MRI Brain
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This document provides information about different types of MRI sequences including T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, proton density, and post-contrast T1-weighted scans. It describes how tissues such as white matter, grey matter, fat, fluid, blood, and lesions appear on each sequence. Contrast agents like gadolinium are discussed as well as their use in visualizing vessels, vascularity and blood brain barrier disruption. The proton density sequence measures hydrogen atom concentration in tissues and is useful for distinguishing fluid, cartilage and fibrocartilage signals.
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Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid part of blood and contains water and many substances. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns to the lungs as waste. White blood cells help fight bacteria and viruses using enzymes, antibodies, and by engulfing pathogens. Platelets help form blood clots to seal wounds in damaged blood vessels.
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1) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition where abnormal blood clotting occurs throughout the body's blood vessels, consuming platelets and clotting factors and eventually causing bleeding.
2) DIC is caused by underlying conditions such as infection, injury, cancer or shock and results in microclots forming in small blood vessels.
3) Symptoms of DIC include bleeding, organ dysfunction, and low platelet and clotting factor levels. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause as well as replacing clotting factors and platelets if serious bleeding occurs.
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Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid part of blood and contains water and many substances. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns to the lungs as waste. White blood cells help fight bacteria and viruses using enzymes, antibodies, and by engulfing pathogens. Platelets help form blood clots to seal wounds in damaged blood vessels.
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2) DIC is caused by underlying conditions such as infection, injury, cancer or shock and results in microclots forming in small blood vessels.
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__ Get in presentation format: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XVfSmRoB40angMGIw7DJC-FUxp6MUPw7/view?usp=sharing
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The document discusses thrombosis and thrombus formation. It defines thrombosis as the formation of a solid blood clot within the circulatory system. A thrombus is the blood clot itself. The key points covered include:
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- The coagulation cascade is activated via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways ultimately forming fibrin.
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Hemostasis and coagulation of blood by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, ...
DEFINITION Hemostasis
STAGES OF HEMOSTASIS
VASOCONSTRICTION
PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
COAGULATION OF BLOOD DEFINITION
FACTORS INVOLVED IN BLOOD CLOTTING
SEQUENCE OF CLOTTING MECHANISM
BLOOD CLOT
ANTICLOTTING MECHANISM IN THE BODY
ANTICOAGULANTS
PHYSICAL METHODS TO PREVENT BLOOD CLOTTING
PROCOAGULANTS
TESTS FOR BLOOD CLOTTING
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
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Hemostasis is the regulated process that maintains blood in a liquid state within vessels but also forms clots to stop bleeding after vascular injury. It involves platelets, blood vessel walls, and coagulation/fibrinolytic systems. The hemostatic process begins with vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation before blood coagulation activates, forming fibrin to stabilize the platelet plug. Finally, fibrinolysis dissolves the clot. Tight regulation prevents inappropriate clotting within healthy vessels.
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(slide 9. includes an amazing GIF that shows the process)
__ Get in presentation format: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XVfSmRoB40angMGIw7DJC-FUxp6MUPw7/view?usp=sharing
A very simple presentation on Haemostasis and its mechanism + Steps of blood clotting
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It refers to the process of keeping blood within a damaged blood vessel.
The endothelial cells of intact blood vessels prevent blood coagulation
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1. Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays to produce images based on differential tissue absorption, with darker shades corresponding to less attenuation. Slice thickness is typically 5-10mm for head CTs.
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes the magnetic properties of hydrogen protons to produce images. Different sequences like T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR provide contrast between tissues. Diffusion weighted imaging detects restricted diffusion seen in acute ischemia.
3. Neuroimaging techniques like CT, MRI, DWI, perfusion imaging, and MRS are used to evaluate conditions like stroke, tumors, infections, demyelinating diseases and more by visualizing anatomical structures and physiological properties
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Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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MRI Brain
- 1. Dr. Rabail Akbar Qazi
- 3. • Best for ‘anatomical’ imaging of the brain • White matter is of a higher signal intensity than the grey matter • Fat appears bright • Fluid appears dark • T1-weighted sequences provide the best contrast for paramagnetic contrast agents
- 4. BLACK: • Air • Calcium • Bone DARK: • CSF • Edema • Most lesions GREY: • White matter and grey matter WHITE: • Blood • Fat • Melanin • Protein rich fluid • Slow flowing blood • Paramagnetic substances
- 5. • Opposite to that of T1 • Grey matter appears white and white matter appears dark • Fat is dark • Fluid is bright • Vessels: Black (Flow void)
- 6. BLACK: • Air • Dense bone • Calcium • Flow DARK: • Grey matter • White matter WHITE: • CSF • Blood • Edema • Most lesions
- 8. Usually gadolinium is used as a contrast agent Sensitive to the presence of intravascular as well as extravascular gadolinium Useful for visualization of: Normal vessels Vascularity Disruption of the blood brain barrier
- 11. Same as T2 except that free CSF is suppressed i.e hypointense. Important in delineating lesions close to CSF containing spaces Contrast enhanced FLAIR useful for leptomeningeal involvement.
- 15. The concentration of mobile Hydrogen atoms within a sample of tissue The higher the number of protons in a given unit of tissue, the brighter the signal on the proton density image. Excellent signal distinction between fluid, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage.
- 16. FLUID: Hyperintense Fat: Hyperintense
- 22. THANKYOU
Editor's Notes
- The clinical benefits of gadolinium-based contrast agents when used for brain MR imaging are significant, and they include the ability to see more lesions and improve lesion characterization most commonly used for enhancement of vessels in MR angiography or for brain tumor enhancement associated with the degradation of the blood–brain barrier. Gd(III) chelates do not pass the intact blood–brain barrier because they are hydrophilic. Thus, these are useful in enhancing lesions and tumors where blood-brain barrier is compromised and the Gd(III) leaks out.
- The fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is a special inversion recovery sequence using a long repetition time that effectively suppresses signals from free water in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thus allowing to highlight hyperintense lesions adjacent to CSF containing spaces
- Proton density images were extensively used for brain imaging, however they have largely been replaced by FLAIR