Dr Shay Ganesh, Clinical Manager at medical Research Council in the HIV Prevention, Treatment and Wellness Unit presented on local and global HIV prevention efforts, focusing on previous, current and future programmes. Dr Ganesh looked towards Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis as a possible future prevention programme and gave some insight into possible programmatic and public health challenges involved in rolling out new HIV prevention programmes.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, current statistics on those infected and prevalence rates in different populations. It discusses milestones in treatment and prevention efforts as well as the complexity of developing an HIV vaccine. Key challenges include the scientific difficulties of the virus integrating and rapidly mutating, as well as lack of animal models and unknown immune correlates of protection. Political and policy challenges also impact vaccine development through the need for long-term funding commitments and incentives for private sector involvement. Societal factors like ethics, culture, stigma and gender dynamics further complicate vaccine trials.
This document summarizes the work of mothers2mothers (m2m) in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. It describes how m2m uses mentor mothers to educate and support HIV-positive pregnant women and new mothers, with the goals of preventing HIV transmission to babies, keeping mothers and infants healthy, and empowering mothers. The model employs and trains local HIV-positive women to mentor others in health facilities and communities. An evaluation found that m2m significantly increases utilization of PMTCT services and improves psychosocial outcomes for participants. m2m has expanded from South Africa to 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Professor Quarraisha Abdool Karim will take you on a journey showing how knowledge and science have made an incredible impact on battling the HIV virus on the African content. Through empowering women to help fight this deadly disease, Professor Karim’s work has managed to translate scientific research and knowledge into people-centred solutions and prevention programmes to reduce the factors making young people so vulnerable to HIV infection. Be inspired by this story and prepared to embrace your own challenges to transform them into positive actions.
HIV infects and damages cells that help the body fight infection and disease. It can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. To prevent mother-to-child transmission, pregnant women should receive counseling and voluntary testing for HIV. If infected, antiretroviral treatment is recommended during pregnancy and delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding if safe alternatives are available. Planned c-section or antiretroviral prophylaxis can further reduce the risk of transmission.
Cervical Vaccines in India - Recent Updates, Gardasil Jalandhar feb 2017Gaurav Gupta
1) A large study in India found that two doses of the HPV vaccine, administered 6 months apart, were as effective at preventing HPV infection as three doses in girls aged 10-18 years.
2) The two-dose schedule produced similar antibody levels and no cases of persistent infection with HPV types 16 and 18 were found over an average follow up of 4.7 years.
3) Based on these results, the study supports the WHO recommendation of a two-dose schedule of the HPV vaccine for young girls.
New vaccines are urgently needed that can prevent both infection and disease across all populations and strains of TB, help reduce the growing problem of drug-resistant TB, and contribute to global TB elimination efforts.
This document reviews research on HIV transmission through breastfeeding in sub-Saharan Africa. Some key points:
- Breastfeeding is an important part of motherhood in sub-Saharan Africa but has been compromised by HIV/AIDS, which is a major public health issue in the region.
- Vertical HIV transmission rates in sub-Saharan Africa are estimated at 35%, with one third to one half of that attributed to breastfeeding. Longer durations of breastfeeding increase infant risk of contracting HIV.
- Maternal factors like high viral load, immune suppression, and breast conditions can increase the risk of transmitting HIV to infants through breastfeeding. Co-factors like STIs, tuberculosis, malnutrition, and malaria
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, current statistics on those infected and prevalence rates in different populations. It discusses milestones in treatment and prevention efforts as well as the complexity of developing an HIV vaccine. Key challenges include the scientific difficulties of the virus integrating and rapidly mutating, as well as lack of animal models and unknown immune correlates of protection. Political and policy challenges also impact vaccine development through the need for long-term funding commitments and incentives for private sector involvement. Societal factors like ethics, culture, stigma and gender dynamics further complicate vaccine trials.
This document summarizes the work of mothers2mothers (m2m) in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. It describes how m2m uses mentor mothers to educate and support HIV-positive pregnant women and new mothers, with the goals of preventing HIV transmission to babies, keeping mothers and infants healthy, and empowering mothers. The model employs and trains local HIV-positive women to mentor others in health facilities and communities. An evaluation found that m2m significantly increases utilization of PMTCT services and improves psychosocial outcomes for participants. m2m has expanded from South Africa to 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Professor Quarraisha Abdool Karim will take you on a journey showing how knowledge and science have made an incredible impact on battling the HIV virus on the African content. Through empowering women to help fight this deadly disease, Professor Karim’s work has managed to translate scientific research and knowledge into people-centred solutions and prevention programmes to reduce the factors making young people so vulnerable to HIV infection. Be inspired by this story and prepared to embrace your own challenges to transform them into positive actions.
HIV infects and damages cells that help the body fight infection and disease. It can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. To prevent mother-to-child transmission, pregnant women should receive counseling and voluntary testing for HIV. If infected, antiretroviral treatment is recommended during pregnancy and delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding if safe alternatives are available. Planned c-section or antiretroviral prophylaxis can further reduce the risk of transmission.
Cervical Vaccines in India - Recent Updates, Gardasil Jalandhar feb 2017Gaurav Gupta
1) A large study in India found that two doses of the HPV vaccine, administered 6 months apart, were as effective at preventing HPV infection as three doses in girls aged 10-18 years.
2) The two-dose schedule produced similar antibody levels and no cases of persistent infection with HPV types 16 and 18 were found over an average follow up of 4.7 years.
3) Based on these results, the study supports the WHO recommendation of a two-dose schedule of the HPV vaccine for young girls.
New vaccines are urgently needed that can prevent both infection and disease across all populations and strains of TB, help reduce the growing problem of drug-resistant TB, and contribute to global TB elimination efforts.
This document reviews research on HIV transmission through breastfeeding in sub-Saharan Africa. Some key points:
- Breastfeeding is an important part of motherhood in sub-Saharan Africa but has been compromised by HIV/AIDS, which is a major public health issue in the region.
- Vertical HIV transmission rates in sub-Saharan Africa are estimated at 35%, with one third to one half of that attributed to breastfeeding. Longer durations of breastfeeding increase infant risk of contracting HIV.
- Maternal factors like high viral load, immune suppression, and breast conditions can increase the risk of transmitting HIV to infants through breastfeeding. Co-factors like STIs, tuberculosis, malnutrition, and malaria
POGS Clinical Practice Recommendations on PMTCT of HIVHelen Madamba
With guidelines from WHO and DOH, the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society (POGS) releases it clinical practice recommendation on prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. With the concentrated Philippine HIV/AIDS epidemic in the cities and among key affected populations, it is important to target pregnant Filipino women for screening, diagnosis and treatment.
Zika Virus Surveillance and Reporting in the CaribbeanUWI_Markcomm
Shaping the Caribbean's response to Zika, UWI’s Zika Task Force (www.uwi.edu/zika) is gathering and providing expert advice and developing a strategic, scientific approach to tackling the Zika virus.
This document discusses strategies for improving adult vaccination rates in rural Indiana by empowering healthcare providers. It describes an educational initiative developed by the Indiana Immunization Coalition and Indiana Faculty to provide providers with information on communicating vaccine benefits to patients, identifying patient barriers to vaccination, and applying system changes to address provider barriers. The goal is to help integrate adult vaccination screening and administration into clinical practice.
This document summarizes guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Ethiopia. It outlines the epidemiology of HIV in women and children, defining MTCT and PMTCT. Risks of MTCT are highest without intervention, ranging from 20-45%. The national PMTCT strategy includes: primary HIV prevention; preventing unintended pregnancies in HIV+ women; preventing transmission from mother to child; and treatment, care and support of women and families. Key components are counseling and testing, antenatal care, labor/delivery care, postpartum care, infant care including ARV prophylaxis, and lifelong ART for eligible mothers. National guidelines have opted for WHO PMTCT
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV 2017Helen Madamba
This is a lecture delivered during the Integrated Orientation on HIV/AIDS and TBHIV Collaboration by the Department of Health Region 7 at Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Burden of HIV and Research Gaps Among Key Populations in Sub-Saharan AfricaHopkinsCFAR
Key populations including sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs experience disproportionately high HIV burdens in sub-Saharan Africa due to various biological, behavioral, and structural factors. HIV prevalence among female sex workers ranges from 10.9% in Eastern Europe to 36.9% in sub-Saharan Africa, where sex workers are 12 times more likely to be infected than other women. Men who have sex with men also experience high HIV prevalence, though data remains limited in sub-Saharan Africa. Combination prevention approaches including behavioral, biomedical, and structural interventions are needed to address the outsized impact of HIV on key populations.
Shaping the Caribbean's response to Zika, UWI’s Zika Task Force (www.uwi.edu/zika) is gathering and providing expert advice to develop a strategic, scientific approach for tackling the Zika virus.
This document discusses recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding HPV vaccination. It recommends routine HPV vaccination for all 11-12 year old children with either the quadrivalent or bivalent HPV vaccine. HPV vaccines protect against cancers caused by HPV types 16 and 18. The rationale for recommending vaccination at ages 11-12 is that the vaccine works best before sexual activity begins and antibody responses are highest during these ages. Vaccinating males provides direct benefits to males and also indirect herd immunity benefits to females.
This document summarizes a panel discussion on HPV vaccination in India. Some key points:
- Cervical cancer is a major problem in India, with over 122,000 new cases and 67,000 deaths annually.
- HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Vaccination induces high antibody levels to protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which cause 70% of cervical cancers.
- The best age for vaccination is 11-12 years, before sexual debut. Catch-up vaccination is recommended through age 26.
- Common side effects of HPV vaccination are mild and temporary. Rare severe allergic reactions may occur.
- Vaccination is recommended even for sexually active women and women in monogamous relationships to
Two – Dose regime of 4HPV : Indian Perspective Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Sharda J...Lifecare Centre
Aim
To compare the immunogenicity and frequency of persistent infection and cervical precancerous lesions caused by vaccine-targeted HPV after vaccination with:
Two doses of quadrivalent vaccine on days 1 and 180 or later
With three doses on days 1, 60, and 180 or later, in a cluster-randomised trial
Zika Outbreak Preparedness: Lessons from Ebola UWI_Markcomm
Shaping the Caribbean's response to Zika, UWI’s Zika Task Force (www.uwi.edu/zika) is gathering and providing expert advice to develop a strategic, scientific approach toward tackling the Zika virus.
Consolidated guidelines on
the Use of Antiretroviral
Drugs for Treating and
Preventing HIV Infection
Summary of key features and recommendations
JUNE 2013
01 Setswe~Hiv Prevention Where Is The Evidence Of Interventions That WorkNicholas Jacobs
The document summarizes evidence for HIV prevention interventions that work. It discusses biomedical interventions like male circumcision, HAART, and PMTCT that have good evidence of effectiveness ranging from 60-98% based on randomized controlled trials. It also reviews behavioral interventions like HIV counseling and testing, the Stepping Stones program, and structural interventions like microfinance combined with gender training, finding some have promising evidence of effectiveness while evidence is limited or lacking for others.
2018 polio eradication for bay of plenty grand roundMichelle Tanner
Polio eradication and my personal experiences of being invited to Pakistan as a Rotarian and nurse expert on immunisations, to present at a Rotary polio eradication conference and participate in polio and polio education activities.
2018 Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV InfectionHelen Madamba
The document discusses prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in the Philippines. It outlines the objectives of discussing PMTCT program prongs, HIV epidemiology in the Philippines, transmission and management principles, and screening/testing during pregnancy. It provides statistics on increasing HIV prevalence in the Philippines, especially among men who have sex with men, IV drug users, and teenagers/single mothers. Modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex and needle sharing. The document emphasizes screening, counseling, and ARV treatment during pregnancy and delivery to reduce mother-to-child transmission risk, as well as strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy and support women living with HIV.
HPV Vaccination, Cerviocal Cancer : Do we need it
for Prevention of cervical cancer &
other HPV related diseasesm,
Presentation Outlines
Cervical cancer disease burden
Prevention with HPV vaccination
Vaccination of sexually active women
Opportunity of Postpartum HPV vaccination
Importance of genital warts prevention
Real world effectiveness data
Safety of HPV vaccine
This is a lecture given to medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine under the reproductive module. It contains a discussion of principles of HIV infection screening, diagnosis, staging and management, especially during pregnancy.
Elimination of mother to child transmission of hivstompoutmalaria
The document discusses eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015. It provides facts on the magnitude of MTCT, defines elimination as reducing the transmission rate to below 5%, and outlines the tools and costs required. These include ARV regimens, family planning services, and focused efforts in the 25 highest burden countries. Peace Corps volunteers could help implement prevention activities and promote services to measure progress towards elimination goals.
Diarrhea is a common symptom that can range from mild to life-threatening. It is often seen in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. There are several potential causes of diarrhea including secretory, exudative, dysmotility, osmotic, malabsorptive, and secondary causes related to medications. Management involves assessing the severity and underlying cause before treating with absorbent agents, prostaglandin inhibitors, opioids, or somatostatin inhibitors to reduce stool frequency and regain fluid balance. Hospitalization may be required for severe cases to provide aggressive rehydration and medical treatment.
MRC/info4africa KZN Community Forum | 26 August 2014 | Improved quality when ...info4africa
Topic: Improved quality when going to scale - The need for improved HIV diagnostics, and ensuring access to care.
Speaker: Mr Brad Mears - Managing Director of Atomo Diagnostics
As South Africa overcomes the battle against HIV, diagnostic tools, systems and tests need to perform at an improved rate, in-field. Proper diagnosis opens the pathway for entry into the healthcare system, and successful health outcomes for patients on ARV treatment. The poor in-field performance of some diagnostic tools has led to the under-diagnosis of patients presenting for testing.
A new diagnostic platform that Atomo is bringing to market aims to remove most of the human error when tests are conducted.
As Managing Director for Atomo Diagnostics, and with a long history of working in the realms of HIV and AIDS, Mr Mears will showcase the company’s new HIV diagnostics platform. As a company, Atomo is a start-up diagnostics company, which seeks to bring new and innovative products to market.
POGS Clinical Practice Recommendations on PMTCT of HIVHelen Madamba
With guidelines from WHO and DOH, the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society (POGS) releases it clinical practice recommendation on prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. With the concentrated Philippine HIV/AIDS epidemic in the cities and among key affected populations, it is important to target pregnant Filipino women for screening, diagnosis and treatment.
Zika Virus Surveillance and Reporting in the CaribbeanUWI_Markcomm
Shaping the Caribbean's response to Zika, UWI’s Zika Task Force (www.uwi.edu/zika) is gathering and providing expert advice and developing a strategic, scientific approach to tackling the Zika virus.
This document discusses strategies for improving adult vaccination rates in rural Indiana by empowering healthcare providers. It describes an educational initiative developed by the Indiana Immunization Coalition and Indiana Faculty to provide providers with information on communicating vaccine benefits to patients, identifying patient barriers to vaccination, and applying system changes to address provider barriers. The goal is to help integrate adult vaccination screening and administration into clinical practice.
This document summarizes guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Ethiopia. It outlines the epidemiology of HIV in women and children, defining MTCT and PMTCT. Risks of MTCT are highest without intervention, ranging from 20-45%. The national PMTCT strategy includes: primary HIV prevention; preventing unintended pregnancies in HIV+ women; preventing transmission from mother to child; and treatment, care and support of women and families. Key components are counseling and testing, antenatal care, labor/delivery care, postpartum care, infant care including ARV prophylaxis, and lifelong ART for eligible mothers. National guidelines have opted for WHO PMTCT
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV 2017Helen Madamba
This is a lecture delivered during the Integrated Orientation on HIV/AIDS and TBHIV Collaboration by the Department of Health Region 7 at Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Burden of HIV and Research Gaps Among Key Populations in Sub-Saharan AfricaHopkinsCFAR
Key populations including sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs experience disproportionately high HIV burdens in sub-Saharan Africa due to various biological, behavioral, and structural factors. HIV prevalence among female sex workers ranges from 10.9% in Eastern Europe to 36.9% in sub-Saharan Africa, where sex workers are 12 times more likely to be infected than other women. Men who have sex with men also experience high HIV prevalence, though data remains limited in sub-Saharan Africa. Combination prevention approaches including behavioral, biomedical, and structural interventions are needed to address the outsized impact of HIV on key populations.
Shaping the Caribbean's response to Zika, UWI’s Zika Task Force (www.uwi.edu/zika) is gathering and providing expert advice to develop a strategic, scientific approach for tackling the Zika virus.
This document discusses recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding HPV vaccination. It recommends routine HPV vaccination for all 11-12 year old children with either the quadrivalent or bivalent HPV vaccine. HPV vaccines protect against cancers caused by HPV types 16 and 18. The rationale for recommending vaccination at ages 11-12 is that the vaccine works best before sexual activity begins and antibody responses are highest during these ages. Vaccinating males provides direct benefits to males and also indirect herd immunity benefits to females.
This document summarizes a panel discussion on HPV vaccination in India. Some key points:
- Cervical cancer is a major problem in India, with over 122,000 new cases and 67,000 deaths annually.
- HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Vaccination induces high antibody levels to protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which cause 70% of cervical cancers.
- The best age for vaccination is 11-12 years, before sexual debut. Catch-up vaccination is recommended through age 26.
- Common side effects of HPV vaccination are mild and temporary. Rare severe allergic reactions may occur.
- Vaccination is recommended even for sexually active women and women in monogamous relationships to
Two – Dose regime of 4HPV : Indian Perspective Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Sharda J...Lifecare Centre
Aim
To compare the immunogenicity and frequency of persistent infection and cervical precancerous lesions caused by vaccine-targeted HPV after vaccination with:
Two doses of quadrivalent vaccine on days 1 and 180 or later
With three doses on days 1, 60, and 180 or later, in a cluster-randomised trial
Zika Outbreak Preparedness: Lessons from Ebola UWI_Markcomm
Shaping the Caribbean's response to Zika, UWI’s Zika Task Force (www.uwi.edu/zika) is gathering and providing expert advice to develop a strategic, scientific approach toward tackling the Zika virus.
Consolidated guidelines on
the Use of Antiretroviral
Drugs for Treating and
Preventing HIV Infection
Summary of key features and recommendations
JUNE 2013
01 Setswe~Hiv Prevention Where Is The Evidence Of Interventions That WorkNicholas Jacobs
The document summarizes evidence for HIV prevention interventions that work. It discusses biomedical interventions like male circumcision, HAART, and PMTCT that have good evidence of effectiveness ranging from 60-98% based on randomized controlled trials. It also reviews behavioral interventions like HIV counseling and testing, the Stepping Stones program, and structural interventions like microfinance combined with gender training, finding some have promising evidence of effectiveness while evidence is limited or lacking for others.
2018 polio eradication for bay of plenty grand roundMichelle Tanner
Polio eradication and my personal experiences of being invited to Pakistan as a Rotarian and nurse expert on immunisations, to present at a Rotary polio eradication conference and participate in polio and polio education activities.
2018 Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV InfectionHelen Madamba
The document discusses prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in the Philippines. It outlines the objectives of discussing PMTCT program prongs, HIV epidemiology in the Philippines, transmission and management principles, and screening/testing during pregnancy. It provides statistics on increasing HIV prevalence in the Philippines, especially among men who have sex with men, IV drug users, and teenagers/single mothers. Modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex and needle sharing. The document emphasizes screening, counseling, and ARV treatment during pregnancy and delivery to reduce mother-to-child transmission risk, as well as strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy and support women living with HIV.
HPV Vaccination, Cerviocal Cancer : Do we need it
for Prevention of cervical cancer &
other HPV related diseasesm,
Presentation Outlines
Cervical cancer disease burden
Prevention with HPV vaccination
Vaccination of sexually active women
Opportunity of Postpartum HPV vaccination
Importance of genital warts prevention
Real world effectiveness data
Safety of HPV vaccine
This is a lecture given to medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine under the reproductive module. It contains a discussion of principles of HIV infection screening, diagnosis, staging and management, especially during pregnancy.
Elimination of mother to child transmission of hivstompoutmalaria
The document discusses eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015. It provides facts on the magnitude of MTCT, defines elimination as reducing the transmission rate to below 5%, and outlines the tools and costs required. These include ARV regimens, family planning services, and focused efforts in the 25 highest burden countries. Peace Corps volunteers could help implement prevention activities and promote services to measure progress towards elimination goals.
Diarrhea is a common symptom that can range from mild to life-threatening. It is often seen in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. There are several potential causes of diarrhea including secretory, exudative, dysmotility, osmotic, malabsorptive, and secondary causes related to medications. Management involves assessing the severity and underlying cause before treating with absorbent agents, prostaglandin inhibitors, opioids, or somatostatin inhibitors to reduce stool frequency and regain fluid balance. Hospitalization may be required for severe cases to provide aggressive rehydration and medical treatment.
MRC/info4africa KZN Community Forum | 26 August 2014 | Improved quality when ...info4africa
Topic: Improved quality when going to scale - The need for improved HIV diagnostics, and ensuring access to care.
Speaker: Mr Brad Mears - Managing Director of Atomo Diagnostics
As South Africa overcomes the battle against HIV, diagnostic tools, systems and tests need to perform at an improved rate, in-field. Proper diagnosis opens the pathway for entry into the healthcare system, and successful health outcomes for patients on ARV treatment. The poor in-field performance of some diagnostic tools has led to the under-diagnosis of patients presenting for testing.
A new diagnostic platform that Atomo is bringing to market aims to remove most of the human error when tests are conducted.
As Managing Director for Atomo Diagnostics, and with a long history of working in the realms of HIV and AIDS, Mr Mears will showcase the company’s new HIV diagnostics platform. As a company, Atomo is a start-up diagnostics company, which seeks to bring new and innovative products to market.
MRC/info4africa KZN Community Forum | July 2014 | Dr Elizabeth Spooner | TB i...info4africa
Dr Elizabeth Spooner presented at the MRC/info4africa KZN Community Forum during July 2014. Her presentation was entitled "Tuberculosis in South Africa - Where are We and Where are We Going".
AIDS/HIV Awareness through Maps and MashupsSusieQuinn
This assignment was created for the class LIBR 220 : Maps, GIS, and Map Librarianship, Fall Semester 2008, taught by Dr. Susan Aber at San José State University, School of Library and Information Management http://slisweb.sjsu.edu/.
The information discussed here highlight how visual information (map and cartogram displays) is helpful in making the public aware of health issues, specifically in AIDS / HIV.
A B S T R A C T
Purpose: Hispanic/Latino adolescents and young adults are disproportionately impacted by the
HIV/AIDS epidemic; yet little is known about the best strategies to increase HIV testing in this
group. Network-based approaches are feasible and acceptable means for screening at-risk adults
for HIV infection, but it is unknown whether these approaches are appropriate for at-risk young
Hispanics/Latinos. Thus, we compared an alternative venue-based testing (AVT) strategy with a
social and sexual network-based interviewing and HIV testing (SSNIT) strategy.
Methods: All participants were Hispanics/Latinos aged 13e24 years with self-reported HIV risk;
they were recruited from 11 cities in the United States and Puerto Rico and completed an audio
computer-assisted self-interview and underwent HIV screening.
Results: A total of 1,596 participants (94.5% of those approached) were enrolled: 784 (49.1%)
through AVT and 812 (50.9%) through SSNIT. HIV infection was identified in three SSNIT (.37%) and
four AVT (.51%) participants (p ¼ .7213).
Conclusions: Despite high levels of HIV risk, a low prevalence of HIV infectionwas identified with no
differences by recruitment strategy. We found overwhelming support for the acceptability and feasibility
of AVT and SSNIT for engaging and screening at-risk young Hispanics/Latinos. Further research is
needed to better understand howto strategically implement such strategies to improve identification of
undiagnosed HIV infection.
Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation of the stomach and intestines that commonly causes diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It is usually caused by infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, or parasites that damage the intestinal lining. The main goals of treatment are rehydration and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration. Specific infectious causes discussed in the document include norovirus, rotavirus, salmonella, shigella, E. coli O157:H7, and Clostridium difficile.
HIV/AIDS refers to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV attacks the immune system, leaving individuals susceptible to infections over time. The document discusses the definition of HIV/AIDS, how HIV is transmitted, signs and symptoms of infection, worldwide impact of AIDS, and strategies for prevention through risk avoidance and reduction.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for participation in microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence. The study found HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common. The populations were found to be suitable for microbicide trials if HIV incidence remains sufficiently high over time.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in Madibeng, North-West Province and Mbekweni, Western Cape, South Africa for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
The study found an HIV prevalence of 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months in the cohort studies were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Incidence rates estimated by cross-sectional BED testing were similar. Pregnancy incidence rates were also determined.
Nearly all participants expressed a willingness to participate
1) The study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
2) HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. Estimated HIV incidence rates were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni.
3) Pregnancy incidence rates were 4.8/100 person-years in Madibeng and 7.0/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common.
4) The
This seminar presentation provides an overview of microbicides, which are products aimed at reducing the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. It discusses that women are disproportionately impacted by HIV and microbicides could help empower women. The presentation outlines the various types of microbicides under development including gels, films, rings and rectal formulations. It discusses the clinical trial process and highlights recent trials of tenofovir gel. The presentation concludes that continued research may one day provide women with a safe and effective product to protect against HIV.
Module 1 Evidence of VMMC as an HIV Prevention Method 2.pptEdmoreZvidzai
The document discusses evidence that voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) can reduce HIV transmission. It provides background on VMMC and outlines Zimbabwe's national VMMC program, which aims to circumcise 1.3 million males aged 13-29 by 2017. The program began in 2009 and has expanded through various phases. Its goal is to contribute to reducing HIV incidence in Zimbabwe by scaling up VMMC as part of comprehensive prevention. Randomized control trials found VMMC reduces HIV risk in heterosexual men. Zimbabwe's program is supported by various partners working with the Ministry of Health to help meet targets.
This document discusses advancing women's cancer care in sub-Saharan Africa through public-private partnerships like Pink Ribbon Red Ribbon. It notes that while HIV treatment is saving women's lives, many are still dying of cervical cancer. Pink Ribbon Red Ribbon works in 5 countries to increase screening, vaccination, and treatment to reduce cervical and breast cancer deaths by 25% through partnerships across sectors. The challenges of limited advanced cancer care and lack of awareness and access are discussed. Improving prevention, innovative solutions, integrated services, and decentralized cancer centers are keys to helping more women like Evelyn survive cancer.
The state of arv based microbicides research, 2010gnpplus
This document summarizes information presented at a consultation on new prevention technologies (NPTs) for HIV. It discusses:
1) Existing HIV prevention options like condoms and their limitations for women. 2) Potential new options in development like microbicides, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and treatment as prevention. 3) Lessons learned from past microbicide trials that showed no efficacy. 4) Current microbicide trials testing tenofovir gel and dapivirine ring. 5) The need for women to have more prevention options they can control.
This document summarizes the future prospects for an effective anti-HIV microbicide. It discusses how women increasingly bear the greatest burden of the HIV epidemic, especially in developing countries. Existing prevention methods like abstinence and condoms are insufficient to curb transmission rates. Microbicides present a promising strategy as they could be applied by women before sex to prevent infection. The document reviews different classes of microbicides under development, including membrane disruptive agents, entry inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, as well as desirable properties for a successful microbicide.
This document summarizes the potential for an effective anti-HIV microbicide to help combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which disproportionately impacts women. It outlines that while prevention strategies exist, they are insufficient on their own. Microbicides could provide women-initiated prevention by disrupting HIV before it integrates into cells. Several microbicide candidates are described that work through membrane disruption, entry inhibition, or targeting reverse transcriptase or uptake into cells. Ongoing clinical trials evaluate nonspecific first-generation microbicides, while new candidates focus on antiretroviral drugs. An effective microbicide could prevent millions of infections, but must be safe, easy to use, and stable in developing countries.
This lecture describes the approach to screening, diagnosis and management of HIV and TB infection among pregnant patients. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV infection mainly based on the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society Clinical Practice Recommendations.
This document discusses strategies for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. It covers biomedical interventions like pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), microbicides, voluntary medical male circumcision, and vaccines. It also discusses behavioral interventions like condom promotion and proper condom and lubricant use, as well as structural interventions like STI clinical services, health education, and integrating HIV/STI services. The document emphasizes that a comprehensive prevention approach combining biomedical, behavioral and structural interventions is most effective.
The document discusses various projects at the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation including microbicides, vaccines, youth and women's health centers, and ART clinics located in Masiphumelele and Nyanga. It provides details on the microbicides project, explaining that microbicides are vaginal products being researched to help prevent HIV transmission in women. It then summarizes Protocol 014B, a clinical trial testing the safety and effectiveness of a dapivirine gel microbicide in HIV-negative women.
The document provides guidance for individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS on how to live with their diagnosis. It discusses the need for lifestyle changes like improved nutrition, exercise and safer sex practices. It also emphasizes the importance of communicating one's status to close relationships and seeking counseling to cope with potential depression and stigma. Support groups and healthcare services are recommended to help patients manage their condition and quality of life.
This document outlines a regional strategy to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem through accelerated HPV vaccination, increased cervical cancer screening and early treatment of pre-cancerous lesions, and strengthened infrastructure for diagnosis, treatment and palliative care. It notes that cervical cancer is one of the most common female cancers in the region, with incidence ranging from 2.2 to 25.1 per 100,000 women. Through a combination of HPV vaccination of 90% of girls, cervical cancer screening of 70% of women, and treatment of 90% of women diagnosed with cervical cancer or pre-cancer, the global strategy aims to reduce cervical cancer incidence to less than 4 per 100,000 women.
The document provides an overview of HIV in pregnancy including:
1. The history, virology, global scenario, burden in India, routes of transmission, testing and management during the ante-natal, intra-partum, and post-natal periods are discussed.
2. Guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child transmission through antiretroviral therapy, delivery method, feeding options and infant prophylaxis and care are provided.
3. Staging of HIV disease and treatment criteria including when to start antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy based on CD4 count and clinical stage are outlined.
The document summarizes future generation vaccines and their development. It discusses the need for vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue, and meningococcal diseases. For each disease, it outlines the disease burden, current vaccine development efforts including clinical trials, and the roles of organizations like WHO and PATH in accelerating vaccine development. The largest and most advanced vaccine clinical trials mentioned are for RTS,S malaria vaccine and Dengvaxia dengue vaccine.
This document summarizes key information from an HIV & Global Health Rounds presentation on updates from the 2020 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2020). The presentation covered the global HIV epidemic, contraception and prevention, treatment as prevention, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and HIV vaccines. Highlights included findings from the ECHO contraceptive study showing no increased HIV risk from various contraceptives, modest reductions in HIV incidence from universal test and treat trials, long-term efficacy and safety data from the DISCOVER PrEP trial, and the failure of the HVTN 702 vaccine trial to show efficacy.
World AIDS Day
World AIDS Day is held on 1 December each year. It raises awareness across the world and in the community about the issues surrounding HIV and AIDS. It is a day for people to show their support for people living with HIV and to commemorate people who have died.
The document discusses various projects at the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation including microbicides research, vaccine programs, youth and women's health centers, and ART clinics located in Masiphumelele and Nyanga. It provides details on the foundation's commitment to capacity building in Masiphumelele by employing local residents. It then focuses on describing microbicides research, including how microbicides could help prevent HIV transmission for women, ongoing clinical trials of microbicide gels, and the need for women to have access to prevention methods.
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4. Background
• Worldwide, an estimated 34 million people are living with HIV,
more than two thirds of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Since the epidemic began in the early 1980s, more than 60
million people have been infected with HIV and nearly 30 million
people have died of HIV-related causes.
• Even as inroads are made, as a global crisis, HIV/AIDS shows
few signs of slowing down
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
5. In
• Approximately 2.7 million people were newly infected with HIV in
2010 – more than 7,000 every day.
• The number of new infections continues to outstrip advances in
treatment:
• For every person starting HIV treatment, there are two new
infections
• Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
6. Women and HIV
• Although the rate of new HIV infections is stabilizing or
decreasing in many countries around the world, the global
epidemic continues to have its greatest toll on sub-Saharan
Africa, a region that accounts for 67 percent of all new HIV
infections and 80 percent of the world‟s HIV-positive women.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
7. • Women account for 59 percent of adults with HIV in sub-Saharan
Africa, where unprotected heterosexual intercourse is the primary
driver of the epidemic.
• Young women are especially vulnerable. In southern Africa,
young women are up to five times more likely to become infected
with HIV than young men.
• Among both men and women aged 15-24 in sub-Saharan Africa,
71 percent are women.
8. MSM and HIV
• Throughout the globe, racial and ethnic minorities and men who
have sex with men are disproportionately affected.
• Men who have sex with men account for more than half of all
new HIV infections in the U.S. each year, as well as nearly half of
people living with HIV.
• This population bears the burden of the epidemic in many other
parts of the world, such as Europe, Latin America, Australia and
New Zealand.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
9. Importance of HIV prevention
• Antiretroviral treatment alone will not be able to stem this
epidemic
• No intervention is likely to be fully protective
• Need multiple approaches to HIV prevention (eg., male
circumcision, HSV-2 suppression, PrEP)
• Need short-term interventions while working towards effective
HIV vaccines and microbicides
• Need interventions that target reduced HIV infectiousness &
decreasing HIV susceptibility
10. Current HIV Prevention Modalities
• Biomedical Prevention
• Abstinence
• Condoms
• Behavioral modification
• Diagnosis and treatment of STIs
• HSV suppression
• PREP/PEP
• Circumcision
• Vaccines
• Microbicides
11. Microbicides
Needle exchange
programmes
Testing and
treatment of genital
infections (STIs)
Cervical Barriers:
vaginal diaphragms
HSV-2 Suppressive
therapy
Exposure prophylaxis
MTCT
PEP
PrEP
Immunisation:
Vaccines
Voluntary
Counselling and
Testing (VCT)
Behavioural
Intervention
Abstain
Be faithful
Condomise
HIV
PREVENTION
Male circumcision
12. Rationale for Chemoprophylaxis
for HIV Prevention
• Continuous oral prophylaxis works against malaria and HIV
PMTCT
• Efficacy demonstrated in animal models
• Can be combined with other prevention strategies
• Could be used by both genders
• Potentially could be effective against vaginal, anal, &
parenteral transmission
13. Male Circumcision: Clinical Trials
Population HIV Prevalence (%) Site Recruited End Date/Results
HIV (-) men 7.3 Kenya
(Kisumu)
2,784 53% reduction in
HIV acquisition
HIV (-) men 9 Uganda
(Rakai)
4,996 48% reduction in
HIV acquisition
HIV (-) men 4.5 South
Africa
3,274 60% protection
from HIV acquisition
Ref: Prof G. Ramjee ( 2006)
Challenges
Safety and Ethical Challenges
Cultural and religious acceptability
Effect on female partners
From evidence to public health action
14. Biological data on HIV risk reduction
Removal of HIV target cells from foreskin
Keratinisation of skin surface – rapid drying STI
Epidemiological evidence
HIV prevalence in circumcised men
Meta analysis (Weiss et al, 2000)
38 (mainly African) studies – circumcision risk of HIV
Ref : Prof G Ramjee ( 2008)
Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention
15. Challenges for
HIV Vaccine Development
Virus
HIV is hyper-variable
Which HIV antigens needed for protection?
No ideal animal model for HIV/AIDS
Multiple forms/routes for transmission
Replication cycle yields integration- permanently
Host
Natural immunity doesn‟t eradicate HIV
Correlate of protection- undefined
Superinfection can occur
Ref Prof G Ramjee ( 2008)
16. Microbicides: A Promising Strategy
• Microbicides are products being developed to prevent or reduce
the sexual transmission of HIV or other sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) when used in the vagina or rectum.
17. What might a microbicide look like?
A microbicide could assume a number of different forms:
Gel or cream
Film
Suppository
Pre-loaded diaphragm or cervical cap
Sponge or vaginal ring slowly releasing active ingredient
What would be the ideal characteristics of a microbicide?
active against a range of sexually transmitted pathogens
not irritating to mucosal surfaces
available in both spermicidal and non-spermicidal formulations
effective over relatively long periods
acceptable to potential users (odor, color, taste, portability)
biodiffusible
bioadhesive
stable at high temperatures
able to maintain or enhance normal vaginal ecology; and
not be absorbed systemically
Tablet, capsule, film
18. • The idea for a microbicide-like product was first proposed more than 20
years ago by reproductive health specialists and advocates who
recognized the need for female-controlled HIV prevention methods.
• One of the first products considered was the spermicide nonoxynol-9
because researchers believed it might also be effective against HIV.
• Unfortunately, research showed it was neither safe nor effective against
HIV. Other trials of different so-called first generation microbicides also
proved unsuccessful.
• These included products intended to strengthen natural defenses in the
vagina or create a barrier to protect target cells in the vagina
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
20.
CARRAGUARD
CELLULOSE SULFATE
2% & 0.5% PRO2000
BUFFERGEL & 0.5% PRO2000
Durban
MtubatubaHlabisa
Johannesburg
Pretoria
Cape Town
Johannesburg: RHRU
Pretoria: MEDUNSA
Cape Town: UCT
Mtubatuba: Africa Centre
Durban/Hlabisa: MRC
Ref : Prof G Ramjee
PHASE IIB/III MICROBICIDE TRIALS:
SOUTH AFRICA
21. Earlier Clinical Trials of First-Generation Products
• MDP 301 – A Phase III trial of PRO 2000 that involved 9,395
African women. The study found no evidence that PRO 2000
reduced the risk of HIV. Conducted by the Microbicides
Development Programme, and reported in December 2009.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
22. HPTN 035
• A Phase IIb trial of PRO 2000 and BufferGel that involved more
than 3,000 women in Africa and the United States. Reported in
February 2009, the results found PRO 2000 was 30 percent
effective compared to a placebo, although this was not
statistically significant. BufferGel was found to have no protective
effect. Conducted by the MTN.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
23. Savvy (C-31G)
• Two Phase III trials of Savvy closed, the first in 2005 and the
second in 2006, after interim reviews indicated little convincing
evidence that Savvy protected against HIV. Both studies were
conducted by FHI 360.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
24. Cellulose Sulfate
• In 2007, two Phase III trials of cellulose sulfate were closed early
after a Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB) review of the
study conducted by CONRAD suggested an increased risk of HIV
infection among women using the gel. As a precaution, the
second study, conducted by FHI 360, was also closed, although
its DSMB review found no evidence of increased risk.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
25. Carraguard
• A Phase III trial of Carraguard, a microbicide developed from
carrageenan, a derivative of seaweed, that showed the product
was safe and acceptable to women, but did not reduce their risk
of acquiring HIV. Conducted by the Population Council
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
26. The State of the Field: Clinical Trials of ARV-Based Vaginal
Microbicides
• CAPRISA 004 – A Phase IIb trial that assessed the safety
and effectiveness of tenofovir gel used before and after
vaginal sex.
• The study, which involved 889 women from South Africa,
found tenofovir gel reduced the risk of HIV by 39 percent
compared to a placebo.
• However, results, which were reported in July 2010, also
indicated that the true level of effectiveness of tenofovir gel –
when used before and after sex – could be anywhere
between 6 and 60 percent.
• CAPRISA 004 provided the first proof of concept that a
microbicide can help prevent HIV, a finding that was
considered a major milestone for the field.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
27. VOICE (MTN-003)
• Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic – is a major HIV
prevention trial designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of two
different ARV-based approaches for preventing sexual transmission of
HIV in women: daily use of an ARV tablet (tenofovir or Truvada) or daily
use of an ARV-based vaginal gel (tenofovir gel).
• The study began in September 2009 and enrolled 5,029 women in
Uganda, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
• Testing of tenofovir tablets was halted after an independent review of
study data in September 2011 concluded that although the tablets were
safe they were no more effective than placebo in preventing HIV.
• Similarly, a November 2011 routine review indicated that tenofovir gel
was safe but not effective among the women in the study. VOICE
continues to evaluate Truvada.
• Final results are due in early 2013.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
28. FACTS 001
• A Phase III study testing the same regimen as in CAPRISA 004,
in which women use tenofovir gel before and after sex. FACTS
001 was launched October 2011 and seeks to enroll a minimum
of 2,200 women at nine sites in South Africa. Being conducted by
the Follow-on Africa Consortium for Tenofovir Studies. Results
are expected in 2014
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
29. CAPRISA 008
• A proposed three-year follow-up study of former participants from
CAPRISA 004 that will test the feasibility and effectiveness of
providing tenofovir gel in family planning clinics.
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
30. NEW PRODUCTS
• Vaginal Rings
• ASPIRE (MTN-020) – A Study to Prevent Infection with a Ring
for Extended Use (ASPIRE) - is a Phase III effectiveness trial of a
vaginal ring containing dapivirine. It is the first Phase III trial of a
vaginal ring for preventing HIV. The study, being led by the MTN,
is expected to be launched at several sites in Africa beginning
mid-2012. About 3,476 women will be enrolled, who will be
randomly assigned to insert either the dapivirine ring or a placebo
ring every four weeks for at least one year. The dapivirine ring
was developed by the International Partnership for Microbicides
(IPM).
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
31. • The Ring Study (IPM 027) – As part of its strategy to license the
dapivirine ring, IPM plans to conduct The Ring Study in parallel
with ASPIRE, the study will collect long-term safety and efficacy
data among approximately 1,650 women at multiple research
centers in Africa. IPM expects to begin enrolling women into The
Ring Study in the first quarter of 2012
Ref: www.mtnstopshiv.org
32. Challenges with HIV Prevention?
• HIV Prevention at the Cross-Roads
• Critically need evidence-based prevention strategies
• Behavior change can be effective
• Increased condom use among serodiscordant couples
• Need to understand role of & interventions for multiple, concurrent
partnerships
• Biomedical interventions that have partial efficacy
• Male circumcision of HIV-negative heterosexual men (clinical trial data)
• ART (based on observational & ecologic data)
• New biologic interventions being tested for efficacy
• PrEP, microbicides (tenofovir gel), HIV vaccines, ART at higher CD4 (HPTN
052)
• No single strategy will work alone
• Multi-component, integrated, partially effective biomedical & behavioral
interventions
• Evidence-based approach to design of combination HIV prevention &
testing effectiveness of a package
33. Combination Prevention?
• Principles of Combination HIV Prevention
• 1) Important to “know one‟s HIV epidemic”
• HIV prevalence & incidence
• Populations at highest risk
• Whether they know they‟re at risk & their HIV serostatus
• Modifiable risk factors (community & individual levels)
• Evidence for different prevention interventions
• 2) To slow HIV epidemic (Ro<1), need interventions with demonstrated
efficacy to reduce infectiousness & susceptibility
• ART for HIV+, MC for HIV- men at high risk (eg., in discordant couples)
• Consider synergy, redundancy & antagonism when combine
interventions
• 3) Consider coverage, efficacy & cost-effectiveness in „scaling up‟
interventions
34. From Research to roll out
Research to Rollout A schematic road
map
Clinical Trial Safety and
Efficacy Real-world Effectiveness
35. Successes from 2011
What Works in HIV prevention, 2/12
Study
Effect size
(CI)
Prime-boost Vaccine
(Thai RV144, 2009)
1% tenofovir gel
(CAPRISA 004, 2010)
TDF/FTC oral PrEP
(iPrEx, 2010)
Medical male circumcision
(Orange Farm, 2005; Rakai, Kisumu, 2007)
TDF/FTC oral PrEP
(TDF2, CDC, 2011)
TDF oral PrEP
(Partners PrEP, 2011)
TDF/FTC oral PrEP
(Partners PrEP, 2011)
Immediate ART for HIV+ partner
(HPTN 052, 2011)
31% (1, 51)
39% (6, 60)
44% (15, 63)
57% (42, 68)
63% (22, 83)
62% (34, 78)
73% (49, 85)
96% (82, 99)
0% 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% Efficacy
36. Access and Programmatic issues: Challenges and questions?
• Who will receive HIV prevention?
• How will they be monitored?
• How often should HIV testing be done?
• Side effects and tolerability?
• Cost effectiveness?
37. To conclude……
• We now have an unprecedented opportunity ,based on solid
scientific data to control and ultimately end the AIDS
pandemic.(Tony Fauci ,NIH, 2011)
38. To conclude……..
• Our efforts have helped set the stage for the historic opportunity
the world has today: To change the course of this pandemic and
usher in an AIDS- free generation.“ ( Hillary Clinton,2011)