Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a global pu.docx

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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a global public health concern. Tuberculosis (TB) is contracted by breathing in air droplets from a sneeze or cough of an infected person. TB primarily attacks the lungs; however, it can spread to other parts of the body, especially if left untreated. The drug treatment regimen takes approximately 6 months or longer, so many patients become resistant to the medications after a certain period. From the assigned readings this week, review the following article: Sharma, S. K., Kumar, S., Saha, P. K., George, N., Arora, S. K., Gupta, D., . . . Vashisht, R. P. (2011). Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among Category II pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 133 (3), 312–315. (Web of Science Accession Number: WOS: 000289322400013) Write a 3–5-page paper in Microsoft Word format that addresses the following: Explain the significance of monitoring the prevalence of MDR-TB among Category II pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Describe the methodology of the study in the above journal article and how the study sample was selected. Analyze the study’s findings as they relate to the effective management of tuberculosis. Summarize the results of the study. Justify how the results of the study can improve rapid detection of MDR-TB. Support your statements with appropriate examples and scholarly references. .

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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a global pu.docx

Assignment 2—Effective Management of Tuberculosis Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a global public health concern. Tuberculosis (TB) is contracted by breathing in air droplets from a sneeze or cough of an infected person. TB primarily attacks the lungs; however, it can spread to other parts of the body, especially if left untreated. The drug treatment regimen takes approximately 6 months or longer, so many patients become resistant to the medications after a certain period. From the assigned readings this week, review the following article: Sharma, S. K., Kumar, S., Saha, P. K., George, N., Arora, S. K., Gupta, D., . . . Vashisht, R. P. (2011). Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among Category II pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 133 (3), 312–315. (Web of Science Accession Number: WOS: 000289322400013) Write a 3–5-page paper in Microsoft Word format that addresses the following: Explain the significance of monitoring the prevalence of MDR-TB among Category II pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Describe the methodology of the study in the above journal article and how the study sample was selected. Analyze the study’s findings as they relate to the effective management of tuberculosis. Summarize the results of the study. Justify how the results of the study can improve rapid detection of MDR-TB. Support your statements with appropriate examples and scholarly references. SITE SOURCES IN THE WORK PLEASE .

A field and statistical study on the spread of Tuberculosis in various distri...

iosrjce

IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.

The treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (mdr-tb) with sirturo (be...

Kishore Chinna

This document discusses the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) with bedaquiline. It begins with an introduction on tuberculosis, noting it is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs and other organs. It then covers the epidemiology of TB globally and definitions of MDR-TB and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which are harder to treat forms of the disease. The document also discusses the causative organism, pathophysiology of TB infection and lesions, and concludes by focusing on bedaquiline as a treatment for MDR-TB.

Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1

pharmaindexing

Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.

Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza h1 n1

pharmaindexing

This document summarizes information about pneumonia and respiratory failure caused by swine influenza H1N1. It discusses how the World Health Organization declared swine flu a public health emergency in 2009. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu but can cause respiratory failure, the most common cause of death. Patients are usually treated with antivirals and antibiotics. As of 2009, over 177 countries reported over 182,000 cases of H1N1 infection, with nearly 1,800 deaths. H1N1 can cause severe illness in young and middle-aged people and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Running Head PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIAPrevention of Pneumon.docx

toltonkendal

Running Head: PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA Prevention of Pneumonia Institution Name Tutor Course Date From the article pulmonary infections in the returned traveler, it can be denoted that there are a wide variety of infections which are present with the pulmonary symptoms. In this regards, the clinicians have a role in differentiating the various causes of such diseases. Consequently, there are various risks attributed to the travel related pulmonary diseases which are highly dependent on the travel destinations as well as the duration one stays in such destination. Moreover, it is of on the activities undertaken. This disease includes pneumonia which is mainly contracted when one travel and exposes oneself to the cold places which cause chest and pulmonary infection (Trimble, Moffat & Collins, 2017). From the article titled the Novel vaccination approaches to prevent tuberculosis in children, it is denoted that the tuberculosis is an underappreciated problem since it causes approximately ten percent of deaths in the world. Children are perceived to be susceptible to the mycobacterium infection causing tuberculosis. The vaccinations which are provided in order to prevent tuberculosis have been found to be not efficient especially when it comes to eliminating pulmonary tuberculosis which is also linked to pneumonia. In this regards, it is necessary that new vaccines against tuberculosis, especially for children to be manufactured so that it can boost the induced immunity so that they can be protected (Triccas & Counoupas, 2016). From the article Non-adherence to community oral antibiotic treatment in children with fast breathing pneumonia in Malawi– secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study, it can be noted that despite the significant progress being made, the disease of pneumonia is still the leading cause of the deaths especially to the children under the age of five. This has been attributed to the poor adherence of the antibiotics which are associated further to the treatment failure on the world health organizations. In this regards, there should be an improvement in the adherence so that the outcomes will be improved (Nightingale,. et al. 2016). Additionally, from the article Tuberculosis and pneumonia in HIV-infected children: an overview, it is depicted that pneumonia always has been the most common cause of hospitalization and mostly death in young children. Notably, with high immunodeficiency virus, the infected individuals are perceived to carry the high burden of infections of the lower respiratory tracts from the virus and bacteria. Additionally, it is depicted that there is also an increasing recognition of impacts of Utero exposure to HIV as well as the general health of the exposed and the infants who have been infected. It is evident also that the exposed individuals may have various specific immune deficits which are deemed to increase their vulnerability to the respiratory pathogens (Rabie & Goussard, 2016). C ...

Tuberculosis

Abhay Rajpoot

An Overview on Tuberculosis TB

ijtsrd

Tuberculosis TB stays one of the deadliest irresistible ailments in charge of millions of passings every year over the world. In this paper we present a general review of TB including the pathogenesis, analysis, and treatment rules. In readiness of this review, we scanned PubMed for pertinent articles on TB. Furthermore, we looked through the sites of global establishments like the World Health Organization WHO and the US Centers for Disease control and Prevention CDC for related reports and clinical rules. This paper has been composed with the goal to offer general training to wellbeing experts, arrangement producers, patients and the general population. Prakash Teron | Rahul Singh Kushwaha | Atul Tiwari | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""An Overview on Tuberculosis (TB)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23543.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23543/an-overview-on-tuberculosis-tb/prakash-teron

Pneumococcal disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and remains a serious global health problem. It can cause infections like pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. There are over 90 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae. Pneumonia is the most common clinical syndrome and a leading cause of death. Pneumococcal disease disproportionately affects young children, older adults, and those with underlying medical conditions. Vaccines provide an important strategy for prevention.

Influenz1.docx

Koh Fenqi

Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs annually, causing mild to severe illness and sometimes death. It is caused by influenza A and B viruses. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue. While most people recover within a week, those at high risk like the elderly and very young are more likely to develop severe complications. Vaccination is the most effective prevention strategy and is recommended annually for high risk groups.

Flu Vaccination Dr Sharda Jain

Lifecare Centre

The Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among Internal Displaced Persons In Alsalam Ca...

suppubs1pubs1

Tuberclosis pharmacotherapy

drusama007

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. The document discusses TB, including its epidemiology in Pakistan. It describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of active TB. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture and chest x-ray. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using drugs like isoniazid and rifampin under direct observation. Drug resistant TB poses a challenge to effective treatment.

Oh et al 2014_Scientifica

Ding Y Oh

This review article summarizes changes in the antiviral susceptibility of human and avian influenza viruses over the past decade from 2004-2013. It discusses how widespread adamantane resistance developed in circulating influenza viruses, rendering those drugs ineffective and resulting in reliance on the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. However, emergence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 viruses in 2008 showed that resistance to these drugs could also emerge and spread globally. The review describes the classes of antiviral drugs that have been available and how susceptibility has changed. It aims to understand how resistant strains may emerge in the future.

Pulmonary Aspergillosis j. sci. achv. feb 2017

Government Medical College

1. Pulmonary aspergillosis refers to a spectrum of lung diseases caused by the fungus Aspergillus, including invasive aspergillosis, aspergilloma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 2. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe infection seen in severely immunocompromised patients, critically ill patients, and those with chronic lung diseases like COPD. Chronic necrotizing aspergillosis is a locally invasive infection seen in patients with mild immunosuppression or lung disease. 3. Aspergilloma is a fungus ball that develops in a pre-existing lung cavity, often caused by conditions like

Influenza: An overview

Dr Muktikesh Dash, MD, PGDFM

Seasonal influenza viruses in tropical regions may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks and epidemics more regularly in humans. There are four types or large groupings of seasonal influenza viruses; Influenza A, B, C, and D, but only influenza A and B viruses cause clinically important human disease and seasonal epidemics. It can cause mild to severe illnesses and even deaths, particularly in high-risk individuals. Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing influenza and its complications. Among healthy adults, influenza vaccine provides protection, even when circulating viruses may not exactly match the vaccine viruses. In elderly, it reduces severity of disease and incidence of complications and deaths. Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications, and for people who live with, care for, high risk individuals.

Brn jm anto-11062014

brnbarcelona

This document summarizes a presentation on applying systems biology approaches to epidemiology and personalized medicine. It discusses how epidemiology has evolved from studying single risk factors to investigating complex interactions between genes, environments and diseases. Systems approaches integrate multiple levels of data to gain insights into disease mechanisms. Large consortia now apply these methods to conditions like asthma and COPD to understand their complexity. Epidemiology contributes a population perspective and helps develop evidence-based systems medicine frameworks.

Review_Newly_Identify_Corona_Virus_Genomics_Organization.pdf

SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences

Review on Newly Identified Coronavirus and its Genomic Organization

SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences

Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.

Sars-Cov Research Paper

Carolina Lewis

This document summarizes a research paper about identifying the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV. It discusses how SARS emerged in China in 2002 and was later identified as a novel coronavirus. Retrospective studies found no prior antibodies in humans, indicating animal-to-human transmission. Researchers later discovered that bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like viruses, providing evidence that SARS-CoV is a zoonotic virus of wildlife origin. Early investigations identified SARS-like coronaviruses in masked palm civets and raccoon dogs at a wild animal market, but bats are believed to be the ultimate natural reservoir.

H1 N1 influenza (swine flu)

Ramesh Babu

This document discusses H1N1 influenza (swine flu). It provides an introduction to swine influenza viruses and how they can be transmitted from pigs to humans. It then discusses the history of swine flu in humans, including the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. It describes outbreaks of swine flu that occurred in the US in 1976 and India in 2009. The document goes on to describe the influenza virus structure, transmission, pathogenesis and immunity. It notes that people at high risk for H1N1 include young children, elderly, pregnant women and those with chronic health conditions. The most common symptoms of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic are also summarized.

Drug Resistance in TB

swaghmare

This document summarizes a seminar presentation on drug-resistant tuberculosis. It begins with an introduction defining tuberculosis and noting its status as a leading infectious cause of death worldwide, especially in India. It then covers topics like the transmission of TB, its pathogenesis, definitions of different types of drug-resistant TB (including MDR and XDR), factors that create drug resistance, and principles of treatment. The presentation includes sections on the epidemiology and mechanisms of drug resistance, as well as general treatment guidelines and specifics of regimens used in India's DOTS Plus program. It concludes with references cited.

Controlling_Disease_Outbreaks-The_Changing_Role_of_Hospitals-PC

Dr. Raoul Nap, MD MSc PhD

The document discusses the threat of pandemic influenza and the need for healthcare systems to prepare for disease outbreaks. It notes that recent outbreaks of avian influenza A(H5N1) are a reminder that a human pandemic could occur at any time, causing major suffering and economic losses. Past pandemics like the 1918 Spanish flu prompted authorities to plan for preparedness, but structured planning is still lacking in many healthcare systems. The ability of influenza viruses to mutate and reassort means a new pandemic strain could emerge.

Tuberculosis presentation made by neha kumari..pdf

Directorate of Education Delhi

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs that is most often caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can spread to any part of the body. There are several types of tuberculosis including pulmonary, avian, and bovine tuberculosis. Risk factors include close contact with an infected person, weakened immune systems, travel to countries where tuberculosis is common, and working in healthcare. Signs and symptoms vary but may include a cough, chest pain, and fatigue. Prevention methods include covering coughs, wearing masks, vaccination, isolation of infected individuals, and completing the full course of medication. Treatment typically involves a 6-12 month course of multiple antibiotics.

Drug Resistance Rising Among Mycobacterium Tuberculosis...

Monica Rivera

This document discusses biomedical ethics related to cultural research on Buruli ulcer (BU), a disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. It describes the story of a Benin girl with BU who is confined to a hospital room to prevent infection spread. Researchers hypothesize that BU's ability to transmit to animals may explain high transmission rates among people. While reported in 33 countries, 15 have significant documented BU cases, with 5,000-6,000 reported annually. Research on BU poses ethical challenges regarding informed consent and cultural practices.

Influenza

guest7a4f92

Influenza is a serious public health problem that spreads easily and causes annual epidemics worldwide. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A and B are included in seasonal flu vaccines. Signs of influenza include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. High risk groups include young children, elderly adults, and those with underlying health conditions. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the most effective prevention method. Avian influenza primarily affects birds and can be mild or highly lethal depending on the strain. Some avian influenza viruses can infect humans but do not usually spread between people.

A Brief Review On Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Kelly Taylor

This document provides a brief review of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), including its various sites and associated comorbidities, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment. EPTB can affect tissues and organs outside the lungs, accounting for 20-25% of all TB cases. Common types of EPTB include lymph node, osteoarticular, genital, pleural, abdominal, and central nervous system tuberculosis. Diagnosis involves investigations like biopsy, imaging, and molecular and immunological tests. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating active TB cases to control disease spread, as well as identifying and treating latent TB to prevent future disease.

Causes Of Infective Exacerbation Of COPD

Deb Birch

The document discusses causes and treatment of infective exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The most common bacterial causes are Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and others. During exacerbations, short-acting bronchodilators should replace long-acting ones. Antibiotics are prescribed based on sputum culture results and hospital guidelines, with a typical duration of 5-7 days. Oxygen therapy is also used to maintain saturation levels of 88-92%. Prophylactic antibiotics can reduce exacerbation severity and duration.

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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a global pu.docx

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