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1. Sample Assignment Jan June
2017 MS-93
Course Code MS - 93
Course Title Management of New and Small Enterprises
Assignment Code MS-93/TMA/SEM - I/2017
Assignment Coverage All Blocks
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School of Management Studies
INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI – 110068

2. 1. Explain how Government can create conducive environment to facilitate the functioning of MSMEs.
Small scale enterprises (SSE's) constitute an important -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- direct exports. Because of unique
economic and organizational characteristics, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------change in a gradual manner, in the patterns of capital formation
and employment creation in the country.
Small scale enterprises (SSEs) are generally -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------, such as construction, transportation and trading; and traditional
or "informal" activity. In India, it must be --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------broader spectrum of "enterprises".
As of March 2002, it is estimated that there are 34.42 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The volume of exports (direct) from this sector was Rs.
54,200 crores at current prices in 1999-2000 and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------are manufactured in the small scale sector.
Successful small enterprises do not emerge, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------upon the life of the small enterprises and generate
much of the needs required for their existence.
------------------------------- Environment-
The overall political climate in a country is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------establish private investment. Such measures could include liberal
or non-restrictive investment policy, creation of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------commitment to SSE sector can go up to protection against
imports, reservation of products as done in India.
The 'Political climate influences the economic ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------and in forecasting. The general state of the economy dictates
what the small enterprise will need especially since it is handicapped in obtaining capital and credit owning to greater unit costs
of small transactions, greater risks involved, etc. The small -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------so he can be economically viable even if he
operates on a small-scale basis.
Technological advances in the environment create ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------surrounding him, or he may need to take a set of advance
technologies and bring -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------technologies.
A very welcome development in the service sector small --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of IT and IT training companies, media related --------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------organizations.
Finally, the socio-cultural ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------. They need several conditions to keep being alive:
1. Tolerance ------------------------------------ and culture
2. Social --------------------------------------
3. Tolerance ------------------------------------ and
4. Tolerance ----------------------------------- ownership

3. In the emerging scenario-you could realize that -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------be analyzed and supported. India has been the pioneer in
initiating Entrepreneurship Development ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------development are now being introduced in school and colleges to
provide the impetus for youth seeking self-employment opportunities.
Direct assistance which government can lend ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------aids and provision of basic utilities and services for small scale
entrepreneurs. Simplified export procedures for small enterprises can also be very useful as incentives for this sector of the
business community. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------and implementation.
On a more indirect and general way, streamlining -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------an atmosphere will, of course, be conducive not only to small
enterprise development but to national progress as well. In as much as the -----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------enterprises, their need and
requirements, will ensure life and growth of this sector of the economy.
A number of policy initiatives ------------------------------------------------ India. Some are:-
One major area is ---------------------------------------------------- (like Ministry of Industry for registration of Units)
Technical Department -----------------------------------------------------------------------/acquisition/ transfer in S.S.Sector.
Entrepreneurship ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Large scale ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ credit to the sector.
Computerization of District -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
Over the Counter Exchange of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------raise finance from the market cost effectively.
2. How is technological process determined, once the decision to make the product has been decided?
For high-technology companies or -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------and organizational growth. Even in well established organizations, product
development under a technologically --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------are not ready to be integrated in them could lead to failure.
On the other hand, selecting the appropriate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------. Newer technologies may offer improved performance, but also
can create a more challenging and risky product development process. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------as; available technologies outside of the
company, technological strategies of competitors, and customers’ perceived value of new technologies. Internal forces could be
defined as; technology capabilities of the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------group collaboration and behavior for change.
Process decisions commence with -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------question to be considered is whether to make or buy the product. New and
small enterprises concentrate on increasing the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------product. Some of the factors influencing make or buy decision are:
1) Idle -----------------------------------------
2) Plant ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------, future capabilities)
3) ------------------------------------------- advantage
4) Suppliers ------------------------------------------------------ service, schedule)
5) Trade -----------------------------------------------
6) ------------------------------------ stabilizations
7) Trade ------------------------------- views

4. 8) Alternative resource uses
9) Legal ---------------------------- (Patents)
Make or buy analysis provides the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------phase can begin. The major aspects that determine process are technological
and sequential. Technology can be defined as a combination of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the outputs of industrial and non-industrial
sectors. It has improved the quality and reliability ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------resources. Technological considerations occur at two levels.
1) General --------------------------------feasibility.
2) Specific ------------------------------------- equipment.
General technology, feasibility maybe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------system (Minor technological choice), the specific equipment to be
employed (specific component choice).
Sequential considerations are those that aim at --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------it as long as changes are economically desirable and can be
justified. Increasing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------for seeking improvements in existing technologies.
Service organizations must decide how wide -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------the load of service the organization has to trade off between its
ability to supply the services against the need to -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------to locate the service ideally to provide better service to the
customers.
Various criteria ------------------------------------------------ selection are
1) ------------------------------------------ requirements
2) Technological ---------------------------------------
3) ------------------------------- considerations
4) Labour ------------------------------- requirements
5) Output -------------------------------- needs
6) Compatibility ------------------------- facilities
7) -------------------------------------------
8) Raw -------------------------------l requirements
9) Size and weight limits imposed by plant or building
10) -----------------------------------
11) Spare parts ---------------------------------requirements.
The selection of the most desirable technology can, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Motion and time study, work standards, and ionic
measurement are the aids for -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------for small manufacturing units are as follows:
1) National Research and -------------------------------------------------------------------- Industrial Research.
2) Private ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------Services, Bombay.
3) Individuals ---------------------------------------------------- in similar lines.
4) From ------------------------------------------------------ and machinery.
5) ------------------------------------- Technology.
Following is a list of institutions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------R and D of new products:
1) Industrial Research -------------------------------------------------------- State Governments.
2) Central Institute for ------------------------------------------------------------------/Ahmedabad.
3) Prototype ---------------------------------------------------------------- at different places in our country.

5. The importance of R&D portfolio -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------are developed within their organization. The technology projects could be
grouped under different portfolios and all necessary information about ----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------projects can reduce overlap from
technology developers’ side. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------, we claim that existence of a technology portfolio system would improve
technology integration.
In high tech organizations, decision making has a huge impact -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and when they will be integrated into products,
whether technology projects will be funded or not, who will be involved in development and integration, when the products will
be introduced, and which technologies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------, and the company consistency in decision making is required. A set of
decision making tools, processes, criteria and metrics can help -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------technology integration.
Both for technology planning and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------a strategy, supports the decision making process. It also helps companies to
manage their resource allocations and respond fast in case of market or ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the technologies to their products.
Therefore, we claim that existence of long term strategies both for technology planning and product planning would improve
technology integration.
3. Discuss the common errors identified while formulating the business plan.
Every business should have a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------, despite the fact that many of the underlying businesses are viable, the vast
majority of plans are hardly worth the paper they're printed -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ problems:
1. The plan is poorly written. Spelling, punctuation, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a company run by English majors, they are looking for
clues about the underlying business and its leaders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. But since there's no shortage of people looking for capital,
they don't wonder for long--they just move on to the next plan.
Before you show your plan to a single ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------you know with strong "English teacher" skills review it for grammar problems.
Style is subtler, but it's equally important. Different ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------, your style is "arrogant," "sloppy," "folksy," "turgid" or "smarmy,"
you may turn off potential investors, although it's a fact that different styles appeal to different investors. No matter what style
you choose for your business plan, be sure it's consistent ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------an Indian-Japanese fusion restaurant partly because the plan was--
like the restaurant concept--upbeat, trendy and unconventional.
2. The plan presentation is sloppy. Once your ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------or with incorrect units, tables without headings, technical terminology
without definitions or a missing table of contents. Have someone else -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------on your plan, most investors won't give it more than
10 minutes before they make an initial decision about --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------more organized plan in the stack.
3. The plan is incomplete. Every business has ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------these areas. A complete plan should also include a discussion of the
industry, particularly industry trends, such as if the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------as annual balance
sheets--going out at least three years.
4. The plan is too vague. A business plan is not a novel, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------to keep the information vague because your business involves
highly confidential material, processes or technologies, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------more about the business, have them sign noncompete and
nondisclosure agreements before showing them the entire plan. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fees and have no interest in competing with you in any
case.]
5. The plan is too detailed. Do not get bogged down --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------if you want to include them, do so elsewhere, say, in an appendix.
One way to do this is to break your plan into three parts: a two- to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------that you know what you're doing. This way, anyone
reading the plan can get the amount of detail he or she wants.
6. The plan makes unfounded or unrealistic assumptions. By their very nature, ------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------highlight critical assumptions and
provide some sort of rationalization for them. The worst business plans bury assumptions throughout the plan so no one can tell
where the assumptions end and the facts begin. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------, make sure you check your assumptions against benchmarks from the
same industry, a similar industry ------------------------------------------------------------------ assumptions to facts.
A simple example of this would be the real estate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------the locations and costs for real estate in your area, and make a careful
estimate of how much space ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- or lenders.
7. The plan includes inadequate research. Just as it's important to -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and your industry--customer purchasing habits,
motivations and fears; competitor positioning, size and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------to back up any assumptions or projections you make. Well-
prepared ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------probably won't get funded.
8. You claim there's no risk involved in your new venture. Any ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------your plan to investors or lenders. Since a business plan
is more of a marketing tool than anything else, I'd -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------- mitigate them. And be well prepared for questions about risks in later
discussions with investors.
9. You claim you have no competition. It's --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------in their business plans: "We have no competition."
If that's what you think, you couldn't be --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------beginning. If you can't find any direct competitors today, try to imagine how the
marketplace might look once you're ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- advantages in the business plan.
10. The business plan is really no plan at all. A good business ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------looks like at each of those stages; it also describes how
you'll get from one stage to the next. In other words, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------that have real meaning for your business. For instance, reasonable milestones might be "signing
the 100th client" or "producing 10,000 units of product." ------------------------------------------------------------- major steps you
need to complete to reach each milestone.

7. Smoothing Out the Rough Spots
Once you know what --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "bulletproof." Be sure you . . .
 Think it through. You might have a great idea, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------team, hiring salespeople, setting up operations, getting your
first customer, protecting yourself from lawsuits, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------your revenue.
 Do your research. Investigate --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------to continue your research while you write the business plan, since inevitably,
things -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------the experts will disagree.
 Research your potential customers and competitors. Is your -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------some sort of disruptive technology or
regulatory change alter the market -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------investors that you have something people really want or need, and more
important, that they'll buy it at the price you expect.
 Get feedback. Obtain as much feedback -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------thinks they're an expert and they all could do a better job than you.
This may be annoying, but it's just part -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------to almost everything anyone can throw at you.
 Hire professional help. Find a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------hire a finance expert), provide additional, unbiased feedback, and package
your plan in an attractive, professional format.
Writing a business plan is hard work--many people -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------a coherent picture of the business that makes sense, is appealing to
others and provides a reasonable -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------projections must all tie together seamlessly. If they don't, you may not ever get your
business off the ground.
4. What are the key strategic decisions in the selection of product, its development and design along with
the development of prototype?
Product development is the process of creating -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------the styling, look and feel of the product, deciding on the
product's mechanical architecture, selecting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------process of identifying a market opportunity, creating a product to
appeal to the identified market, and finally, testing, modifying and --------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------product such as a computer, hair dryer, or
washing machine. This document is focused on the process of developing discrete engineered products, rather than works of art
or informational products.

8. The task of developing outstanding new -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------time and money that goes into a new product. Great products are
not simply designed, but instead they evolve over time through ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the design has been perfected.
PRODUCT/--------------------------------------------- AND DESIGN
a) Products Selection is one of the key ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------the changes in environment, technology and consumer requirements
while finalizing the design.
b) Production ----------------------------------------------------------- following processes:
(i) Market research for existing products: You will -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------dominate and the customer level you wish to serve.
(ii) Research laboratories: You will come ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------new products and are prepared to sell the patents. In ongoing
organizations research projects, properly ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------Such products have by far the least risk and good pay off.
(iii) Innovation and Technological Up gradation: You can ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------research. While such products promise the highest pay
off, they also carry the maximum risk.
Product development is a very detailed, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------as external, particularly the market reaction (test marketing, publicity,
demonstrations, etc.) should be, thoroughly evaluated. More the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------should be pulled by the market demand.
Product Design: You will have_ ------------------------------------------------ in view:
 Test -------------------------------------.
 Quality ---------------------------------------- market sustainability.
 --------------------------------------- Reliability.
 Servicing -----------------------------------------------.
 Design -------------------------------------------- are plenty.
DEVELOPMENT OF ------------------------------------------------------- PLANT AND MACHINERY
a) Prototypes are generally the handmade models -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------&' Testing Centres to cater to these needs of small entrepreneurs.
b) These prototypes are thoroughly evaluated ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------is made. Material estimates are drawn. Various manufacturing processes
are contemplated. Requirement of work force of different skills is estimated. Work norms to evolve labour costs are thought of.
You would thus see that the development --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------product. You can have the maximum pay off if you put product through
value analysis. Value Analysis or Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------function at the lowest cost without sacrificing quality.
c) You have now reached the next -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------, you can manage with standard machinery available in the open market. But
should you select a high tech process, you have -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------particularly involving special purpose machines.

9. d) The last stage in the product development -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------estimating, rate of production, cost of production, quality control
techniques reliability and maintainability. You are now ready to launch free flow production.
The process of developing new products varies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------result a methodical development effort with well defined product
specifications and project goals. A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- shown in Figure 1.
Concept Development
Good concept development is crucial-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------concept is selected, an economic analysis is done, and the development
project is outlined. This stage provides the foundation for the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------according to Figure 2.
5. How do the entrepreneurs estimate their needs and plan their cash schedules? Explain.
Small entrepreneurs need to be better managers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------the backup of professionally trained staff and far fewer resources.
However, better managing yields rich dividends to the small ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------measuring our performance constantly as we' move ahead, and
correct ourselves for errors. This -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------, manage your success.

10. A good cash flow analysis might be the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------the bills. And that’s what a cash flow projection is about—predicting your money
needs in advance. By cash---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------is not just coins and bills.
Make no mistake: Profits aren’t ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------cash as well as the profits.
When your business spends money on inventory-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------show up on your Profit and Loss Statement. When your
business makes a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------until the customer pays.
The Projected Cash Flow is what --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------the system. It reconciles the Profit and Loss with the Balance.
There are several legitimate ways --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------be just as accurate.
And, experts can be annoying. Sometimes it seems ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------expert doesn’t know enough to realize there is more than
one way to do it.
Cash crisis is a very frequent ailment --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------to pay the bills! While enlarging business in the growth phase i.e. getting into the
heady experience of being able to add new customers fast and retaining old ones, the entrepreneur often focusses so strongly on
building up sales and earnings that he may start generating ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------and earning efforts with their effect on the cash balances.
The purpose of the cash flow statement, as you --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------you to maintain enough liquidity to pay your bills in time. In order to act as
an evaluation and control tool the cash flow ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------worse, an insolvency on your hands. The possible remedial action in case of
cash flow being deficient in meeting cash needs would be-
 You can reduce the ---------------------------------------------- reduce demands on cash
 You can ------------------------------------------------------------------- receivables
 Borrow -------------------------------------------------- from the bank or
 Put in --------------------------------------------------- if you can.
In order to estimate your cash ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------of cash receipts and expenditures which enables us, if it is followed, to pay our bills in time.
In order to make a cash flow schedule you would have to
a. Estimate --------------------------------------------------------------- per month.
b. Estimate your sales on credit, the ---------------------------------------------------- the accounts receivable.
c. If you have ----------------------------------------------------------------- sales of assets, estimate them also.
d. A total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- inflow per month.
e. You can now ------------------------------------------------------------- you expect to make per month.
f. Estimate the ----------------------------------------------------------- make for your purchases.
g. Estimate ---------------------------------------------------------------- salaries.
h. Calculate ------------------------------------------------------------------------, supplier and so on.
i. Add (---------------------------------------------------------- cash outflows.
j. Subtract the cash ---------------------------------------------- at the end of each month.
This projected cash flow schedule in order -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------in cash receipts, additions in outflow on unutilized cash balance in excess of
your needs must be investigated.

11. How much cash do you actually need at ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------and does not earn a profit for you. Two ratios have been used to give an idea of
the type of liquidity a business should maintain.
The current ratio is a ratio of all current assets (--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------, annually, work out your current ratio to find out if you have liquidity in
excess of your needs or vice versa.
Acid test ratio is a ratio of cash plus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------test of paying all your current creditors.
Sample direct cash flow calculation
The illustration here shows a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------how to create an expense budget.
I include it here to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------and the balance of accounts receivable.
Likewise, your payments of accounts -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------as the sales forecast, personnel plan, or income statement.
See Also: All About Cash Flow
Estimating the flow of receivables
The first two rows of Garrett’s cash ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------the assumption that only 10 percent of his sales are on credit (on account), and that his
customers pay their invoices in about one month on average.
That estimate looks like this:
In this case, the sales on credit are 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------. And the money involved comes in one month later.
This worksheet projects the Accounts -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------on information in the Profit and Loss Projection, plus an assumption about Sales on
Credit, and another on waiting time before payment. And it affects the Projected Balance and the Projected Cash Flow, as shown
in this next illustration:
Estimating the impact of inventory
Inventory also affects cash flow. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------inventory is purchased, as shown here:

12. As with Accounts Receivable in the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------- (Ending Inventory) and the Projected Cash Flow (Inventory Purchase).
See Also: The Complete Guide to Understanding Cash Flow
Estimating the impact of payables
Most businesses wait a month or -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------it later. With proper accrual accounting, that money is recorded on the Balance Sheet as Accounts Payable.
Estimating Accounts Payable takes a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------, not held in Accounts Payable. After that, we estimate how long, on average, we hold
payments. That analysis is shown below:
In this case, it is assumed that ------------------------------------------------------ after it receives them.
Cash flow ---------------------------- management
Reminder: You should be ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------, inventory, and payables.
These are -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------in time to manage them.
6. Write short notes on the following :-
(a) Employment Creation
"Employment creation or Employment creation" is the notion that jobs are created in response to some sort of event or situation.
Conceptually, it's the proactive ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------, or regulatory framework, will create new jobs
In a practical sense, industry only hires more --------------------------------------------------------------------- or services. They will

13. hire only: workers they believe can perform -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------demand for goods or services and have no measurable effect on demand for
goods and services, hence it doesn't affect unemployment rates. The argument exists that policy changes that allow companies to
have higher margins will allow them to -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------where that prospective increase is not
quantifiable, profit-taking is more prudent and what happens.
While employment creation in ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------views on how to achieve it.
The definitions of employment creation are ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------or appointed position in the government, number three and four are in the
control of the free market ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------retrieved on the internet.
1. Employment -------------------------------------------------/stimulus: The -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------releasing contracts to the private sector for infrastructure,
defense, engineering, justice, etc. Other ways that the government creates jobs is by issuing special grants for privately run
programs. These are often for special studies and research. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------destroy independent innovation that is developed by unconnected science
communities and can cause discouragement to innovate by others.
2. Employment creation ------------------------------- and monetary policy: A change to monetary policies, tax incentives and
changes in regulations effects employment. The ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------stray an economy as the actors in the theatre of the economy react to a multitude of
conditions at once. These rules and regulations are ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------major movements in rates of employment, either employment creation or job
destruction. Too many ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------of special interest lobbyists, non-profit Political Action Committees with noble concerns over social issues and
the environment. Government actions do matter
3. Employment creation a market share approach: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------usually accomplished when an unemployed person turns into an entrepreneur
and goes into business to compete in the industry they were familiar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------were employed. Most small businesses that begin come to the
rude awakening that "it's not that easy" but ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------revenues and growth for services in that industry.
4. Employment creation through Ideas: Innovate, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------is the hardest way but the best way to continually grow an economy that can
support its citizens with employment. In the 1990's the computer desk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------industry and lots of good paying jobs. It is possible to see new
industries surface -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------transparent and accessible to everyone.
(b) Selection of Site
For many small businesses, business --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------, wholesale, and manufacturing efforts. In fact, studies conducted by the Small
Business Administration (SBA) and other organizations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------beneficial to a small firm. In the retail business especially, the
adage from real estate applies: Location, location, location.
LOCATION ----------------------------------------- BUSINESS TYPES
Each of the above-mentioned -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------for starting or relocating a business.

14. --------------------------- Businesses
The success of retail ---------------------------------------------------------------------- to a large degree on their location.
Since location is so important, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------space for lease or sale in already-thriving retail areas know that they can command a higher
price because of the volume and quality of business that the location will bring to the company.
Service Businesses
Many service-oriented businesses also ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------in service-oriented businesses (software development, freelance writing, home
improvement, etc.). Others, such as pest control services or -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------location (although location can become a problem because of
other factors; for example, a service ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------). Still other service-oriented businesses, of course, rely to a great degree on their
location. Dry cleaners, hair salons, and other businesses can ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------convenience of their location; if that benefit dries up, so too
do the customers.
Wholesale Businesses
Whereas the primary consideration for ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------—the major location concern of wholesalers is to find a site that has good shipping
and receiving facilities and close proximity to ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------their businesses.
Manufacturing Businesses
As with wholesalers, businesses engaged ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------when the time comes to build or relocate a facility. Most communities have any
number of sites to choose from. The key is to select the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------labor force, transportation factors, availability of raw materials,
available buildings or building sites, community attitudes toward the industry, expense, and convenience of access for
customers.
LOCATION OPTIONS
Small businesses have a number of different -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------. The shopping center, which houses a variety of different stores (often
including well-known chain stores), can take several -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------customers and professional marketing and maintenance services, but
in return, tenants often pay high --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------are sometimes known as strip malls or neighborhood shopping centers. These centers,
which rely on a smaller customer base than their mega-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------or discount stores.
The rest of the stores are usually small retail or --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------is generally not as high either. The small business owner who wishes to
establish his or her store in a shopping center must carefully weigh the ---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------up their businesses in freestanding locations.
Restaurants, for instance, often ---------------------------------------------------- that often accompany such arrangements.
OTHER FACTORS IN BUSINESS SITE SELECTION
There are myriad factors that need to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------is, of course, vital, but that is only one piece of the site selection puzzle. These
considerations include:
 Will projected ---------------------------------------------------------------- purchasing the site?
 Will ancillary costs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------, etc.) be prohibitive?
 Will it be possible ------------------------------------------------- with moving into the new business site?
 Are there restrictive -------------------------------------------------- business operations?

15.  Is the facility itself in ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------be?
 Are the grounds (------------------------------------------------------------------------) in good condition?
 If sharing costs of -------------------------------------------------------------------- view services favorably?
 Might the area ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------ sale and/or construction?
 What sort of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ will be necessary?
 What sort of ------------------------------------------------------------------- will be necessary?
 Will customer ---------------------------------------------------------------? If so, for how long?
 Will major system changes (------------------------------------------------------------------) be necessary?
 Are there any --------------------------------------------------------------------------- change the value of the facility?
 What is the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- is concerned?
 Are ------------------------------------------------------------- located nearby?
(c) Family Business
A family business is a commercial organization in -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------the firm through leadership or ownership. Owner-manager entrepreneurial firms
are not considered to be family -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------family businesses.
Family business is the oldest and most ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------with hundreds of thousands of employees—can be considered family businesses.[1]
Based on
research of the Forbes 400 richest Americans, 44% of the Forbes 400 member fortunes were derived by being a member of or in
association with a family business.
The economic prevalence and ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------” model: large publicly traded companies run in an apparently rational, bureaucratic manner by well
trained “-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------, often fell short by comparison.
Some of the world's largest family-------------------------------------------------- (India) and Foxconn (Taiwan).
In a family business, two or more members within ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------also be managed by individuals who are not members of the family.
However, family members are often involved in the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------and managers. In India, many businesses that are now public
companies were once family businesses.
Family participation as managers and/or ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------as managers and/or owners of a business can present unique problems because the
dynamics of the family system and the dynamics of the business systems are often not in balance.
Characteristics ------------------------------------------ Business
Creativity
In some family enterprises, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------done it.” Either attitude can stifle creativity, which is a precursor to innovation, which is
essential to entrepreneurship. Creativity comes in many ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------things. Which of those creative talents are present in your
business? What are you doing to develop them?
Growth Orientation
An entrepreneurial family company can be -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------in the same place you were last year?

16. Adaptability
In a family enterprise, there are many good ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------and to the marketplace. When was the last time your company ventured out of
its comfort zone? Is your family business a model of flexibility and enthusiasm for change? Are you?
Future Focus
A majority of family companies say they want to -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------, a great weakness of many is a failure to plan for the future. How
committed is your family business to a long-term, forward-looking business strategy? What concrete plans have you made that
demonstrate your commitment?
Self-Determination
Great entrepreneurs are determined to win. They ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------just the opposite from their children. Parents naturally want to take care of
their children and to protect them from painful experiences. Unfortunately, the best intentions can dampen the entrepreneurial
spirit. The best way to protect the next ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------? Do you allow them to make choices and experience the consequences?
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