Mr5 2-14
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Acute supraglottitis/epiglottitis is a rapidly progressing infection of the epiglottis and surrounding structures that can completely obstruct the airway. It is most commonly caused by Hib in children and GAS, S. pneumoniae, or MRSA in adults. Children typically present within 24 hours with high fever, sore throat, and drooling, while adolescents and adults have a milder presentation of severe sore throat and dyspnea. Physical exam reveals respiratory distress, inspiratory stridor, and retractions. Diagnosis is often clinical but laryngoscopy may show a "cherry red" epiglottis and neck radiographs can reveal the "thumbprint sign". Treatment
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This document discusses various causes of upper airway obstruction in children. It describes how minor reductions in airway size can significantly increase breathing resistance. Common etiologies include infections like epiglottitis and croup, as well as anatomical abnormalities, tumors, and foreign bodies. Epiglottitis presents with fever, drooling and difficulty breathing. Croup typically follows a viral illness and causes a barking cough. Management depends on severity but may include steroids, nebulizers, or intubation. Imaging can help identify conditions like retropharyngeal abscesses but often is not needed for croup diagnosis. Prompt treatment of airway infections and obstructions is important to prevent respiratory distress.
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- Clinical features include fever, cough, rapid breathing and in severe cases cyanosis and respiratory fatigue. Diagnosis is usually by chest x-ray but cannot differentiate between bacterial and viral pneumonia.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen and supportive care. The choice of antibiotic depends on the child's age and illness severity. Most children can be managed at home but some require hospital admission.
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A barking cough, hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor and variable respiratory distress.
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- Acute epiglottitis is a medical emergency caused by bacterial infection, usually by Hemophilus influenza type b. It involves acute inflammation of the epiglottis that can lead to airway obstruction. Prompt diagnosis and securing the airway is important.
- Clinical features include high fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing leading to drooling, and respiratory distress. Examination of the throat is not recommended due to risk of complete airway obstruction. Diagnosis is often made based on symptoms and lateral neck x-ray may show the "thumb sign".
- Management involves securing the airway with endotracheal tube or tracheostomy, IV antibiotics, and ICU care.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | Jindal Chest Clinic
Upper respiratory tract infections are characterized by self-limited irritation and swelling of the upper airways together with a cough that does not indicate pneumonia, does not have a coexisting medical condition that could be the cause of the patient's symptoms, and does not have a history of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD. Presentation gives an overview on "Upper Respiratory Tract Infections", including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and Treatment to cure. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
ARI
The document provides information on acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children under 5 years old. It discusses the definition of ARIs, signs of respiratory distress, normal respiratory defense mechanisms, how ARIs spread rapidly in children, common sites of infection, etiological agents, how ARIs harm children, the relationship between ARIs and malnutrition, methods for assessing and classifying pneumonia severity according to IMCI guidelines, treatment principles including antibiotics and other supportive care, prevention strategies, and acute epiglottitis.
Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children (for undergraduate studens)
Pneumonia is a common lung infection in children characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, and evidence of lung involvement on physical exam or chest imaging. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Clinical features include tachypnea, cough, hypoxemia, and abnormal breath sounds. Chest x-ray is used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, and hospitalization for severe cases. Prevention strategies include vaccination, hand hygiene, and reducing hospital-acquired infections.
atypical neonatal infection
This document discusses atypical infections that can affect newborns. It presents 11 case studies of newborns presenting with various infections such as Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Parvovirus B19, Toxoplasmosis, CMV, Rubella, Syphilis, RSV, HSV, Varicella, and Malaria. For each case, it describes the presenting symptoms, possible infections, diagnostic tests and treatment options. Common atypical infections that can be contracted during pregnancy or birth are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi and can involve multiple organ systems.
TB in pediatrics
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children. It begins with an overview of the clinical spectrum of TB in children, which can include pulmonary, visceral, cutaneous, neuro, and perinatal manifestations. Pulmonary TB lesions in children typically include primary complexes and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Extrapulmonary TB involves sites like bone, joints, the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system. The document then covers the diagnosis of TB in children, which involves clinical judgment based on exposure history and symptoms, the tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation via sputum sampling or gastric aspiration. Interpretation of diagnostic tests and their limitations are also discussed.
Childhood Asthma.pptx
Bronchiolitis is a common viral infection in infants characterized by inflammation and congestion of the small airways. The most common cause is RSV. Symptoms include wheezing, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and exam findings. Treatment is supportive with oxygen and fluids. Most cases are mild and self-limiting but some infants may require hospitalization for respiratory support. Antibiotics are not effective as this is primarily a viral illness.
Introduction to Respiratory Peds.ppt
This document provides an overview of respiratory therapy for pediatric patients, including:
1) Anatomical differences between adult and pediatric airways that make children more susceptible to respiratory distress.
2) Common causes of respiratory distress in children such as asthma, bronchiolitis, croup, and upper airway obstruction.
3) Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress in children and treatments including suctioning, nebulized medications, and oxygen therapy.
4) Details on specific conditions like croup, bronchiolitis, asthma and the appropriate treatments for each.
approch to patient with Sore throat
This document discusses various conditions that can cause sore throat, including common viral and bacterial infections as well as more serious conditions. It describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of several conditions in detail, such as tonsillitis, acute pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and adenoid hypertrophy. Sore throat can be caused by streptococcal or other bacterial infections, viruses, or enlarged adenoids pressing on the throat. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate use of antibiotics or surgery are important for properly managing sore throat and preventing potential complications.
Acute_respiratory_diseses_in_Children___Croup.pptx
Respiratory disorders are the second leading cause of emergency room visits in children. The pediatric airway is smaller in diameter than an adult's and more susceptible to obstruction. Common respiratory emergencies in children include croup, epiglottitis, foreign body aspiration, and asthma. It is important to properly assess a child's respiratory status using the ABCDE method, treat life-threatening issues immediately, and be prepared for their condition to deteriorate rapidly. Maintaining a patent airway and providing supplemental oxygen are often critical in pediatric respiratory emergencies.
Acute Respiratory Infection-1.pptx
This document discusses acute respiratory infections in children. It begins by introducing the most common causes of death in children worldwide and explains why children under 2 are more prone to respiratory infections due to anatomical factors. It then describes the types of respiratory infections, including upper respiratory tract infections like the common cold, pharyngitis, and otitis media, as well as lower respiratory tract infections like bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Key signs, symptoms, causes, and management approaches are outlined for each condition.
Epi target diseases
This document provides information about immunization against various infectious diseases. It discusses the importance of immunization in preventing millions of deaths per year from diseases like measles, polio, diphtheria, and pertussis. The document outlines the target diseases for immunization programs in Bangladesh and other vaccines available in the country. It also discusses vaccines still in development and provides details on diseases like pertussis, diphtheria, and poliomyelitis, including causes, symptoms, treatment and complications.
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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | Jindal Chest Clinic
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | Jindal Chest Clinic
Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children (for undergraduate studens)
Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children (for undergraduate studens)
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Acute_respiratory_diseses_in_Children___Croup.pptx
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These articles discuss the role that growth hormone plays in chronic heart failure and cardiomyopathy. Growth hormone has been shown to have both positive inotropic effects on heart muscle contraction and calcium mobilizing effects. However, excess growth hormone as seen in acromegaly has also been linked to inducing cardiomyopathy. The therapeutic implications of growth hormone in heart failure are unclear and require further study to determine if it may help or harm patients.
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This document discusses hyperprolactinemia, which is elevated levels of the hormone prolactin. It defines physiological causes and describes how modest elevations should first exclude pregnancy and retest in a fasting state without exercise. For unexplained cases, pituitary imaging is recommended to identify any mass lesions causing elevated prolactin. Common causes, presentations, treatments including dopamine agonists, and considerations during pregnancy are outlined. Two case studies are presented and answered.
Skin disease for internist
Ecthyma gangrenosum is a cutaneous infection associated with Pseudomonas bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. It presents as hemorrhagic pustules that evolve into necrotic ulcers, mainly affecting the anogenital area and armpits. Diagnosis is made through gram stain or biopsy showing pseudomonas surrounding necrotic vessels. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat the underlying bacteremia.
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This document discusses acute esophageal necrosis (AEN), also known as "black esophagus". It provides criteria for diagnosis of AEN, including endoscopic findings of a circumferential black esophagus and uniform histologic necrosis findings. The pathogenesis is unknown but believed to involve reduced blood flow predisposing the esophagus to injury from acid and pepsin reflux. AEN has been associated with various underlying illnesses and has a differential diagnosis including melanosis, pseudomelanosis, and pseudomembranous esophagitis. Treatment involves hydration, treating underlying illnesses, aggressive acid suppression, avoiding oral intake initially and using sucralfate after. Prognosis is related to underlying illnesses and mortality can
Mr 432014
Dressler's syndrome, also known as postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPCS), is an immune response occurring days or months after cardiac injury that results in pleuritis and pericarditis. It is characterized by chest pain, pericardial rub, fever, and pleural effusions. Treatment involves aspirin, NSAIDs, or colchicine. Prednisone may be used but is avoided in recent myocardial infarction patients due to risk of aneurysm or wall rupture. Pleural effusions have many potential causes including heart failure, atelectasis, hepatic hydrothorax, hypoalbuminemia, and constrictive pericarditis. Diagnosis involves analyzing pleural fluid characteristics and
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Autoimmune pancreatitis is a rare condition characterized by inflammation and scarring of the pancreas caused by an autoimmune process. It has been referred to by numerous names since its initial description in 1961. A national survey in Japan found a prevalence of 0.82 cases per 100,000 people. Clinical presentations include acute recurrent pancreatitis, painless obstructive jaundice that must be differentiated from pancreatic cancer, and subacute or late presentations involving a persistent pancreatic mass, an atrophic pancreas with possible calcifications, or unexplained steatorrhea.
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This document discusses causes and characteristics of pericardial disease. It lists common causes like idiopathic, infectious, neoplastic, post-myocardial infarction, and autoimmune diseases. A study of 322 patients found the most common causes were idiopathic (29%), iatrogenic (16%), and malignancy (13%). Large pericardial effusions can cause cardiac tamponade by limiting cardiac filling. Features of tamponade include increased respiratory variation in blood pressure, electrical alternans, pulsus paradoxus, and equalization of cardiac pressures. The acuity of the pericardial process determines severity of symptoms.
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Lewis Washkansky was the recipient of the first successful human heart transplant in 1967 in South Africa. While he survived over two weeks, he ultimately succumbed to pneumonia. Now approximately 2,000 heart transplants are performed annually in the US, allowing patients to live longer, healthier lives. The most common causes of death after transplant are graft failure early on, opportunistic infections between 6 months to a year post-transplant, and acute rejection within the first three years. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), where the transplanted coronary arteries develop atherosclerosis, increases risk of death beyond the first year. Screening for CAV involves annual coronary angiography. Treatment focuses on controlling hypertension and
Morning report deva sharma 2 25-2014
This document discusses a case of Kaposi sarcoma involving the small intestine. CT and endoscopy showed jejunal thickening and lymphadenopathy. Biopsy showed spindle cell proliferation and immunohistochemical staining was positive for HHV-8, indicating Kaposi sarcoma. Kaposi sarcoma commonly involves the GI tract in AIDS patients and can cause bleeding, pain, weight loss, nausea or diarrhea. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy and radiation or chemotherapy.
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This document discusses myocarditis, including its clinical presentation and findings on cardiac MRI. Regarding clinical presentation, it notes that symptoms can range from subclinical to fulminant heart failure, with the most common symptoms being chest pain, dyspnea, and arrhythmias. Cardiac MRI is useful for identifying myocarditis and can detect tissue edema, hyperemia, and fibrosis. Findings on MRI include increased T2 signal from edema, early contrast enhancement indicating hyperemia, and late gadolinium enhancement of replaced fibrotic tissue. Morphological abnormalities seen include transient increases in wall thickness and LV volumes during active myocarditis.
Myocarditis
This document discusses myocarditis, including its clinical presentation and findings on cardiac MRI. Regarding clinical presentation, it notes that symptoms can range from subclinical to fulminant heart failure, with the most common symptoms being chest pain, dyspnea, and arrhythmias. Cardiac MRI is useful for identifying myocarditis and can detect tissue edema, hyperemia, and fibrosis. Findings on MRI include increased T2 signal from edema, early contrast enhancement indicating hyperemia, and late gadolinium enhancement of replaced fibrotic tissue. Morphological abnormalities seen include transient increases in wall thickness and LV volumes during active myocarditis.
Myocarditis
This document discusses myocarditis, including its clinical presentation and findings on cardiac MRI. Regarding clinical presentation, it notes that symptoms can range from subclinical to fulminant heart failure, with the most common symptoms being chest pain, dyspnea, and arrhythmias. Cardiac MRI is useful for identifying myocarditis and can detect tissue edema, hyperemia, and fibrosis. Findings on MRI include increased T2 signal from edema, early contrast enhancement indicating hyperemia, and late gadolinium enhancement of replaced fibrotic tissue. Morphological abnormalities seen include transient increases in wall thickness and LV volumes during active myocarditis.
Mr feb 7 2014
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), formerly known as bronchiolitis obliterans pneumonia, is a type of diffuse interstitial lung disease where the primary area of injury is the alveolar wall. It is characterized by the excessive proliferation of granulation tissue within the alveolar ducts and airspaces. The disease typically affects people in their fifth or sixth decade of life equally in men and women. Symptoms often mimic community-acquired pneumonia and include cough, dyspnea, weight loss, and flu-like illness. Diagnosis requires histopathologic identification of organizing pneumonia lesions from surgical lung biopsy. Treatment involves systemic glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants if unresponsive to steroids.
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Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can secrete functional hormones and commonly metastasize to the liver. Management depends on the specific tumor type and location. Carcinoid tumors of the appendix smaller than 1 cm require only appendectomy, while larger or higher grade tumors warrant right hemicolectomy. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes involve specific tumor patterns and genetic mutations. A woman with a 0.8 cm well-differentiated carcinoid tumor in her appendix requires no further intervention after appendectomy.
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The document provides information on Taenia species tapeworm infections, including T. solium, T. saginata, and T. asiatica. It discusses the life cycles, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of taeniasis. It also covers cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis caused by the larval form of T. solium in human tissue, which can present with seizures or neurological symptoms. Diagnosis of taeniasis is usually from detecting eggs or proglottids in stool, while cysticercosis requires monitoring and glucocorticoids due to potential inflammatory response from praziquantel treatment.
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Mr5 2-14
- 4. Supraglottitis/Epiglottitis • Acute, rapidly progressing form of cellulitis of the epiglottis and surrounding structures • Can result in complete airway obstruct • Most common bacterial pathogens – Hib (more in children) – GAS – S. pneumoniae, H. parainfluezae, S. aureus (including MRSA)
- 5. Supraglottitis/Epiglottitis Children v. Adults • Presents more acutely in pediatric population, usually present within 24 hours with high fevers, sore throat, tachycardia, and drooling while leaning forward • Adolescents and adults: milder, severe sore throat accompanied by dyspnea, drooling, and stridor.
- 6. Physical Exam • Mod-severe respiratory distress • inspiratory stridor • retractions of chest wall • Oropharyngeal exam: underwhelming
- 7. Diagnosis • Often made on clinical grounds • Laryngoscopy: “cherry red” epiglottis • Neck radiographs: Thumbprint sign • Labs: moderate leukocytosis with PMNs, BCX often positive
- 9. Treatment • Secure airway- usually more conservative with adults • Iv antibiotics- Hib • Amp/sulbactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, or CTX • Clinda or TMP-SMX for pt with allergies • 7-10 days of therapy
- 10. prophylaxis • If unvaccinated child under 4 exposed in household to Hib- 4 days of rifampin