This document provides an overview of GSM MSC/MSC-S R12 configuration. It discusses network architecture models including vertically and horizontally integrated networks. It describes the different network layers and nodes in GSM and WCDMA systems. These include the base station system, core network nodes like the MSC and SGSN. It also covers signaling protocols used in the core network like SS7, SIGTRAN, BICC and H.248. The document provides information on identities used in GSM and WCDMA networks like IMSI, MSISDN. It discusses addressing of switching system entities using global and mobile global titles. Finally, it introduces concepts related to MSC servers and media gateways.
The document provides an overview of Huawei's Core-CS Network and the evolution of WCDMA networks from Release 99 to Release 5. It discusses key aspects of MSC pool networks including improved resource utilization, enhanced network reliability, and reduced signaling traffic. It also covers AOIP and AOTDM, noting that AOIP allows for end-to-end Transcoder Free Operation and uses lower-cost IP networks for transmission on the A interface user plane.
The document discusses various logical channels used in GSM networks such as broadcast control channel (BCCH), common control channels (CCCH), dedicated control channels (DCCH), and traffic channels (TCH). It describes the purpose and usage of different channel types including stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH), slow associated control channel (SACCH), and fast associated control channel (FACCH). The document also covers topics like burst structure, mapping of logical channels to physical channels, and usage of SDCCH in GSM networks.
The document provides an overview of 3G and WCDMA technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile communications standards from 1G to 3G. It compares the different 3G modes including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It also outlines ZTE's WCDMA features and their solutions for 3G networks.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing 3G networks through neighbor optimization and coverage adjustments. The objectives are to have an optimum number of neighbors to clean up pilot pollution, reduce overshooting, increase capacity, and reduce the possibility of soft congestion conflicts. The methodology involves deleting and adding neighbors based on data from the OSS, as well as adjusting antenna tilting. The optimization sequence is outlined, including guidelines for neighbor deletion, addition of different neighbor types, and planning of the SIB11. The end goal is to have fewer than 36 total neighbors and avoid blocking alarms due to too many neighbors.
This document provides an optimization manual for improving the TCH assignment success rate (KPI) in GSM BSS networks. It defines TCH assignment success rate and lists key factors that influence it, such as hardware faults, interference issues, coverage problems, and parameter settings. The document then describes procedures for analyzing assignment failures, including checking hardware status, transmission quality, and parameter settings. Finally, it provides optimization methods and case studies.
T200 and N200 are timers related to the LAPD protocol used for communication between the BTS and MS. T200 is started when a frame is transmitted and defines the time between retransmissions if an acknowledgment is not received. The frame will be retransmitted up to N200 times before a link failure is detected. If the T200 timer expires after N200 retransmissions without an acknowledgment, the connection will be dropped due to a data link failure between the BTS and MS. Setting the T200 and N200 values too low can cause increased call drops, while too high may cause unnecessary retransmissions.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) related to a mobile network. It provides information on the relationships between different network elements like BSCs, BTSs, TRXs. It defines terms like SD blocking, SD drop, TCH blocking, TCH assignment, TCH drop and reasons they may occur. Solutions for reducing each issue are provided like changing parameters, adding hardware, improving coverage. Reports for analyzing each problem are listed.
The document provides an overview of Huawei's Core-CS Network and the evolution of WCDMA networks from Release 99 to Release 5. It discusses key aspects of MSC pool networks including improved resource utilization, enhanced network reliability, and reduced signaling traffic. It also covers AOIP and AOTDM, noting that AOIP allows for end-to-end Transcoder Free Operation and uses lower-cost IP networks for transmission on the A interface user plane.
The document discusses various logical channels used in GSM networks such as broadcast control channel (BCCH), common control channels (CCCH), dedicated control channels (DCCH), and traffic channels (TCH). It describes the purpose and usage of different channel types including stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH), slow associated control channel (SACCH), and fast associated control channel (FACCH). The document also covers topics like burst structure, mapping of logical channels to physical channels, and usage of SDCCH in GSM networks.
The document provides an overview of 3G and WCDMA technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile communications standards from 1G to 3G. It compares the different 3G modes including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It also outlines ZTE's WCDMA features and their solutions for 3G networks.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing 3G networks through neighbor optimization and coverage adjustments. The objectives are to have an optimum number of neighbors to clean up pilot pollution, reduce overshooting, increase capacity, and reduce the possibility of soft congestion conflicts. The methodology involves deleting and adding neighbors based on data from the OSS, as well as adjusting antenna tilting. The optimization sequence is outlined, including guidelines for neighbor deletion, addition of different neighbor types, and planning of the SIB11. The end goal is to have fewer than 36 total neighbors and avoid blocking alarms due to too many neighbors.
This document provides an optimization manual for improving the TCH assignment success rate (KPI) in GSM BSS networks. It defines TCH assignment success rate and lists key factors that influence it, such as hardware faults, interference issues, coverage problems, and parameter settings. The document then describes procedures for analyzing assignment failures, including checking hardware status, transmission quality, and parameter settings. Finally, it provides optimization methods and case studies.
T200 and N200 are timers related to the LAPD protocol used for communication between the BTS and MS. T200 is started when a frame is transmitted and defines the time between retransmissions if an acknowledgment is not received. The frame will be retransmitted up to N200 times before a link failure is detected. If the T200 timer expires after N200 retransmissions without an acknowledgment, the connection will be dropped due to a data link failure between the BTS and MS. Setting the T200 and N200 values too low can cause increased call drops, while too high may cause unnecessary retransmissions.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) related to a mobile network. It provides information on the relationships between different network elements like BSCs, BTSs, TRXs. It defines terms like SD blocking, SD drop, TCH blocking, TCH assignment, TCH drop and reasons they may occur. Solutions for reducing each issue are provided like changing parameters, adding hardware, improving coverage. Reports for analyzing each problem are listed.
This document discusses network optimization techniques including:
1. Monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs) such as transmitted carrier power, code tree allocation, and channel element allocation to identify issues.
2. Performing analysis of KPIs to locate root causes of failures in specific network elements or cells.
3. Proposing solutions such as adjusting signal transmission power limits, code tree rearrangement, or adding network capacity to address problems identified through monitoring and analysis.
2G / 3G / 4G / IMS / 5G Overview with Focus on Core NetworkHamidreza Bolhasani
The document provides an overview of mobile networks from 2G to 5G, with a focus on the core network. It describes the key network elements and protocols in 2G/3G networks such as BTS, BSC, NodeB, RNC, SGSN, GGSN. Example call flows and scenarios like location update and SMS are reviewed. GPRS network architecture is introduced including the functions of SGSN, GGSN, CG. Finally, it briefly introduces 5G services before concluding.
This document provides an overview of SDCCH congestion rate in GSM networks, including its definition, measurement points, contributing factors, and optimization methods. It defines SDCCH congestion rate as the ratio of failed SDCCH seizures due to busy SDCCH channels to total SDCCH requests. The document then outlines several potential causes of high SDCCH congestion rate, such as hardware faults, insufficient signaling resources, improper data configuration, and interference. Finally, it proposes a procedure for analyzing SDCCH congestion that involves checking hardware, channel configuration, data configuration, and the Um interface quality.
Call Setup Success Rate Definition and Troubleshooting Assim Mubder
The CSSR indicates the probability of successful calls initiated by the MS. The CSSR is an important KPI for evaluating the network performance. If this KPI is too low, the subscribers are not likely to make calls successfully. The user experience is thus affected.
Abis Over IP/Abis Optimization on-site Workshopetkisizcom
Recognize new system architecture
Understand the dimensioning rules using the Abis planning tools
Activate the Abis over IP
Activate the Abis Optimization
Use the Performance Monitoring
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
The document summarizes the simplified call flow signaling process for a 2G/3G voice call. It shows that UE1 establishes a connection with the access network and core network to page UE2. UE2 responds and a connection is established between the two user equipments through the core network, with a notification that they are now connected.
This document provides an overview of analyzing SDCCH drop rate as a key performance indicator. It discusses the causes of SDCCH drops, investigation procedures, and troubleshooting techniques. Tools described include Business Objects, ZXG10 OMCR, TEMS Investigation, and MCOM 4.2. The technical procedure outlines analyzing SDCCH availability, causes, alarms, measurements, parameters, and drive testing. Examples demonstrate addressing hardware problems, interference, transmission issues, and parameter changes.
This document provides guidance on optimizing the Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) in GSM networks. It defines CSSR as the probability of successful calls initiated by mobile stations. The CSSR is calculated based on the Immediate Assignment Success Rate, Assignment Success Rate, and SDCCH Drop Rate. The document describes factors that can influence the CSSR, including issues on the Um, Abis, and A interfaces. It outlines a process for analyzing low CSSR that involves checking whether problems relate to the immediate assignment, SDCCH drop rate, or assignment success rate by using specific measurements and metrics. Optimization methods involve adjusting related configurations based on manuals for those individual KPIs.
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
VoLTE Basic callflows in IMS network v2 - includes Registration, Basic VoLTE Call, SDP, Interconnect, Roaming, highlights important SIP headers for session routing and user identities.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
Umts network protocols and complete call flowssivakumar D
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
This document introduces ways to analyze and solve call drop problems in UMTS networks. It defines call drops and outlines several common reasons for call drops, including poor coverage, issues with neighbor cells, interference, cells using the same primary scrambling code, and engineering or system problems. Methods for analyzing call drops using drive testing and key performance indicators are also presented, along with relevant radio parameters and considerations for optimization.
This document provides guidance on optimizing the immediate assignment success rate KPI in GSM networks. It defines immediate assignment success rate, outlines the key factors that influence it such as SDCCH congestion and interface issues. The document also describes methods for analyzing problems, typical cases, and information needed on-site.
This document describes basic concepts related to routing calls in a telecommunications network, including call source, route selection source name (RSSN), route selection name (RSN), and their relationships. It discusses how different call sources with different RSSNs can be routed to different routes despite having the same call prefix. It also provides an example of how call blocking from a particular call source is implemented and how transit calls between public land mobile networks can be blocked.
Mobile Networks Architecture and Security (2G to 5G)
+ Mobile Networks History 2G/3G/4G/LTE/5G
+ CS/PS/EPC/5GC Core Network Elements Overview
+ Mobile Networks Basic Scenarios
+ Mobile Network Security
+ Authentication / Ciphering
This document provides an overview and classification of interference sources in GSM networks, as well as approaches to locating interference problems. It discusses symptoms of network interference, including errors seen in traffic statistics and drive tests. Interference sources are classified as hardware faults, intra-network interference between cells, and inter-network interference from other communication systems. Methods for locating interference include analyzing OMC data, alarms, drive tests, and using spectrum analyzers to detect interfering signals. The document also provides guidance on solving common interference issues.
This document provides an introduction to the Long Term Evolution (LTE) training course. It discusses the drivers for LTE development including the need for higher data rates. It describes the 3GPP standards process and how LTE fits into the evolution of GSM networks. Key goals for LTE performance are outlined such as improved spectrum efficiency and reduced latency. The document also contains copyright and distribution restrictions.
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technical specifications:
- LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in the downlink and Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink to optimize data rates and efficiency.
- The air interface utilizes OFDM subcarriers and symbols with a frame structure divided into slots and physical resource elements to efficiently allocate resources.
- Multiple antenna techniques such as MIMO can be used to improve throughput and coverage via spatial multiplexing or diversity.
This document discusses network optimization techniques including:
1. Monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs) such as transmitted carrier power, code tree allocation, and channel element allocation to identify issues.
2. Performing analysis of KPIs to locate root causes of failures in specific network elements or cells.
3. Proposing solutions such as adjusting signal transmission power limits, code tree rearrangement, or adding network capacity to address problems identified through monitoring and analysis.
2G / 3G / 4G / IMS / 5G Overview with Focus on Core NetworkHamidreza Bolhasani
The document provides an overview of mobile networks from 2G to 5G, with a focus on the core network. It describes the key network elements and protocols in 2G/3G networks such as BTS, BSC, NodeB, RNC, SGSN, GGSN. Example call flows and scenarios like location update and SMS are reviewed. GPRS network architecture is introduced including the functions of SGSN, GGSN, CG. Finally, it briefly introduces 5G services before concluding.
This document provides an overview of SDCCH congestion rate in GSM networks, including its definition, measurement points, contributing factors, and optimization methods. It defines SDCCH congestion rate as the ratio of failed SDCCH seizures due to busy SDCCH channels to total SDCCH requests. The document then outlines several potential causes of high SDCCH congestion rate, such as hardware faults, insufficient signaling resources, improper data configuration, and interference. Finally, it proposes a procedure for analyzing SDCCH congestion that involves checking hardware, channel configuration, data configuration, and the Um interface quality.
Call Setup Success Rate Definition and Troubleshooting Assim Mubder
The CSSR indicates the probability of successful calls initiated by the MS. The CSSR is an important KPI for evaluating the network performance. If this KPI is too low, the subscribers are not likely to make calls successfully. The user experience is thus affected.
Abis Over IP/Abis Optimization on-site Workshopetkisizcom
Recognize new system architecture
Understand the dimensioning rules using the Abis planning tools
Activate the Abis over IP
Activate the Abis Optimization
Use the Performance Monitoring
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
The document summarizes the simplified call flow signaling process for a 2G/3G voice call. It shows that UE1 establishes a connection with the access network and core network to page UE2. UE2 responds and a connection is established between the two user equipments through the core network, with a notification that they are now connected.
This document provides an overview of analyzing SDCCH drop rate as a key performance indicator. It discusses the causes of SDCCH drops, investigation procedures, and troubleshooting techniques. Tools described include Business Objects, ZXG10 OMCR, TEMS Investigation, and MCOM 4.2. The technical procedure outlines analyzing SDCCH availability, causes, alarms, measurements, parameters, and drive testing. Examples demonstrate addressing hardware problems, interference, transmission issues, and parameter changes.
This document provides guidance on optimizing the Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) in GSM networks. It defines CSSR as the probability of successful calls initiated by mobile stations. The CSSR is calculated based on the Immediate Assignment Success Rate, Assignment Success Rate, and SDCCH Drop Rate. The document describes factors that can influence the CSSR, including issues on the Um, Abis, and A interfaces. It outlines a process for analyzing low CSSR that involves checking whether problems relate to the immediate assignment, SDCCH drop rate, or assignment success rate by using specific measurements and metrics. Optimization methods involve adjusting related configurations based on manuals for those individual KPIs.
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
VoLTE Basic callflows in IMS network v2 - includes Registration, Basic VoLTE Call, SDP, Interconnect, Roaming, highlights important SIP headers for session routing and user identities.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
Umts network protocols and complete call flowssivakumar D
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
This document introduces ways to analyze and solve call drop problems in UMTS networks. It defines call drops and outlines several common reasons for call drops, including poor coverage, issues with neighbor cells, interference, cells using the same primary scrambling code, and engineering or system problems. Methods for analyzing call drops using drive testing and key performance indicators are also presented, along with relevant radio parameters and considerations for optimization.
This document provides guidance on optimizing the immediate assignment success rate KPI in GSM networks. It defines immediate assignment success rate, outlines the key factors that influence it such as SDCCH congestion and interface issues. The document also describes methods for analyzing problems, typical cases, and information needed on-site.
This document describes basic concepts related to routing calls in a telecommunications network, including call source, route selection source name (RSSN), route selection name (RSN), and their relationships. It discusses how different call sources with different RSSNs can be routed to different routes despite having the same call prefix. It also provides an example of how call blocking from a particular call source is implemented and how transit calls between public land mobile networks can be blocked.
Mobile Networks Architecture and Security (2G to 5G)
+ Mobile Networks History 2G/3G/4G/LTE/5G
+ CS/PS/EPC/5GC Core Network Elements Overview
+ Mobile Networks Basic Scenarios
+ Mobile Network Security
+ Authentication / Ciphering
This document provides an overview and classification of interference sources in GSM networks, as well as approaches to locating interference problems. It discusses symptoms of network interference, including errors seen in traffic statistics and drive tests. Interference sources are classified as hardware faults, intra-network interference between cells, and inter-network interference from other communication systems. Methods for locating interference include analyzing OMC data, alarms, drive tests, and using spectrum analyzers to detect interfering signals. The document also provides guidance on solving common interference issues.
This document provides an introduction to the Long Term Evolution (LTE) training course. It discusses the drivers for LTE development including the need for higher data rates. It describes the 3GPP standards process and how LTE fits into the evolution of GSM networks. Key goals for LTE performance are outlined such as improved spectrum efficiency and reduced latency. The document also contains copyright and distribution restrictions.
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technical specifications:
- LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in the downlink and Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink to optimize data rates and efficiency.
- The air interface utilizes OFDM subcarriers and symbols with a frame structure divided into slots and physical resource elements to efficiently allocate resources.
- Multiple antenna techniques such as MIMO can be used to improve throughput and coverage via spatial multiplexing or diversity.
This document provides details about Circuit Switched Dynamic Abis Pool (CSDAP), a feature that offers a common Abis transmission pool that can be shared by all speech calls in a base station control function (BCF) cabinet. CSDAP allows for the creation of transmission pools of 64 kbps timeslots that can be dynamically allocated for orthogonal subchannel circuit switched traffic. The document covers CSDAP requirements, functionality, system impacts, user interface parameters, and how to activate and deactivate the feature.
This document provides information on Modicon TM3 safety modules, including:
- Descriptions of the available modules and their functions and certifications.
- Guidelines for installing, wiring, and implementing the safety modules according to standards.
- Specific characteristics, wiring diagrams, and instructions for 6 TM3 safety modules.
W427 e1-01+ws02-cpic1-e+cx programmer iec operation-manualNguyễn Yên Giang
This document is an operation manual that provides instructions and specifications for using the CX-Programmer IEC software with CS1-H and CJ1-H CPU units that support function blocks. The manual includes sections on intended audience, general precautions, safety precautions, application precautions, installation precautions, an introduction to the CX-Programmer IEC and function blocks, procedures for creating function blocks, technical specifications, and appendices with additional reference information. Precautions highlighted include only using the software for approved uses and intended audiences, following all safety instructions, and understanding the material before operating the software or CPU units.
This document provides an operation guide for the C200H-AD001 Analog Input Unit and C200H-DA001 Analog Output Unit used with the C200H or C200HS Programmable Controller. It describes installation, wiring, programming, functions and troubleshooting for the analog I/O units. The guide contains sections on system design considerations, installation and operation of the analog input unit, and installation and operation of the analog output unit. It provides instructions to ensure proper and safe use of the units.
The document provides technical information about the Maxtor Fireball3 hard disk drive. It includes sections on product description and key features, specifications, handling and installation guidelines, the ATA bus interface and supported commands, and service and support policies. The drive uses cache management to improve performance and has major components like heads, disks, and motor. Installation requires following electrostatic discharge precautions.
This user manual provides information about the 9500 MPR system family, which includes the MSS-1c indoor unit, MPT-HC and MPT-MC outdoor units, and related equipment. It describes the system components, features, installation, configuration, operation, maintenance and troubleshooting. The manual contains sections on safety, product information, network management software, installation, provisioning, maintenance, commissioning and testing procedures. It provides documentation to support the full lifecycle of the 9500 MPR system.
Siemens s7 300-400-principle of instrisically safety design 1Dien Ha The
Siemens,
Catalog Thiết Bị Tự Động Siemens, Catalog Thiết Bị Tự Động
Catalog Phụ Kiện Siemens, Catalog Phụ Kiện,
Catalog Siemens, Catalog,
https://www.dienhathe.com,
Chi tiết các sản phẩm khác của Siemens tại https://dienhathe.com
Xem thêm các Catalog khác của Siemens tại https://dienhathe.info
Để nhận báo giá sản phẩm Siemens vui lòng gọi: 0907.764.966
This document provides information about installing, operating, and interfacing with the Modicon M258 logic controller, including:
- General safety information and guidelines for installing the controller and connecting power.
- An overview of the controller's features such as integrated I/O, communication ports, and expansion slots.
- Descriptions of the different controller models and their power distribution modules.
- Instructions for connecting the controller to a PC for programming.
- Specifications for the embedded I/O modules including inputs, outputs, and communication capabilities.
Instruction Manual ATN Tico Series Thermal Imaging Clip On | Optics TradeOptics-Trade
This document is the operator's manual for the TICO Series thermal imaging clip-on. It provides important safety information and instructions for operation, assembly, maintenance and storage of the device. The manual contains specifications, diagrams and step-by-step procedures for using key functions like focusing, adjusting brightness and polarity settings, and shutting down. It also outlines maintenance tasks including cleaning and preparing the device for storage.
The MasterPact MTZ2/MTZ3 range offers circuit breakers and switch-disconnectors from 800A to 6,300A for AC power systems up to 1,150V, available as fixed-mounted or drawout devices in MasterPact MTZ2 or MTZ3 frame sizes, with various performance levels for circuit breakers including standard, high, very high, and extremely high short-circuit ratings.
This document provides an overview of the hardware components used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic PLC components such as the CPU module, power supply module, and input/output modules. It also covers number addressing schemes for inputs and outputs. Specialized modules are discussed, including analog, temperature control, counter, positioning, and communication modules. An overview of programming software is also provided.
- The document defines handover procedures for circuit switched connections as the mobile moves between cells or radio networks. It covers intra-MSC, intra-3G_MSC, and inter-MSC handovers as well as SRNS relocation. The procedures ensure reliable transfer of signaling messages to maintain the connection to the mobile.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the Ericsson Operations Support System - Radio Configuration (OSS-RC) tool. OSS-RC is used for performance management and optimization of radio access networks. It includes applications for tasks like frequency allocation, neighbor cell support, measurement recording and more. The document describes the components, applications, and functions of OSS-RC.
This document describes a project to design a real time clock using a microcontroller. It includes:
- Interfacing an RTC chip and LCD with an 8051 microcontroller to display the current time and date.
- Interfacing a temperature sensor with the microcontroller using an ADC to measure temperature.
- Details about the 8051 microcontroller, RTC chip, LCD, temperature sensor, and ADC used.
- Block diagram of the system and description of how the components are interconnected.
The document provides information about the Stratix 8000 and Stratix 8300 Ethernet Managed Switches, including:
- An introduction to the switches and their hardware features.
- Instructions for initializing a switch using Express Setup and accessing the switches' management interfaces.
- An overview of the switches' software features, such as VLANs, Smartports, IGMP Snooping, Spanning Tree Protocol, Storm Control, and Port Security.
- Details on how these features isolate and optimize traffic, users, and ports.
This document is a user guide for Motorola's Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) wireless broadband solutions. It covers planning, installation, operation, and specifications for PMP 100, PMP 400, PTP 100, PTP 200, and related products. The guide provides information on network components, frequency bands, product comparisons, antennas, software, and differentiating between components. It aims to help users find information, understand conventions, and provide feedback on the guide.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.