This document provides information about a sample assignment for the course "Information Systems for Managers" from Indira Gandhi National Open University. It includes 3 questions related to computer aided decision support systems, information security, and the use of spreadsheets (particularly Excel) for accounting purposes. Key details include the purpose of decision support systems to process and present data for strategic decisions, components like data management and user interfaces, and how integrated software applications can help address technology challenges and improve processes through features like visibility and automation.

1. Sample Assignment Jan-June
2016 MS-07
Course Code MS - 07
Course Title Information Systems for Managers
Assignment Code MS-07/TMA/SEM - I/2016
Assignment Coverage All Blocks
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1. What is the purpose of a computer aided decision support system? What are the major components of such a
system? How does it help the decision making process?
Purpose of a computer aided decision support system-
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The main purpose of Computer aided DSS is to process and present the data in such a way that it can be used to make strategic
decisions. It can be as simple a software as Microsoft Excel or as complex as a SAP report. The software and its components will
depend on the sector, application, amount of data and what kind of decision support is required.
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DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed CADS is an interactive software-based system intended to help
decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, and personal knowledge, or business
models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present includes:
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Comparative sales figures between one period and the next,
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Components of a Computer Aided Decision Support Systems

3. A Computer Decision support systems vary greatly in application and complexity, but they all share specific features. A
typical Decision support systems -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1. Data Management Component
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-Organizational information; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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--------------------------------------the Decision Support System database to save time in searching through the organization’s
database and data warehouses.
-External information: some ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Compustat data, and the internet, to mention just a few, can provide
additional information for the use with a Decision Support System.
-Personal information--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- so that you enter this personal information only as
needed, or you can keep the information in a personal database that is accessible by the Decision Support System.
2. Model Management Component
The model management component consists of both the Decision Support System models and the Decision Support System
model management system. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Businesses use models to represent variables and their relationships. For example, ----------------------------------------------------
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Decision Support Systems help in various decision-making situations by utilizing models that allow you to analyze
information in many different ways. The models you use in a Decision Support System depend on the decision you are making
and, consequently, the kind of analysis you require. For example, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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The model management system stores and maintains the Decision Support System’s models. Its function of managing
models is similar to that of a database management system. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. User Interface Management Component
The user interface management component allows you to communicate with the Decision Support System. It consists of the user
interface management system. This is the component that allows you to combine your know-how with the storage and processing
capabilities of the computer.
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4. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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For an example of the components of a Decision Support System, let’s ------------------------------------------------------------------
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. To predict customer demand, lands’ end needs to
continuously monitor buying trends. And to meet that demand, lands’ end must accurately forecast sales levels. To accomplish
theses goals, it uses a Decision Support System which performs three tasks:
-Data management: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------, Lands’ End also needs external information, such as demographic information and industry and
style trend information.
-Model management: The Decision Support System has to have models to analyze the information. The models create new
information that decision makers need to plan product lines and inventory levels. For example, -----------------------------------------
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--------------------------------------------------- to predict sales levels.
-User interface management: A user interface enables Lands’ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4. Knowledge Management Component
The knowledge management component, like that in an expert system, provides information about the relationship among data
that is too complex for a database to represent. It consists of rules that can constrain possible solution as well as alternative
solutions and methods for evaluating them.
For example, when analyzing the impact of a price reduction, a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Role of Computer Aided DSS in business decision making-
There are two fundamental premises associated with computerized decision support. First, computers and information technology
can help people make important decisions. Second, computerized DSS assist and support managers and keep them connected to
the decision-making loop. The overriding goal is improving decision-making effectiveness and efficiency, not automating
decisions.
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5. Most managers want more analyses and specific decision-relevant reports quickly. Certainly, we have many and increasing
information needs. The goal of DSS is to create and use better information. -----------------------------------------------------------------
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From a different perspective, cognitive decision-making biases exist and create a need for decision support. Information
presentation and information availability influence decision makers both positively and negatively. Reducing bias has been a
secondary motivation for building DSS. Most managers accept that some people are biased decision makers but often question if a
proposed DSS will reduce bias. For example-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Changing decision-making environments, managerial requests, and decision-maker limitations creates a need for more and better
decision support. We should consider building a computerized decision support system when (a) good information is likely to
improve the quality of decisions and (b) potential DSS users recognize a need for and want to use computerized support.
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2. “Every component of a computer such as software, hardware and network should be protected”. Justify!
Why should every organization have a disaster recovery plan to protect itself? What are the main components
of a disaster recovery plan?
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The field is of growing importance due to the increasing reliance of computer systems in most societies. Computer systems now
include a very wide variety of "smart" devices, including smart phones, televisions and tiny devices as part of the Internet of
Things – and networks include not only the Internet and private data networks, but also Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and other wireless
networks.
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Crimes involving illegal system access and use of computer services are also a concern. The systems left unattended over
weekends without proper security have been used for commercial use. Computer magazines regularly report cases where
employees have used the facilities for their personal benefit sometimes at the cost of their employers.
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6. All types of computer systems and equipments have also been stolen from offices. In one recent incident, all hardware
components from the computer age were removed and carried away, leaving the cage behind.
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Need for disaster recovery plan-
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As IT systems have become increasingly critical to the smooth operation of a company, and arguably the economy as a whole, the
importance of ensuring the continued operation of those systems, and their rapid recovery, has increased. For example, ------------
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Control measures are steps or mechanisms that can reduce or eliminate various threats for organizations. Different types of
measures can be included in disaster recovery plan (DRP).
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IT disaster recovery control measures can be classified into the following three types:
1. Preventive measures - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2. Detective measures - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
3. Corrective measures - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

7. Good disaster recovery plan measures dictate that these three types of controls be documented and exercised regularly using so-
called "DR tests".
Components of disaster recovery plan -
Because your business involves several connected parts, a number of elements will go into a good disaster recovery strategy. Here
are some key pieces you should make sure to include:
1. Secure data storage. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2. Regular backups. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4. Offsite locations. Having a secondary site ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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5. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- as alternate
communication lines to use if the phone network goes down, or backups for the company email server.
6. Employee preparation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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7. Succession planning. A great disaster recovery plan can fall apart if the particular employee it depends on is suddenly
unavailable, and no one else knows how to step in. Your employees need backups, too.
8. Awareness. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. What are the technology related challenges that are invisible? Highlight the pitfalls? How integrated
software application can help in this?
Technology related challenges that are invisible and their pitfalls-
Managing technology is an intrinsic part of managing a business, and effectively balancing resources to optimize efficiency is an
important operational objective for all managers. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------, effectively managed technology affords businesses the
opportunity to outpace the competition (see figure below).

8. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Enterprise tech as an industry faces many issues that are threatening the success of new software and new businesses. From the
cloud to customer demands, here are some the biggest challenges in enterprise tech right now:
1. Outdated UI/UX
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As technology advances, companies are putting more emphasis on UX, but getting it right is still a major challenge. The problem
is finding a delicate balance between the function of enterprise tech and how it interacts with users.
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2. Mixing cloud and on-premise services
At one time, enterprise tech only existed on premise. There was no cloud. Now, that story has reversed.
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3. Standing out
Just like any other industry, differentiation is a challenge for enterprise-tech companies. Giants such as Apple, Google, Microsoft,
IBM, Hewlett-Packard and Cisco already dominate the industry -- but there is room for small and medium players as well.
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4. Following consumer tech
Enterprise tech is typically a step behind consumer-tech pioneers when it comes to user interface and design. Salesforce modeled
the user interface of its social platform Chatter after that of Facebook. When Yammer launched, it was seen as the Twitter for
companies.
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9. 5. Catering to one customer
One customer should never be more than 20 percent of a company’s revenue, but many enterprise-tech companies find themselves
in this situation.
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This is a real risk to enterprise-tech businesses. Putting too many eggs in one basket can lead to a downfall.
6. Balancing feedback and focus
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Although customer feedback is crucial and constantly iterating and pivoting is central, make sure to stay true to the original
product vision and not get splintered in too many different directions because of customer feature requests.
Integrated software application and its use-
Integrated software -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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The integrated software genre has been largely overshadowed by fully functional office suites, most notably Microsoft Office, but
at one time was considered the "killer application" type responsible for the rise and dominance of the IBM PC in the desktop
business computing world.
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There is a lot of interest among IT solution providers about packages that help in ERP, SCM, BPR and CRM. The plea given is
that they help in real business growth. Companies actually want to integrate their diverse business processes to simplify operations
for faster decision-making. Many companies have realized that if they have to survive and grow, they have to use tools that can
provide quicker and useful information and cut costs to increase efficiency. Till now IT was used in large and multinational
companies only. Small companies were not willing to invest more on IT.
In India,-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. These solutions provides a platform to integrate
all processes in an organization enabling it to plan, trace and see its 4-m resources (materials, machines, men and money) in the
best possible ways to service customers and reduce costs. If you want that your Business should survive with low overheads and
still run efficiently then you have no choice but to opt for IT solutions.

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The key to establishing a good IT system lies in the proper planning. Businesses should first specify their needs, processes and
key data. They should clearly specify the kind of information and its flow. Once these specifications are done, it is the integration
of information that is required. Once integration is done, information is accessible to every department around the company.
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Process Efficiency Across Your Organization: There are several key processes that you may encounter in your daily operations,
such as order management, fulfillment, invoicing, cash collection, expense approvals, and financial consolidation, to name a few.
Automating such processes enables you to avoid new hires that would otherwise be required to manage these processes, and
redeploy staff to higher-value activities to help your business innovate and grow-----------------------------------------------------------
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Dramatically Improved Visibility: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------, König Wheels was able to monitor their suppliers'
workloads in real-time and doubled their business in four years while saving $120,000 annually.
Significant IT Time and Cost Savings: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Accelerated growth: With an integrated software system, expansion to multiple locations and additional sales channels can be ---
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-----------------------------, NetSuite OneWorld.
User-Driven Innovation: Because process changes can be implemented quickly, everyday business users are able to apply their
functional expertise to tailor processes and applications in a way that improves performance. Meanwhile, IT is liberated to focus
on strategic initiatives that can add value to the bottom line by building innovative value-added solutions.

11. Conclusion-
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Integrated business software suites are transforming how companies run, and enabling them to transcend growing pains that
previously were holding them back from taking their business to the next level of profitable growth.
4. “Excel is very versatile spreadsheet package. It can do wonder for accountants”. Comment.
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Spreadsheets are used for performing calculations, recalculating results if any data stored in them is changed, creating financial
reports, comparing reports etc. A very useful feature of spreadsheet is its ability to create groups. It helps you establish relation-
ship between two or more sets of data and easily understand the trends of data changes.
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12. , but an electronic spreadsheet automatically performs all such calculations for us. All we have to do is just change the data and
the rest is taken care of by the spreadsheet. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------------, left aligned or centered.
Spreadsheets allow us to use different fonts and styles to emphasize headings.
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Excel spreadsheets are the most common and indispensable tool used by accountants, enabling them to analyse, report and share
financial information. Much of this can be accomplished using only a fraction of the wealth of functions and options within the
Excel program. Basic arithmetic, the SUM() function and some cell border formatting will let you produce useful models and
perform some quite complex calculations.
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A spreadsheet presentation gives reports a degree of unearned credibility. This is frequently ill-deserved and research shows that a
high proportion of large models contain critical errors. Your spreadsheets must be well designed and thoroughly checked If you
wish to be selective with your data and only perform calculations on items that meet certain criteria, both Database and Array
functions are useful, but SUMPRODUCT() is the most versatile and wonderful alternative. It is able to extract all sorts of values
from a table of data and can be used as an alternative to a great many functions.
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A popular, modern Financial Management technique is that of balanced scorecards which often incorporate traffic light indicators.
Conditional formatting for cell ranges is not only useful for highlighting exceptional or incorrect values but can be used to
automatically colour cells to show good or bad performance.
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There are numerous financial functions for performing interest and investment calculations. These can greatly simplify the long
formulae previously required for things such as loan repayments - but always beware. ----------------------------------------------------
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13. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Once you have tested the financial
functions using a variety of situations and confirmed the results, they make tasks such as calculating the Net Present Value much
easier.
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Finally, it is always helpful to make your models friendly to other users. Protecting or restricting the values that can be placed in
cells will prevent unforeseen errors. Drop down boxes are a splendid way of getting values from users and hyperlinks can guide
them around your models. By incorporating dates and filenames in default headers and footers, anyone can trace the source of
your masterpiece.
5. What do you understand by Artificial Intelligence? What are the factors that highlighted the need of
developing AI? What are the goals of AI?
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AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with other fields such as Maths, Psychology,
Cognition, Biology and Philosophy, among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will ultimately
benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being.
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AI research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.
Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Artificial Intelligence is slowly but surely growing in its importance in education. As machines grow "smarter," our educational
system needs to be in a process of continually rethinking what students should be learning.

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Right now, a human brain is far far better at thinking, understanding, and knowing what it is like to be human than is a computer
brain. However, a computer brain can carry out a variety of procedures (that humans consider important) far faster and more
accurately than a human brain.
Factors that highlighted the need of developing AI-
 Game playing - -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 Speech recognition - -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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------------------------------. On the other hand, while it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone
back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient.
 Understanding natural language - -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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------------------------------------------------ for very limited domains.
 Computer vision - The world is composed of three-dimensional objects-----------------------------------------------------------------
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representing three-dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.
 Expert systems - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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--------------------------, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments.
It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed. Namely, its ontology included
bacteria, symptoms, and treatments and did not include patients, doctors, hospitals, death, recovery, and events occurring in time.
Its interactions depended on a single patient being considered. Since the experts consulted by the knowledge engineers knew
about patients, doctors, death, recovery, etc., it is clear that the knowledge engineers forced what the experts told them into a

15. predetermined framework. In the present state of AI, this has to be true. The usefulness of current expert systems depends on their
users having common sense.
 Heuristic classification - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 Finance - Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August
2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition. Financial institutions have long used artificial neural
network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation.
 Hospitals and medicine - -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 Computer-aided interpretation of medical images. Such systems help scan digital images, e.g. ---------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------. A typical application is the detection of a tumor.
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 Heavy industry - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 Telecommunications maintenance - Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search in the management
of their workforces, for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling application that provides the work
schedules of 20,000 engineers.
 Aviation - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Airplane simulators are using artificial intelligence in order to process the data taken from simulated flights. Other than
simulated flying, there is also simulated aircraft warfare. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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--------------------------------------------------------------------. The artificial intelligent programs can sort the information and provide
the pilot with the best possible maneuvers, not to mention getting rid of certain maneuvers that would be impossible for a human
being to perform. Multiple aircraft are needed to get good approximations for some calculations so computer simulated pilots are
used to gather data. These computer simulated pilots are also used to train future air traffic controllers.

16. AI works on the following goals:
1. Emulate Humans: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. Develop Expert Systems on Real-Life Problems: AI has real-life problems in the world as its pivot. AI’s goal is to develop
experts systems that simulate the real-world problems and solve them automatically.
4. Enhance Interaction: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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