this is based on JNVU jodhpur for BCA student
prepared by :
Assistant Professor
Gajendra Jinagr
for more update connected with me 9166304153(whatsapp+)
It is a collection of programs that enables a person to manipulate visual images.
Super Paint (1973) was one of the earliest graphics software applications.
Currently Adobe Photoshop is one of the most used and best-known graphics programs.
this complete notes contains 5 power point slide, first 5 give u a practcal information about internet, and another ms word file contains all theory information
This presentation covers the various types of multimedia, the advantages and disadvantages of their use as well as how multimedia can be used in education.
It is a collection of programs that enables a person to manipulate visual images.
Super Paint (1973) was one of the earliest graphics software applications.
Currently Adobe Photoshop is one of the most used and best-known graphics programs.
this complete notes contains 5 power point slide, first 5 give u a practcal information about internet, and another ms word file contains all theory information
This presentation covers the various types of multimedia, the advantages and disadvantages of their use as well as how multimedia can be used in education.
Software for creating and displaying multimediaJess Matikainen
Click on 'get file' for the quality presentation. This is a continuation from 'HARDWARE FOR CREATING AND DISPLAYING MULTIMEDIA'. This powerpoint will draw into Presentation software, Application software, Authoring software, Animation software, Web browsers and HTML editors. Once again, this is for a school assignment and any comment is appreciated.
Multimedia authoring tools and User interface designSagar Rai
Multimedia authoring tools and user interface design,
multimedia.
authoring tools of multimedia.
user interface design of multimedia.
user interface.
authoring tools.
design of multimedia.
basic concept of multimedia.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Software for creating and displaying multimediaJess Matikainen
Click on 'get file' for the quality presentation. This is a continuation from 'HARDWARE FOR CREATING AND DISPLAYING MULTIMEDIA'. This powerpoint will draw into Presentation software, Application software, Authoring software, Animation software, Web browsers and HTML editors. Once again, this is for a school assignment and any comment is appreciated.
Multimedia authoring tools and User interface designSagar Rai
Multimedia authoring tools and user interface design,
multimedia.
authoring tools of multimedia.
user interface design of multimedia.
user interface.
authoring tools.
design of multimedia.
basic concept of multimedia.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Purpose of the data base system, data abstraction, data model, data independence, data definition
language, data manipulation language, data base manager, data base administrator, data base users,
overall structure.
ER Models, entities, mapping constrains, keys, E-R diagram, reduction E-R diagrams to tables,
generatio, aggregation, design of an E-R data base scheme.
Oracle RDBMS, architecture, kernel, system global area (SGA), data base writer, log writer, process
monitor, archiver, database files, control files, redo log files, oracle utilities.
SQL: commands and data types, data definition language commands, data manipulation commands,
data query language commands, transaction language control commands, data control language
commands.
Joins, equi-joins, non-equi-joins, self joins, other joins, aggregate functions, math functions, string
functions, group by clause, data function and concepts of null values, sub-querries, views.
PL/SQL, basics of pl/sql, data types, control structures, database access with PL/SQL, data base
connections, transaction management, data base locking, cursor management.
this is based on JNVU jodhpur for BCA student
prepared by :
Assistant Professor
Gajendra Jinagr
for more update connected with me 9166304153(whatsapp+)
this is based on JNVU jodhpur for BCA student
prepared by :
Assistant Professor
Gajendra Jinagr
for more update connected with me 9166304153(whatsapp+)
Computer system architecture (microprocessor 8085) unit 4Anjaan Gajendra
Microprocessor: Organization of 8085 microprocessor, Instruction set of 8085, Mnemonics and operation codes
of data transfer group, Arithmetic group, Logic group, Branches group and stack, I/O and Machine control group,
Assembly language, Assembler, Simple programs in assembly language.
Modern design is crucial in today's digital environment, and this is especially true for SharePoint intranets. The design of these digital hubs is critical to user engagement and productivity enhancement. They are the cornerstone of internal collaboration and interaction within enterprises.
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top nidhi software solution freedownloadvrstrong314
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The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) has suffered an alleged data breach after a notorious threat actor claimed to have exfiltrated data from its systems. Infamous data leaker IntelBroker posted on the even more infamous BreachForums hacking forum, saying that Europol suffered a data breach this month.
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However, this is neither the first nor the last activity of IntekBroker. We have compiled for you what happened in the last few days. To track such hacker activities on dark web sources like hacker forums, private Telegram channels, and other hidden platforms where cyber threats often originate, you can check SOCRadar’s Dark Web News.
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Listen to the keynote address and hear about the latest developments from Rachana Ananthakrishnan and Ian Foster who review the updates to the Globus Platform and Service, and the relevance of Globus to the scientific community as an automation platform to accelerate scientific discovery.
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
Experience our free, in-depth three-part Tendenci Platform Corporate Membership Management workshop series! In Session 1 on May 14th, 2024, we began with an Introduction and Setup, mastering the configuration of your Corporate Membership Module settings to establish membership types, applications, and more. Then, on May 16th, 2024, in Session 2, we focused on binding individual members to a Corporate Membership and Corporate Reps, teaching you how to add individual members and assign Corporate Representatives to manage dues, renewals, and associated members. Finally, on May 28th, 2024, in Session 3, we covered questions and concerns, addressing any queries or issues you may have.
For more Tendenci AMS events, check out www.tendenci.com/events
Designing for Privacy in Amazon Web ServicesKrzysztofKkol1
Data privacy is one of the most critical issues that businesses face. This presentation shares insights on the principles and best practices for ensuring the resilience and security of your workload.
Drawing on a real-life project from the HR industry, the various challenges will be demonstrated: data protection, self-healing, business continuity, security, and transparency of data processing. This systematized approach allowed to create a secure AWS cloud infrastructure that not only met strict compliance rules but also exceeded the client's expectations.
Multiple Your Crypto Portfolio with the Innovative Features of Advanced Crypt...Hivelance Technology
Cryptocurrency trading bots are computer programs designed to automate buying, selling, and managing cryptocurrency transactions. These bots utilize advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques to analyze market data, identify trading opportunities, and execute trades on behalf of their users. By automating the decision-making process, crypto trading bots can react to market changes faster than human traders
Hivelance, a leading provider of cryptocurrency trading bot development services, stands out as the premier choice for crypto traders and developers. Hivelance boasts a team of seasoned cryptocurrency experts and software engineers who deeply understand the crypto market and the latest trends in automated trading, Hivelance leverages the latest technologies and tools in the industry, including advanced AI and machine learning algorithms, to create highly efficient and adaptable crypto trading bots
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JASMIN is the UK’s high-performance data analysis platform for environmental science, operated by STFC on behalf of the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). In addition to its role in hosting the CEDA Archive (NERC’s long-term repository for climate, atmospheric science & Earth observation data in the UK), JASMIN provides a collaborative platform to a community of around 2,000 scientists in the UK and beyond, providing nearly 400 environmental science projects with working space, compute resources and tools to facilitate their work. High-performance data transfer into and out of JASMIN has always been a key feature, with many scientists bringing model outputs from supercomputers elsewhere in the UK, to analyse against observational or other model data in the CEDA Archive. A growing number of JASMIN users are now realising the benefits of using the Globus service to provide reliable and efficient data movement and other tasks in this and other contexts. Further use cases involve long-distance (intercontinental) transfers to and from JASMIN, and collecting results from a mobile atmospheric radar system, pushing data to JASMIN via a lightweight Globus deployment. We provide details of how Globus fits into our current infrastructure, our experience of the recent migration to GCSv5.4, and of our interest in developing use of the wider ecosystem of Globus services for the benefit of our user community.
Gamify Your Mind; The Secret Sauce to Delivering Success, Continuously Improv...Shahin Sheidaei
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Climate Science Flows: Enabling Petabyte-Scale Climate Analysis with the Eart...Globus
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Advanced Flow Concepts Every Developer Should KnowPeter Caitens
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Code reviews are vital for ensuring good code quality. They serve as one of our last lines of defense against bugs and subpar code reaching production.
Yet, they often turn into annoying tasks riddled with frustration, hostility, unclear feedback and lack of standards. How can we improve this crucial process?
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- The Art of Effective Code Reviews
- Streamlining the Review Process
- Elevating Reviews with Automated Tools
By the end of this presentation, you'll have the knowledge on how to organize and improve your code review proces
1. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
UNIT-IV
Authoring tools for CD based multimedia- type of multimedia authoring tools, key
factors of selecting CD based multimedia authoring tools, planning and distribution of a
multimedia project, multimedia development team and skills requirement, stages in
designing and producing multimedia products for CD, testing of product, distribution of
multimedia product, various formats of cds and dvds.
Key factors of selecting CD based multimedia authoring tools
Authoring systems are more complex development environments that allow users with no
time or interest in programming to compose multimedia project interactively by clicking
on objects, choosing menus, or following wizards. In comparison with traditional
programming, only 1/8 of the time is needed to produce a multimedia project using an
authoring system.
In simpler terms, this effort is about software selection: “How many kinds of image and
/or sound extensions can a tool support,” “Does it support some kind of animation?” “Do
I need any program to run the files produced by authoring software? Is it possible to
make executable files?” “Do I need to pay for a license to use the program, or is it free?”
All this has to be clear.
So far, we have argued that selecting an authoring system is a complex procedure.
Therefore, locating a number of standards that a multimedia authoring package could
meet would mean simplifying the whole concept.
(1) Variety of designed applications: Usually, less sophisticated authoring tools offer
only the ability to design applications identical to one another. Of course, this is a result
of the efforts to minimize package complexity which leads to a subsequent drop of the
abilities’ standard.
(2) User interface: Normally, a good interface presents itself in two modes (at least): The
“beginner mode,” with only the basic capabilities, and the “expert mode,” which offers
all available features.
(3) Multimedia: The truth is that even the most simplified software systems offer
multimedia imports. However, what can be measured are the supported file types (BMP,
GIF, JPEG, WAV, AVI, MPEG, etc). Needless to say, the sole number of file types may
be misleading: an authoring system that supports only two image types (BMP
and GIF) is perhaps far superior to one that supports 10 possible types but not these two.
(4) Data communication with other applications: This feature is useful when trying to
extract or import data from and into the system. For example, sophisticated tools can
export test data in the form of spreadsheet files, interact with databases (via ODBC
drivers), and import a variety of file types (as DOC, RTF, HTML, XML, etc).
(5) Branching: Unlike simply linear systems, complex authoring tools connect
independent screens or forms via links that can be followed at the user’s will. Moreover,
some systems even decide which screen will be presented next, depending on the user’s
answers or preferences.
(6) Scripting: Even when hypothetically using the “best tool for the job,” sometimes there
are ideas that cannot be materialized in a standardized way. This means that there has to
be a more or less simplified way to program these tasks. Of course, that can only be
realized through a kind of programming language, which can differ among cases. Some
2. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
programs may offer traditional text-based scripting while others might host some kind of
simplified visual programming that can be approached more easily by less-experienced
users.
Characteristics of Multimedia Authoring Tools
(1) Program and company name
(2) Price: Even if it’s “the greatest tool ever built,” if it’s too expensive, people won’t buy
it. Price is perhaps the first factor buyers consider when looking for a multimedia
authoring package.
(3) Platform: Assuming that the best solution has been spotted, the benefit is minimal if a
certain operating system or architecture is pre-conditioned. For example, a tool that runs
on Linux, Windows, and Mac-OS is substantially more “easy-going” than a system that
runs only on Windows 98.
(4) Text editor: Usually, most programs offer basic text-editing capabilities. Of course,
by no means does that mean that one could write a whole essay using that particular
feature. Rather, in many cases, it means a simple textbox that can hold a certain “amount”
of text and some basic formatting capabilities are offered.
(5) Text import formats: As stated above, most of the times it is far better to merely
import a text than to write it again from scratch. Therefore, a decent tool has to import at
least the basic text formats such as DOC, RTF, TXT, etc.
(6) Video formats: Of course, the same principle applies to video file types (after all, this
is about “multimedia” applications). Thus, in accordance to the above, a system that
allows AVI, MPEG, MOV for example outclasses one that can work only with MOV and
AVI files. However, it would be an oversight if copyright issues weren’t mentioned at
this point: some video — as well as sound and image — formats are offered in exchange
for money. This means that a program using the MP3 encoding has to pay copyright fees
to the corresponding company, a cost that naturally has to be passed over to the final
buyer.
(7) Sound formats: Considering that sound is a “must have” in multimedia presentations,
the more supported sound formats, the better. Usual file types are WAV, MIDI, MP3,
CDA, and Real Audio. The truth is that anything beyond that is a luxury, while anything
far less is a handicap.
(8) Image formats: Even more important than the above, images can be imported in an
application as pictures, diagrams, or even buttons. However trivial this may seem, there
are tools that support as many as 32 image file types, as opposed to other tools that
support only BMP and JPG. In actual practice, having to convert each image
to BMP or JPG is a big deal.
(9) Drawing: This variable refers to whether the program lets the user draw his own
shapes or pictures. Some systems do that. In most cases, however, the drawing tool
includes only basic shapes and some systems do not support drawing at all. That means
that the user must use another program to draw a graphic element (e.g., a simple arrow)
and then import it as a picture, which may require converting the graphic element to a file
type that is supported by the system.
(10) Export: While every tool can produce a fair multimedia presentation, an above-
average package can export editable files in the form of executable files such as AVI,
MOV, or animated GIF.
(11) Script: As stated earlier, scripting is a powerful feature for any authoring tool that
claims to be an integrated “tool.” By using a script editor, the user (usually the more
experienced one) can alter little details or even program the whole application from
3. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
scratch. Without a script editor, the user can produce only the typical features offered by
default, which is why one can find numerous presentations that are identical in design,
color, buttons, shapes, navigational flow, etc.
(12) 3D: This variable represents whether the program works with 3D images or not.
(13) Animation: Despite the fact that one of the main reasons a presenter chooses a
computer-based authoring tool over regular transparencies is for its animation
capabilities, several packages offer very little animation or no animation at all. Even if a
package does offer animation capabilities, these capabilities may differ from other
programs. Because of this, many questions have to be asked: “What kind of animation is
offered?”, “Is the system capable of handling animation without the help of external file
types (SWF, for example)?”, “Is there a need for third-party plug-ins?”, etc.
(14) Effects: Extending the previous variable, most programs offer some effects (such as
slide transitions, for example).
(15) Needs player: As controversial as this concept may be, the need for a separate player
in order for a file to be executed can be a virtue, especially if the system cannot export
editable files in the form of executable file types.
On the other hand, the existence of a player means that the plug-in (which requires
minimal disk space) can be installed on a specific portable computer.
(16) License: Since cost is a great factor when looking for a sufficient tool, licensing is
one thing that should not go unnoticed. Therefore, one has to wonder about many things:
Is it 30-day-trial software? Shareware? Freeware? If not, is there an evaluation edition?
Assuming that I buy it, do I need a separate licence for every computer or not? If I
represent an educational institution, am I eligible for an academic licence?
(17) WYSIWIG Design: WYSIWIG (What You See Is What You Get) means that the
user composes each application through the eyes of the final user. This may seem strange
to most people as old design tools required the user to design in a strange GUI (Graphical
User Interface), which had nothing to do with the outcome, or even work with plain code.
(18) Interactivity: Similar to branching, interactivity has to do with the user’s power to
define the application’s final outcome: Is the tool in the position to produce interactive
applications or merely series of linear slide transitions?
(19) Address/Notes: Finally, the shading of all the selected authoring tools ends with an
Internet address (for more information, downloads, etc.) and some notes that may be
useful.
Type of Multimedia Authoring Tools:
1.Card or Page Based Authoring Tools.
2.Icon Based Or Event Driven Tools.
3.Time Based Tools.
These days multimedia is widely used for training and education, presentations,
information kiosks as well as on websites and for entertainment. Selection of the right
tool is essential while starting graphic designing and multimedia ventures. There are
three types of multimedia tools classified according to the style in which the multimedia
presentations are created.
Card Based Tools: These tools divide the content of your multimedia presentation into a
number of pages called cards. These are the simplest tools for beginners to learn and start
creating multimedia presentations without in-depth knowledge of graphic designing.
4. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
The challenge faced with this type of tools is concurrent playing of media. Apple's
HyperCard and Allegiant's SuperCard are examples of card based tools.
Time-line Based Tools: These tools use a reel of film on which multimedia content is
organized along different tracks Adobe’s Director and Flash are two popularly used time-
line based tools. Running concurrent media is easier in time-line based tools.
Flow Control or Icon based Tools: These tools let you drag and drop icons into a page
and then help you link multimedia activity by double clicking the icons through dialog
boxes. These tools are expensive and are used for interactive public kiosks etc. Examples
of these tools are Macromedia's Authorware or AimTech's IconAuthor
While choosing a multimedia authoring tool, you need to consider the type of media and
formats are supported, the integration capability of the tool etc. Irrespective of your
choice, a multimedia authoring tool will definitely help you organize your content in an
attractive multimedia presentation.
How is multimedia development is different from other software development projects?
Graphics and other media require special skills
Much more emphasis on designing for the user
Artistic and software design
E-learning also requires instructional design
How is multimedia development similar to other software development projects?
Software life cycle still applies: analysis->design->
->implementation->testing->delivery->maintenance (&cycle)
Management skills: coordinating people with different talents and agendas
Multimedia development is rarely a one-person show
Real world development requires a team pooling many talents
The whole is greater than sum of its parts
Stages in designing and producing multimedia products for CD
A. The development process
B. The project specification
C. Roles and responsibilities
D. Media acquisition
E. Media management techniques
A. The development process
Step 1:
Planning Multimedia project
5. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
Multimedia projects present the same kind of management issues that other types of
projects offer. You need to consider a set of variables that range from how your title
should look onscreen to what your budget, schedule, and resources allow you to
accomplish. The earlier you think about these variables, the more control you'll have over
the quality, cost, and schedule of your project.
Good project management depends on having a clear picture of the steps involved in a
particular process. Establishing your own systems for managing title development will
free you to focus on your real concern: creating dynamic multimedia titles.
Before you start developing a title, you should think through every aspect of the project,
then write a specification.
A complete specification explains the audience, concept, and purpose for the title. It
includes a storyboard that sketches out the content screen by screen and identifies the
multimedia effects you want to use.
Specifications often outline the schedule, personnel, budget, and equipment you need to
develop your title. They also identify the computer equipment you expect your audience
to have to run your title.
Simple projects, such as a short presentation, may only need a brief, 1- or 2-page outline.
Step 2:
Prototype your title
Audiences respond strongly to how a title looks onscreen, how information is presented,
and how easy it is to move around in the title. To ensure the quality of your title,
prototype and test your design ideas for usability before you proceed.
A design prototype should specify the fonts and colors to use, how different design and
media effects are treated onscreen, and how the navigation system works and looks. After
seeing the design, you may want to return to the storyboard to reshape your information.
Step 3:
Develop the content
6. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
Using the specification and design as blueprints, you and your team can develop the
content and media effects for your title. You need to establish standards for your media
development, such as what level of quality you want for the sound or video clips, or what
color palette should be applied to all graphics and video. During this phase, an editor (or
someone acting in that role) reviews the content and media to see whether they work well
together.
Step 4:
Author the title
During the authoring phase, you integrate the content and media into its final form. This
step may involve using a programming language, or it may be a matter of importing your
effects into a file-depending on what kind of software product you're using to create the
title.
Steps three and four often overlap each other: You need to prepare the content before you
can integrate it into the final title. But you need to integrate the content and review it
onscreen to edit it well. Most projects involve several cycles of media development,
authoring, review, and revision.
Step 5:
Testing the Product
7. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
Testing involves three things: proofreading your content onscreen, checking the title's
technical performance, and verifying that the title works on different hardware
configurations. You check everything from spelling to the synchronization of media
effects.
Projects often demand making tradeoffs in scope, schedule, and budget. As a rule, never
make those tradeoffs at the expense of testing. You'll get better results creating a shorter
title with fewer effects that you have time to test.
Testing is an unavoidable rule in any multimedia projects. You must test or review your
project or Web site to ensure it is bug free, accurate, operationally and visually on target,
and achieving the objective or target.
Testing is not an easy process. Every feature and function must be exercised, every
button or link must be clicked. Then the same thing will be repeated again and again with
different hardware and under various conditions.
Testing can be done in two phases and they are usually known as alpha testing and beta
testing. This term is used to describe at which level of product development when testing
is done and feedback is sought.
Alpha testing.
In alpha testing, your product is evaluated relatively in the early stage of the development
phase. The application may be missing part of the content or functionality.
The main interest is to review the concept, format, user interface and the layout.
The tester may be some selected users or friends, most often the team member
themselves. They should be able to provide positive criticism or feedback.
Beta testing.
The product is evaluated just before the final release. It is a fully functioning product and
should be relative bug free.
The main interest is to find bugs or content errors.
The testing group should be represented by the real users and should not include the
8. VG Group Of Education
Assistant Professor : Gajendra Jingar (9166304153)
people who have been involved in the project.
The feedbacks from these testers are very important where the errors or problems
reported by the beta testers have to include the detail description of the problem.
Step 6:
Distribution of Multimedia Project
The final step in your production is to build a master copy of the title. The master
organizes all the files in your title together, so the title can locate and retrieve files as it
needs them.
What you do next with the master depends on how you plan to distribute the title. If, for
example, you're preparing a presentation for a small group to use, you may simply copy it
onto floppy disks and hand it out. If, on the other hand, you're preparing a title to sell, you
will copy it in larger quantities onto floppy disks or CD-ROMs.
The equipment involved in replicating a title on CD-ROM is expensive, so you will
probably work with a facility that specializes in this work. You should choose the facility
early and discuss their requirements in detail. You need to know how to organize your
master copy and the format to deliver it in to the facility. Always test your master before
you hand it off to make sure it performs the way the final title should perform.
Finally, the last stage of the product development is delivering or deployment. You want
to deliver your multimedia project to consumers or users, you need to know which
medium you want to use.
For web site, you can just upload to the servers and adjust some settings then it is ready.
For more complex application where installation into the user’s computer is needed.
Installation should be smooth, easy and fast so that the user can start using your
application as soon as possible. It is frustrating that after all the efforts; your application
is not usable due to installation error.
Documentation is another aspect you need to look into especially when it involves
installation process. You need to provide a clear step-by-step procedure for the users to
follow. The documentation also must include the potential problem that can occur and
how to solve it. Often a file name README.TXT is good thing to include in your
distribution CD of your project.
B. The project specification
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Writing a specification is one of the most challenging and important steps in creating a
multimedia title. To write a useful specification, you need to research and think carefully
about all the different aspects of your project. At first, you won't have clear answers for
all the questions that come up. But you can use the specification to identify those
questions and anticipate other issues, so they don't become crises down the road.
Think of your specification as a map of your project. You may decide to change routes as
you travel, but mapping out a route ahead of time gives you a clear idea of where you're
going and what you need for a productive trip. Here are some of the factors to consider as
you plan the shape and content of your multimedia title.
B.1. Concept Consideration
B.1.1 Audience
Always tailor the quantity and style of the multimedia effects you use to your audience.
Let's say, for example, that you're presenting scientific findings to a conference. You'll
want to avoid cute animations and sounds and stick to effects that accurately convey the
substance of your information. On the other hand, a multimedia game demands many fun,
imaginative effects. Identifying your audience can be tricky, but it's critical for effective
communication.
B.1.2 Purpose
Multimedia effects need to serve your purpose in speaking to a particular audience.
Before choosing the media to use, be clear about the response you want from an
audience. Decide whether you're trying to educate, entertain, inform, or persuade the
audience-or some mix of these goals. Keep these goals in mind as you select and prepare
effects.
B.1.3 Content
Content drives the effects you'll use. Some content lends itself to multimedia effects: bar
charts shrink and grow, pictures offer another view of a story, and video clips instantly
reveal a process. Other content may work better in person or in print-or the effects may
be impossible to attain without great expense.
B.2. Practical considerations
B.2.1 Budget
Producing elaborate multimedia effects can be expensive If you're working with a limited
budget, use fewer effects and keep them simple. Being realistic about what your budget
supports lets you achieve the quality you want within that budget.
B.2.2 Schedule
Preparing and testing multimedia takes time. Digitizing sound and video or scanning and
retouching photographs can take a few minutes to a few hours per effect, depending on
the complexity of what you're doing. If time is an issue, opt for creating fewer effects
with more impact.
B.2.3 Resources
The resources you need depend entirely on the kind of title you are creating. You may be
able to create a multimedia business presentation on your own or with the help of an
experienced consultant. On the other hand, developing a more complex title often works
better with a team of people, each trained in specific areas. Keep your resources in mind
as you plan the scope of your project.
B.3. Technical factors
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B.3.1 Equipment
Multimedia effects demand significant computer power to prepare and play them.
Furthermore, preparing certain media, such as video and sound, requires special
equipment to achieve the quality you want. You need to assess both your equipment and
the minimum configuration you expect your audience to use. Then, select media that can
be developed and viewed on the equipment you've specified.
B.3.2 Distribution
Multimedia titles often take a lot of space to store, so it's important to know how you plan
to distribute a piece before you develop it. If, for example, you plan to send your work
out on floppy disk or over a company network, you should work with simpler effects to
keep your file sizes down. If you plan to use a CD-ROM to distribute your work, or your
work will appear on a portable computer with a Iarge hard disk, you'll have fewer storage
constraints.
C. Roles and responsibilities/Multimedia Team and Skill Requirement
Developing a full-fledged multimedia title involves a rich mix of skills ranging from
project management and interface design to sound preparation and programming.
Although multimedia tools make it possible for one person to perform every task, few
people have the combination of technical, artistic, and management skills necessary to fill
every role well as a rule, multimedia titles are best developed collaboratively by teams
with a range of expertise.
Often, however, budgets and schedules require multimedia developers to juggle all of the
roles themselves. To be successful working alone or with a small team, you should
Seek out information about each role's responsibilities. The more you understand, the
better you'll perform in these roles.
Keep your projects simple at first. Then you can tackle more complex multimedia effects
and title design as your expertise grows.
Producer
The producer manages the development of the title, including planning, budgeting, and
scheduling the project. The producer often directs the content, much as an art director
oversees print materials.
Skills-
Someone with people & resource management skills
Responsible for overseeing project timeline & priorities
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Writer/Content expert
The writer researches the content of the title, helps storyboard it, and then writes all of the
text. Sometimes a content expert works with the writer to help communi- cate the right
information.
Skills-
Someone who communicate clearly through written text
Someone skilled and knowledgeable in a given topic area
Helps identify background resources for building the content outline
Reviews content design for factual integrity, completeness and educational effectiveness
Usually not a designer or developer
Editor/Proofreader
The editor reviews all of the written material onscreen for interest, clarity, conciseness,
and grammatical correctness. The editor also checks that the text works well with the
other media. A proofreader polishes the final work.
Interface designer
The interface designer establishes a consistent design for the title by specifying what the
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navigation system looks like, where information and media appear onscreen, and what
fonts. colors, and graphical design elements to use.
Skill-
Someone who knows how to organize and communicate visual information
Designs user interface and how material gets presented to audience
Illustrator/Animator
The illustrator creates the graphical parts of the title, such as the screen elements and
buttons.The illustrator also prepares the drawings. scanned photographs, and animations
that are specified in the storyboard.
Audio technician
The audio technician prepares the voice narration, sound effects, and music for the title.
This work typically involves converting traditionally recorded sounds to a digital format
that a computer can handle.
Video technician
The video technician prepares the video for the title, which may involve shooting the
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original videotape. The video technician then converts the data on the tape into a
digital format for the computer.
Skills-
Someone with a good eye for video and making every megabyte count!
Carries over skills from movie or TV production
Video is costly, in terms of production and space/bandwidth requirements
Programmer
The programmer writes the code that integrates all of the media effects into a working
title. The code tells the computer what information to display and when. (Some software
lets you build multimedia titles without writing code.)
Skills-
Someone who can implement programs that integrate media elements
Given a clear design and previously created media elements (graphics, sounds, video,
etc.) a programmer creates running software for the title
Tester
The tester verifies that every aspect of the title works correctly. A tenacious tester looks
at every word, screen, and media effect to ensure their quality. The tester also runs the
title on different hardware configuration.
Skills-
Tests to make sure a title works according to spec and work for users
In real world, an external, third party
May involve actual user observations and/or focus group sessions
D Media acquisition
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Develop your own effects. With a creative idea, the right equipment, and a knowledgeable
team, you can create original multimedia effects for your title. Creating effects yourself
offers two advantages: you control the concept and quality, and you own the copyright to
your materials.
Convert existing material. Muiltimedia titles are often rooted in existing printed, taped, or
recorded materi als, which you can digitize to use on a computer.You can, for example,
use a scanner or video frame grabber to convert existing artwork to computer-ready
graphics. However, make sure you have written permission when you' re working with
copy-righted material.
Acquire effects from a professional service.You can contact professional services that sell or
license books, music, sound effects, voice narration, film clips, and other effects to use in
your titles.
Hire professionals to prepare effects. Hiring professionals can be expensive, but it provides
some indisputable benefts: high quality, complete control, copyright ownership, and
computer-ready, files. This option makes particular sensce when you' re preparing sound
or video effects becaiise experience and a controlled working environment make a
significant difference to the quality of these effects.
Locate public domain materials.You can use any material that' s in the public domain. For
example, many of the materials that the United States government produces are available
for anyone to use. What constitutes being available in the public domain can be tricky,
though, so you may want to get legal advice.
Pay attention to copyrights.Using copyrighted work in your title without permission may
have costly consequences even when you' re using the title in a limited way and have no
commercial plans for it. Altering the material doesn't necessarily protect you from
copyright infringement penalties either.
If you want to use someone's work in your title first find out if it's copyrighted. If it is,
ask for written permission to use it, and be prepared to negotiate a one-time fee or an
ongoing royalty for the privilege.
Always take copyright negotiations seriously. Be clear about what you're negotiating for-
you may be purchasing only limited rights to use the material. Copyright negotiations can
sometimes take months to transact, so allow sufficient time in your schedule. Finally,
consider retaining an experienced lawyer to assist you in negotiating these often complex
issues.
Media management techniques
Multimedia titles often include hundreds of effects. To work efficiently, you need a
version-control system for tracking and managing them. You also need two systems for
storing multimedia effects: a daily backup system and a long-term archiving system.
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You can approach tracking and storing multimedia effects in a number of ways. In fact,
your systems are likely to evolve as your resources change. 'To be effective, though, you
must be scrupulous about maintaining your title versions and tools.
Tracking multimedia effects
One of the most effective ways to track multimedia effects is to set up a relational
database. A database lets you track the number and type of effects that have been
developed for a title, the status of those effects, whether or how often they are actually
used, who developed them, any copyright and royality arrangements, and a host of other
details.
A database essentially transforms your work into a library of multimedia effects, making
it easier to reuse media in different titles and saving you time and money in future
development. The sample database below offers an overview of some of the information
you can collect.
A. File names
B. File type
C. Relationships between different files
D. Artist or developer who created the effect
E. Legal and copyright status
F. Fees/royalties
G. Usage
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H. Version control
I. Archive location
When DVD technology first appeared in
households, users were simply popping DVD discs
into their DVD players to watch movies — an
attractive option to the then-conventional VCR. But
just as compact disc (CD) technology evolved so
that users could record and erase and re-record data
onto compact discs, the same is now true of DVDs.
With so many different formats — DVD+R,
DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-
ROM — how do users know which DVD format is
compatible with their existing systems, and why are
there so many different formats for DVDs? The
following information sheds some light on DVD's
different flavors, the differences between them and
the incompatibility issues that the differing
technologies have sprouted.
Why So Many DVD Formats?
The crucial difference among the standards is based
on which standards each manufacturer adheres to.
Similar to the old VHS/Beta tape wars when VCRs
first hit the markets, different manufacturers support
different standards. Often called a format war, both
the industry and consumers are still waiting to see
which format will emerge as the industry standard.
Plus or Minus - What's The Difference?
The different variations on the term DVD (e.g. +R, -
R, -ROM, and so on) describe the way data is stored
on or written to the disc itself. These are called
physical formats.
DVD+R and DVD+RW
DVD+R and DVD+RW formats are supported by
Philips, Sony, Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Ricoh,
Yamaha and others.
DVD+R is a recordable DVD format similar to CD-
R. A DVD+R can record data only once and then
the data becomes permanent on the disc. The disc
can not be recorded onto a second time.
DVD+RW is a re-recordable format similar to CD-
RW. The data on a DVD+RW disc can be erased
and recorded over numerous times without
damaging the medium.
Note: DVDs that have been made using a +R/+RW
Key Terms To Understanding DVD Formats:
DVD
Short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc, a type of optical disk
technology similar to the CD-ROM.
DVD-Video
A video format for displaying full-length digital movies.
DVD-ROM
A type of read-only compact disc that can hold a minimum of 4.7GB
(gigabytes), enough for a full-length movie.
burn
Slang term meaning to write data to a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM.
Divx
Short for Digital video express, a new DVD-ROM format promoted by
several large Hollywood companies. With Divx, a movie (or other data)
loaded onto a DVD-ROM is playable only during a specific time frame,
typically two days.
View all terms in the Webopedia DVD Category.
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device can be read by most commercial DVD-ROM
players.
DVD-R, DVD-RW and DVD-RAM
These formats are supported by Panasonic, Toshiba, Apple Computer, Hitachi, NEC, Pioneer, Samsung and
Sharp. These formats are also supported by the DVD Forum.
DVD-R is a recordable DVD format similar to CD-R and DVD+R. A DVD-R can record data only once
and then the data becomes permanent on the disc. The disc cannot be recorded onto a second time. There
also are two additional standards for DVD-R disks: DVD-RG for general use, and DVD-RA for authoring,
which is used for mastering DVD video or data and is not typically available to the general public.
DVD-RW is a re-recordable format similar to CD-RW or DVD+RW. The data on a DVD-RW disc can be
erased and recorded over numerous times without damaging the medium. DVDs created by a -R/-RW
device can be read by most commercial DVD-ROM players.
DVD-RAM discs can be recorded and erased repeatedly but are compatible only with devices
manufactured by the companies that support the DVD-RAM format. DVD-RAM discs are typically housed
in cartridges.
DVD-ROM
DVD-ROM was the first DVD standard to hit the market and is a read-only format. The video or game
content is burned onto the DVD once and the DVD will run on any DVD-ROM-equipped device. DVD-
ROMs are similar to CDs.
DVD+R DL and DVD-R DL
Dual layer technology is supported by a range of manufacturers including Dell, HP, Verbatim, Philips,
Sony, Yamaha and others. As the name suggests, dual layer technology provides two individual recordable
layers on a single-sided DVD disc. Dual Layer is more commonly called Double Layer in the consumer
market, and can be seen written as DVD+R DL or DVD-R DL.
DVD+R DL (also called DVD+R9) is a Dual Layer writeable DVD+R.
DVD-R DL (also called DVD-R9) is a Dual Layer writeable DVD-R. The dual layered discs can hold
7.95GB
The dual layered discs (DVD+R9 and DVD-R9) can hold 7.95GB and double sided dual layer (called dvd-
18) can hold 15.9GB.
A Note on DVD Burners
Until 2003 consumers would have to choose a preferred DVD format and purchase the DVD media that
was compatible with the specific DVD burner. In 2003 Sony introduced a multi-format DVD burner (also
called a combo drive or DVD-Multi) and today many manufacturers offer multi-format DVD burners that
are compatible with multiple DVD formats (as listed above).
Non-standardized DVD formats
DVD-VCD is a DVD-Video disc that has data on it that has been encoded by using the MPEG-1 video
format with the same definitions VCD has.
DVD-SVCD is also not a valid DVD standard, since the DVD standard does not support the SVCD
resolution. The term DVD-SVCD is used to describe a hacked, or non-standard DVD-Video disc that has
SVCD compatible content on it.
DVD-MP3 is created with and contains only digital audio files in the MP3 format. Not all DVD players
can play DVD-MP3 discs.
DVD-D is a disposable DVD format that provides a limited time play duration of up to 48 hours after the
packaging has been opened. After the designated time has passed, DVD players are unable to read the disc.
The packaging of the disc is airtight and the DVD itself has a special coating that begins to deteriorate
when exposed to air. The DVD-D format is currently being used for video game and movie rentals where
not only can intellectual property rights be better protected, but consumers have no need to worry about the
hassle of DVD rental returns. According to the manufacturer's Web site, both the DVD-D disc and the
cardboard packaging it comes in can be recycled.
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The DVD-D format was developed by German company FDD Technologies AG, and while no official
definition of the D has been offered, many use the abbreviation to mean DVD-Destroy or DVD-Destruct.
Successors to DVD
Several technologies are seen as successors to the standard DVD. These include HD-DVD, Blu-ray, AOD
and HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc). With so many formats competing, it is similar to the old VHS
versus Beta wars, but with one main exception; the difference in quality between VHS and DVD was
extremely noticeable, and this encouraged consumers to quickly and easily transition to DVD from VHS.
With these new standards, however, consumers are not seeing the drastic quality difference of, HD-DVD
over DVD for example, and adoption has been slow. Additionally, the media players and the media itself is
quite expensive (compare $35 or more dollars for a Blu-ray movie versus $24 for a DVD movie). Overall
the industry suggests that consumers are just not ready to leave DVD behind quite yet. Here are some of the
standards which are believed to be successors to the standard DVD.
HD-DVD
Short for high definition-DVD, a generic term for the technology of recording high-definition video on a
DVD. In general, HD-DVD is capable of storing between two and four times as much data as standard
DVD.
On February 19, 2008, Toshiba issued a release stating that it would no longer develop, manufacture and
market HD DVD players and recorders, with cessation of the player and recorders targeted for March
2008. Several major retail chains, such as Wal-Mart followed with plans to no longer carry the product,
and major Hollywood studios have also dropped plans to release product in HD-DVD format as well.
Blu-ray Disc (BD) - uses a 405nm-wavelength blue-violet laser technology, in contrast to the 650nm-
wavelength red laser technology used in traditional DVD formats. The rewritable Blu-ray disc, with a data
transfer rate of 36Mbps (1x speed) can hold up to 25GB of data on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-
layer disc. On a 50GB disc, this translates into 9 hours of high-definition (HD) video or approximately 23
hours of standard-definition (SD) video. The Blu-ray format was developed jointly by Sony, Samsung,
Sharp, Thomson, Hitachi, Matsushita, Pioneer and Philips, Mistubishi and LG Electronics.
Advanced Optical Disc (AOD) - AOD and Blu-ray are similar in that they both use 405nm-wavelength
blue-violet laser technology. While Blu-ray has a storage capacity of 25GB on a single-layer disc, AOD has
a storage capacity of 20GB on a single-layer disc. and the capacity to hold 30GB on a dual-layer disc. AOD
was developed jointly by Toshiba and NEC.