday, October 1, 2014. The questions for the interview are:
 Tell me about your background and your decision to become a Media Specialist?
 In your opinion, what factors determine how schools begin to integrate or use an emerging technology?
 Why do you think the use of overhead projectors for the school was popular?
 Why do you think as a school we are making the decision to integrate interactive whiteboards into the classroom?
 What new technological advancements do you see emerging in classrooms when interactive whiteboards become
obsolete?

12. END-USER INTERVIEW
WITH HEIDI WALKER

13. SIX FORCES: EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGIES ON
OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY’S ORIGINAL EMERGENCE
 The force of evolutionary technologies provides information on why an obsolete
technology originally emerges.
 Dr. Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014d) refers to the force of evolutionary technologies
to describe how new innovations follow predictable and transformative patterns that
support the emergence of more powerful forms of technology.

14. SIX FORCES: EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGIES
ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
 An example of an obsolete technology is the overhead projector. The overhead projector emerges to
replace chalkboards.
 Overhead projectors allow teachers to project writing and images along a flat surface such as a screen or
wall.
 The end user interview with a school media specialist, Heidi Walker, she indicates that the overhead
projector allows the classroom facilitator to face the class and write at the same time.

15. SIX FORCES: EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGIES
ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 The force of evolutionary technologies also provides information on why the replacement technology emerges.
 New technologies progress or grow from previous technologies (Laureate Education, 2014j).
 An example is the interactive whiteboard. Interactive whiteboards are replacing overhead projectors.
 Interactive whiteboards use a computer to provide applications and support multisensory learning.
 Features include a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enter their responses to questions.
 Users can also choose graphics to represent information.
 During my decision maker interview with an instructional specialist, Jon Allaire, he points out that classroom instruction,
and curriculum changes are one of the forces to drive emerging technologies.
 Over time, teachers and staff members see a need for training in learning how to use the emerging technology.

16. SIX FORCES: RHYMES OF HISTORY ON OBSOLETE
TECHNOLOGY’S ORIGINAL EMERGENCE
 The force of rhymes of history has an affect or impact of a new development.
 It rekindles something from the distant past.
 It is not the technology but what the technology rekindles from the past.
 An example is social networking. Social networking rekindles ancient times when people
gather to network and socialize around a watering hole.

17. SIX FORCES: RHYMES OF HISTORY ON
OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
 The force of rhymes of history is useful for explaining why an obsolete technology such as an overhead
projector originally emerges.
 The affect or impact of a new development rekindles something from the distant past (Laureate Education,
2014h).
 The end user interview with a school media specialist, Heidi Walker, reveals that teachers can use an
overhead projector and be the sage on the stage.
 Teachers can use an overhead projector to facilitate teacher to student discourse as they display information
or an image.
 Overhead projectors use a focus and adjustment knob which is similar to adjusting the camera’s lens.
 Overhead projectors provide learners with a visual resource.

18. SIX FORCES: RHYMES OF HISTORY ON
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 The force of rhymes of history also explains why a replacement technology such as the interactive whiteboard
also emerges.
 When it comes to rhymes of history, new technology emerges from the impact of feelings from a previous
technology (Laureate Education, 2014j).
 The decision maker interview with an instructional specialist, Jon Allaire, reveals that interactive whiteboards
allow teachers to rekindle and include all structures that go within a lesson plan.
 Teachers can develop a flipchart which includes a warm-up, and includes activities that are part of the lesson.
 Interactive whiteboards retrieve the ability for teachers to promote teacher to student discourse.
 The features also rekindle pedagogical practices that promote cognitive learning.
 Interactive whiteboards allow students to demonstrate and show what they know.
 The features allow teachers to facilitate rich classroom discussions and clarification.

19. SIX FORCES: DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON
OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGIES ORIGINAL
EMERGENCE
 A disruptive technology is a technology that displaces another technology.
 Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014a) defines a disruptive technology as new
technology with the same functionality of an existing technology.
 The new technology functions more efficiently, and will obsolete the previous
technology.

20. SIX FORCES: DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
 The force of disruptive technologies is useful in explaining why an obsolete technology such as an
overhead projector originally emerges.
 The overhead projector displaces the use of facilitators having to use a blackboard.
 Overhead projectors allow teachers to project writing and images along a flat surface such as a
screen or wall.
 The instrument has a focus adjustment knob which allows users to make images larger or smaller.
 Teachers are also able to write or pre-print assignments on plastic sheets or transparencies with a
non-permanent washable marker.
 Users place overhead projectors on a cart that stands at a comfortable writing height.
 The user may face a class and write at the same time.
 The user can also write on the transparency normally with a regular size font.

21. SIX FORCES: DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 The force of disruptive technologies is also useful in explaining why a replacement technology such as an
interactive whiteboard displaces the overhead projector.
 Facilitators use a computer to provide applications and support multisensory learning.
 Features include a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enter their responses to questions.
 Another feature is the use of graphics to represent information. Features include the ability to create virtual
versions of paper flipcharts, pen and highlighter options, and possibly even virtual rulers, protractors, and
compasses—instruments that support traditional classroom teaching.
 Users can manipulate, drag and drop their responses into specific locations with the use of a stylus or pen.

22. SIX FORCES: SCIENCE FICTION ON
OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGIES ORIGINAL
EMERGENCE
 Science fiction provides a vehicle that allows innovators to imagine and grow.
 Dr. Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014j) describes science fiction as the stories that
trigger the imaginations of investors.

23. SIX FORCES: SCIENCE FICTION ON
OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
 It is not common to see the force of science fiction as a useful resource for explaining why an
obsolete technology such as an overhead projector emerges.
 In 1945, the U.S. Army was able to use the overhead projector as a training tool during World War II.
 The overhead projector was also useful for police identification work in the 1940s.
 Schools began using the overhead projector as a tool in the 1950s.
 Overhead projector sales were a useful resource in schools through the 1990s.

24. SIX FORCES: SCIENCE FICTION ON
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 The force of science fiction is useful in explaining why a replacement technology such
as an interactive whiteboard emerges.
 Movies such as Star Trek into Darkness (2013) feature interactive boards with touch
screens.
 Users gather information with the use of virtual tools.

25. SIX FORCES: INCREASING RETURNS ON
OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGIES ORIGINAL
EMERGENCE
 The force of increasing returns results from a competition between two similar
technologies.
 Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014e) says the state of increasing returns will occur
when two technologies hit the market at the same time. By chance, one technology
drives the other technology into extinction.

26. SIX FORCES: INCREASING RETURNS
ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
 The overhead projector, as an obsolete technology, does not emerge as a result of
increasing returns.
 The overhead projector is a technological advancement that emerges after the opaque
projector.
 It allows practitioners to face and interact with their audience.
 They can also pre-print assignments on plastic sheets or transparencies with a non-permanent
washable marker.
 The user can also write on the transparency normally with a regular size font marker.

27. SIX FORCES: INCREASING RETURNS ON
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 The interactive whiteboard is an emerging technology that does not emerge as a result of increasing returns.
 It replaces the overhead projector.
 Interactive whiteboards use a computer to provide applications and support multisensory learning.
 The features on an interactive whiteboard allow users to facilitate dynamic lessons.
 Features include a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enter their responses to questions.
 Another feature on the interactive whiteboard is the use of graphics to represent information
 Another feature on the interactive whiteboard is the use of graphics to represent information
 Other technologies such as the ELMO and LCD projector provide similar capabilities. However, possibly
due to costs, interactive whiteboards do not supersede the other technologies.

28. SIX FORCES: RED QUEENS ON OBSOLETE
TECHNOLOGIES ORIGINAL EMERGENCE
 The Red Queen is a result of two technologies competing against each other.
 The concept of the Red Queen reigns from Lewis Carroll’s (1946) novel Through the
Looking Glass.
 Thornburg (2013d) says that with the Red Queen, the two competitive technologies
compete at such a rapid pace.
 Both technologies start running as fast as they can, yet, no matter how fast they run;
they seem to be staying in the same place.

29. SIX FORCES: RED QUEENS ON
OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY
 The force of Red Queens does not explain why an obsolete technology such as the
overhead projector emerges.
 Overhead projectors are an invention from the 1940s’.
 The technology was able to provide facilitators with an easy low-cost interactive
learning environment through the beginning of the 21st Century.

30. SIX FORCES: RED QUEENS ON
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 The force of Red Queens does not explain how a technology such as the interactive whiteboard
emerges.
 Interactive whiteboards obsolete overhead projectors as a more dynamic interactive technology.
 Interactive whiteboards use software that provides tools and features specifically to help
maximize interaction opportunities.
 There is a rivalry among two interactive whiteboard manufactures’ such as Promethean
Interactive White Boards and SMART Boards.
 Thornburg (2013d) says the fierce competition between the companies, provides incentive to
allow vendors to add new feature software.

31. SPECULATION ON THE FUTURE OF EMERGING
TECHNOLOGY
 In the classroom setting, interactive whiteboards provide users with a combination of learning tools.
Facilitators are able to design lesson flipcharts.
 Facilitators are able to design lesson flipcharts, show video programming, and help enhance a learner’s
experience.
 The technology fosters better teacher-to-student interactions and pedagogical practices.
 A technology emerging that accompanies interactive whiteboards and fosters interactive learning is
Google Chrome.
 Google Chrome provides all students with access to a cloud-based learning platform that enhances
student creativity and student collaboration.
 All students will be able to setup their cloud accounts through Google.

32. SPECULATION ON THE FUTURE OF
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 In another ten years, interactive whiteboards can end up in a supply closet.
 Holograms are another emerging technology which allows facilitators to model and
demonstrate a strategy without having to be in a classroom.
 Holograms will allow educators to bring their content to life. Holograms obsolete the need
for overhead projectors, whiteboards, chalkboards, filming projectors, digital and video tape
players.
 Holograms may eventually replace interactive whiteboards. A three-dimensional presence
can enhance the learner’s instructional experience.

33. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
TETRAD
HOLOGRAMS
Enhances –
Allows experts and facilitators the ability to illustrate processes live, and
in person
Allows instructors to deliver lectures to multiple classrooms, anywhere,
simultaneously
Allows experts to deliver a new dimension to instructional content.
Obsoletes –
Need to use overhead projectors, whiteboards, chalkboards, filming
projectors, digital and video tape players, and possibly interactive
whiteboards
Retrieves/Rekindles –
Ability for teachers to promote teacher to student discourse
Ability to rekindle pedagogical practices that promote cognitive learning
Ability for teachers to facilitate rich classroom discussions and
clarification
Reverses –
Into three-dimensional simulations to for teaching physical world
concepts to students

34. SUMMARY
 There is an expectation for leaders in educational technology to be aware of emerging
technologies.
 Thornburg (2013e) examines Marshall McLuhan’s Laws of Media, which impact the nature
of new and emerging technologies.
 The Laws of Media seek to answer: (a) statements about media that anyone can test, prove,
or disprove their veracity; (b) what all media has in common; and (c) what the media can do.
 The questions help form a tetrad of the four laws of media. Creating a tetrad shows how new
technologies emerge and how other technologies become obsolete. Dr. Thornburg (Laureate
Education, 2014f) points out that creating a tetrad supports practitioners in being aware of
how new technologies incorporate creative processes into everyday life.
 New technologies support learners and facilitates learning.
 As a futurist, it is important to be aware, explain and to be able to demonstrate to end users
the significance of using an emerging technology.

35. REFERENCES
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