This document provides guidelines for correctly mounting power semiconductor packages to achieve good thermal and mechanical performance. Incorrect mounting can lead to thermal and mechanical problems. Key points discussed include:
- Ensuring good thermal contact between the package and heat sink by applying adequate mounting force while avoiding overtightening, and using thermal interface materials like grease or pads.
- For TO-220 packages specifically, mounting procedures like screw mounting, clip mounting and lead bending techniques are described. General rules around isolation and avoiding mechanical damage are also covered.
- Other package types have mounting considerations discussed in subsequent sections, while links to thermal interface material suppliers are also provided. Proper mounting is critical for power packages to dissipate heat and achieve
Color Coated Galvalume/Galvanized Sheet Manufacturers in Bangalore, Chennai, ...ALFA PEB LTD
We are the leading manufacturers and suppliers of the color coated galvalume/galvanized sheet manufacturers in Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kochi & Ahmedabad
https://alfapebltd.com/color-coated-galvalume-galvanized-sheet.html
Hot Hydroforging for Lightweighting Presentation IDE 2015 Fluxtrol Inc.
Bimaterial products can be hot forged from a bimaterial billet where the steel shell encloses the lightweight core fully. A bimaterial billet can be forged in solid state however a better forging quality can be achieved if the core material is viscous thereby providing uniform hydrostatic pressure to steel shell during forging similar to a hydroforming process. However, the similarity only pertains to the hydrostatic pressure developed inside the deforming billet not to the process temperatures. While hydroforming is done at room temperatures the hot hydroforging is done at temperatures greater than 1000C enabling deformation of steel into intricate topologies without a fracture. Other differences between the hydroforming and hot hydroforging are that the amount of fluid is constant in hot hydroforging and the fluid may solidify and become an integral part of the product after forging and cooling. The lightweight core material will need to have a lower melting or softening temperature than the steel for Hot Hydroforging. Aluminum, magnesium, and glass are such candidate lightweight materials.
Color Coated Galvalume/Galvanized Sheet Manufacturers in Bangalore, Chennai, ...ALFA PEB LTD
We are the leading manufacturers and suppliers of the color coated galvalume/galvanized sheet manufacturers in Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kochi & Ahmedabad
https://alfapebltd.com/color-coated-galvalume-galvanized-sheet.html
Hot Hydroforging for Lightweighting Presentation IDE 2015 Fluxtrol Inc.
Bimaterial products can be hot forged from a bimaterial billet where the steel shell encloses the lightweight core fully. A bimaterial billet can be forged in solid state however a better forging quality can be achieved if the core material is viscous thereby providing uniform hydrostatic pressure to steel shell during forging similar to a hydroforming process. However, the similarity only pertains to the hydrostatic pressure developed inside the deforming billet not to the process temperatures. While hydroforming is done at room temperatures the hot hydroforging is done at temperatures greater than 1000C enabling deformation of steel into intricate topologies without a fracture. Other differences between the hydroforming and hot hydroforging are that the amount of fluid is constant in hot hydroforging and the fluid may solidify and become an integral part of the product after forging and cooling. The lightweight core material will need to have a lower melting or softening temperature than the steel for Hot Hydroforging. Aluminum, magnesium, and glass are such candidate lightweight materials.
Recognizing and Eliminating Flux Concentrator FailuresFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Overview:
• What are the failure modes of a flux concentrator?
• How do we improve the design to prevent the failure in the future?
• Examples of coil lifetime improvement by proper use of flux
concentrators.
Low Cost & High Performance “Refractories & Insulation Boards
manufacturing company many years of Expertise in manufacturing and supplying High Temperature Refractory Insulation Boards, Gaskets, Insulation Rollers, and Hitech Advanced Materials for Steel Industry, Aluminium Industry, Power Plant.
Steel Industry/Aluminium Industry/Cryogenic Application/Casting/Boiler/ Power Plant etc.
PAN INDIA / IMPORT/EXPORT
An ideal flanged joint would consist of two, mirror-finish, perfectly flat
and parallel surfaces bolted directly together to create a leak-free seal.
However, manufacturing processes do not allow for perfect sealing surfaces.
Most flange faces have surface irregularities that cannot be sealed without
the use of some type of compressible, resilient material or a combination of
materials between them to seal the fluid being transferred. This is true
even for the most finely machined surfaces as a turbine flange where the
surface asperities can create a leak situation.
Project Sales Corp presents an exhaustive range of sealing and gasketing
material that can be used to effectively seal flanges and in many cases seal
leaks that can develop in operation and can be sealed in-situ without an
outage of the equipment. We stock gasketing compounds, jointing Compounds,
Flange Sealants, Thread Sealants, Pipe Sealants, Form-in-place RTVs, Turbine
Flange Sealing Compounds. Please see attached presentation for more details.
Regards
Anil Tiwari
Project Sales Corp
28, Founta Plaza I Suryabagh I Visakhapatnam 530020. AP I India
Phone No. +91-9866467276 I Web www.projectsalescorp.IN
MAGNETIC FLUX CONTROL IN INDUCTION INSTALLATIONSFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
It is well known that performance of some induction systems may be
significantly improved by application of magnetic flux controllers. They are used to
concentrate, shield and/or redistribute the magnetic field which generates power in the part. Theoretical and practical evidences are presented in the paper, which show that there is still significant potential for improvement in innovative and traditional induction technologies due to magnetic flux control. Utilizing magnetic flux controllers in heat treating processes results in excellent heat pattern control and improvement of parameters of inductors and entire power delivery systems. In melting systems, especially in the case of vacuum furnaces, cold crucible and other specialty furnaces, the magnetic control can provide energy savings, magnetic field shielding, shorter melting cycles and optimized field distribution for metallurgical processes. Comparison of different groups of materials for magnetic flux control (laminations, ferrites and Soft Magnetic Composites, aka Magnetodielectrics) is also presented in the paper. Several examples of magnetic flux control illustrate the presented material based on more than 20 years of R&D and practical experience of scientists and practitioners at Fluxtrol Inc.
Fluxtrol's "Best Practice for Design and Manufacturing of Heat Treating Induc...Fluxtrol Inc.
With the use of good design practices, one can improve coil longevity and improve production quality. By eliminating failure points in the initial design, proper material selection, improved cooling and proper magnetic flux control, induction tooling life can be increased. Computer simulation has been proven to be an effective tool for predicting not only electromagnetic parameters of a designed system, but also heat patterns in a given part and in the induction coil itself. When a coil has magnetic flux controllers present, their influence may also be predicted by computer simulation. With an extensive library of published case studies in induction coil design and performance evaluations, we are confident with the use of these tools and proper coil geometries and implementation, production life and quality can be improved on most induction heat treating inductors. These design practices have been used by the authors for over 20 years with proven results. A case is examined of a CVJ stem hardening coil, in which the principles discussed can be applied to most other hardening coils.
Project Sales Corp is pleased to introduce its sealing compounds range. We represent one of the most exhaustive range of sealing compounds from around the world that finds application in sealing steam and gas turbines, compressors, pumps, gearboxes, flanges and more.
Hot Hydroforging of Lightweight Bilateral Gears and Hollow ProductsFluxtrol Inc.
Feasibility of making lightweight powertrain products with hot hydroforging of steel/low density material hybrid billets is explored. A bimaterial billet is designed such that a steel wall encloses a low density core 100%. Furthermore the low density core is selected among the materials that have lower melting or softening temperature than steel such as aluminum and glass. In hot hydroforging the bimaterial billet is heated to 1000-1200 C range similar to the conventional hot forging of steel. However, in hot hydroforging the core is in liquid or viscous state while steel shell is in solid state similar to the conventional hydroforming. During hot hydroforging the viscous/liquid core has negligible resistance to flow thereby providing a uniform hydrostatic pressure inside the steel and enabling a uniform deformation of the solid steel wall.
JGB Enterprises provides a wide range of Agricultural Hose / Farm Hose / Agricultural Tubing solutions, including bulk hose and custom assemblies. JGB meets the needs of both OEM’s and Fertilizer Equipment Parts Dealers through any of our five stocking warehouses and fabrication facilities. We provide Hose Kits, Boxed lengths and Private Branded hose upon request. JGB carries Agricultural Hoses / Farm Hoses and Assemblies for agriculture and farming: Light Agricultural Spraying, Agriculture Liquid Fertilizers, Irrigation, Air Seeder Lines, and Agricultural Weed Spraying.
Magnetic FLux Control in Induction Systems - Fluxtrol Heat Processing Paper Fluxtrol Inc.
By Dr. Valentin Nemkov - Fluxtrol Inc.
Magnetic flux controllers are widely used in induction heating systems for concentration, shielding or redistribution of
the magnetic field which generates power in the part to be heated. Controllers, made of Soft Magnetic Composites
(SMC), provide accurate heat pattern control, improve parameters of inductors and performance of the entire installation.
In melting systems, especially in the case of vacuum furnaces, cold crucible and other specialty furnaces, the magnetic
control can provide large energy savings, magnetic field shielding, shorter melting cycles and optimized field distribution
for enhancement of the metallurgical processes. Due to the diversity of applications, service conditions of controllers
are very different including very severe cases. Mechanical, magnetic, electrical, thermal and other properties must be
considered in design and application of SMC. This article describes properties and performance of SMC typically used
in induction heating technology. Several presented case stories are based on more than 20 years of R&D and practical
experience of scientists and practitioners at Fluxtrol, Inc. Presented material may be interesting not only for induction
heating community but also for all people using AC magnetic fields in technological processes.
What Is The Industrial Purpose of Kammprofile GasketsSealmax
Gaskets are available in a variety of forms and materials in the market today. Kammprofile gaskets are composite gaskets widely used in industries where pressure and temperature are crucial. https://www.sealmax.in/blog/what-is-the-industrial-purpose-of-kammprofile-gaskets/#
CFD INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL SEAL FOR IMPROVE THERMAL PROPERTY BY USING D...Er Sandeep Duran
The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance.
Cfd investigation of mechanical seal for improve thermal property by using di...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heat accumulation is the major cause that leads to change in material properties affecting seal performance, hence heat dissipation is required. The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance. Properties of Carbon graphite and silicon carbide were used in the Simulation and simulation was performed using ANSYS Mechanical Module 14.5 and CFD FLUENT. Simulated values for the mating ring made of single material and the composite ring was observed and compared. The interface temperature of the mating ring is effectively decreased, due to increase in heat dissipation. Keywords – Frictional heat, Interface temperature, Leakage, Mating ring, Mechanical seal, Thermal conductivity and Thermal effects.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Dyplast Products
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Recognizing and Eliminating Flux Concentrator FailuresFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Overview:
• What are the failure modes of a flux concentrator?
• How do we improve the design to prevent the failure in the future?
• Examples of coil lifetime improvement by proper use of flux
concentrators.
Low Cost & High Performance “Refractories & Insulation Boards
manufacturing company many years of Expertise in manufacturing and supplying High Temperature Refractory Insulation Boards, Gaskets, Insulation Rollers, and Hitech Advanced Materials for Steel Industry, Aluminium Industry, Power Plant.
Steel Industry/Aluminium Industry/Cryogenic Application/Casting/Boiler/ Power Plant etc.
PAN INDIA / IMPORT/EXPORT
An ideal flanged joint would consist of two, mirror-finish, perfectly flat
and parallel surfaces bolted directly together to create a leak-free seal.
However, manufacturing processes do not allow for perfect sealing surfaces.
Most flange faces have surface irregularities that cannot be sealed without
the use of some type of compressible, resilient material or a combination of
materials between them to seal the fluid being transferred. This is true
even for the most finely machined surfaces as a turbine flange where the
surface asperities can create a leak situation.
Project Sales Corp presents an exhaustive range of sealing and gasketing
material that can be used to effectively seal flanges and in many cases seal
leaks that can develop in operation and can be sealed in-situ without an
outage of the equipment. We stock gasketing compounds, jointing Compounds,
Flange Sealants, Thread Sealants, Pipe Sealants, Form-in-place RTVs, Turbine
Flange Sealing Compounds. Please see attached presentation for more details.
Regards
Anil Tiwari
Project Sales Corp
28, Founta Plaza I Suryabagh I Visakhapatnam 530020. AP I India
Phone No. +91-9866467276 I Web www.projectsalescorp.IN
MAGNETIC FLUX CONTROL IN INDUCTION INSTALLATIONSFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
It is well known that performance of some induction systems may be
significantly improved by application of magnetic flux controllers. They are used to
concentrate, shield and/or redistribute the magnetic field which generates power in the part. Theoretical and practical evidences are presented in the paper, which show that there is still significant potential for improvement in innovative and traditional induction technologies due to magnetic flux control. Utilizing magnetic flux controllers in heat treating processes results in excellent heat pattern control and improvement of parameters of inductors and entire power delivery systems. In melting systems, especially in the case of vacuum furnaces, cold crucible and other specialty furnaces, the magnetic control can provide energy savings, magnetic field shielding, shorter melting cycles and optimized field distribution for metallurgical processes. Comparison of different groups of materials for magnetic flux control (laminations, ferrites and Soft Magnetic Composites, aka Magnetodielectrics) is also presented in the paper. Several examples of magnetic flux control illustrate the presented material based on more than 20 years of R&D and practical experience of scientists and practitioners at Fluxtrol Inc.
Fluxtrol's "Best Practice for Design and Manufacturing of Heat Treating Induc...Fluxtrol Inc.
With the use of good design practices, one can improve coil longevity and improve production quality. By eliminating failure points in the initial design, proper material selection, improved cooling and proper magnetic flux control, induction tooling life can be increased. Computer simulation has been proven to be an effective tool for predicting not only electromagnetic parameters of a designed system, but also heat patterns in a given part and in the induction coil itself. When a coil has magnetic flux controllers present, their influence may also be predicted by computer simulation. With an extensive library of published case studies in induction coil design and performance evaluations, we are confident with the use of these tools and proper coil geometries and implementation, production life and quality can be improved on most induction heat treating inductors. These design practices have been used by the authors for over 20 years with proven results. A case is examined of a CVJ stem hardening coil, in which the principles discussed can be applied to most other hardening coils.
Project Sales Corp is pleased to introduce its sealing compounds range. We represent one of the most exhaustive range of sealing compounds from around the world that finds application in sealing steam and gas turbines, compressors, pumps, gearboxes, flanges and more.
Hot Hydroforging of Lightweight Bilateral Gears and Hollow ProductsFluxtrol Inc.
Feasibility of making lightweight powertrain products with hot hydroforging of steel/low density material hybrid billets is explored. A bimaterial billet is designed such that a steel wall encloses a low density core 100%. Furthermore the low density core is selected among the materials that have lower melting or softening temperature than steel such as aluminum and glass. In hot hydroforging the bimaterial billet is heated to 1000-1200 C range similar to the conventional hot forging of steel. However, in hot hydroforging the core is in liquid or viscous state while steel shell is in solid state similar to the conventional hydroforming. During hot hydroforging the viscous/liquid core has negligible resistance to flow thereby providing a uniform hydrostatic pressure inside the steel and enabling a uniform deformation of the solid steel wall.
JGB Enterprises provides a wide range of Agricultural Hose / Farm Hose / Agricultural Tubing solutions, including bulk hose and custom assemblies. JGB meets the needs of both OEM’s and Fertilizer Equipment Parts Dealers through any of our five stocking warehouses and fabrication facilities. We provide Hose Kits, Boxed lengths and Private Branded hose upon request. JGB carries Agricultural Hoses / Farm Hoses and Assemblies for agriculture and farming: Light Agricultural Spraying, Agriculture Liquid Fertilizers, Irrigation, Air Seeder Lines, and Agricultural Weed Spraying.
Magnetic FLux Control in Induction Systems - Fluxtrol Heat Processing Paper Fluxtrol Inc.
By Dr. Valentin Nemkov - Fluxtrol Inc.
Magnetic flux controllers are widely used in induction heating systems for concentration, shielding or redistribution of
the magnetic field which generates power in the part to be heated. Controllers, made of Soft Magnetic Composites
(SMC), provide accurate heat pattern control, improve parameters of inductors and performance of the entire installation.
In melting systems, especially in the case of vacuum furnaces, cold crucible and other specialty furnaces, the magnetic
control can provide large energy savings, magnetic field shielding, shorter melting cycles and optimized field distribution
for enhancement of the metallurgical processes. Due to the diversity of applications, service conditions of controllers
are very different including very severe cases. Mechanical, magnetic, electrical, thermal and other properties must be
considered in design and application of SMC. This article describes properties and performance of SMC typically used
in induction heating technology. Several presented case stories are based on more than 20 years of R&D and practical
experience of scientists and practitioners at Fluxtrol, Inc. Presented material may be interesting not only for induction
heating community but also for all people using AC magnetic fields in technological processes.
What Is The Industrial Purpose of Kammprofile GasketsSealmax
Gaskets are available in a variety of forms and materials in the market today. Kammprofile gaskets are composite gaskets widely used in industries where pressure and temperature are crucial. https://www.sealmax.in/blog/what-is-the-industrial-purpose-of-kammprofile-gaskets/#
CFD INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL SEAL FOR IMPROVE THERMAL PROPERTY BY USING D...Er Sandeep Duran
The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance.
Cfd investigation of mechanical seal for improve thermal property by using di...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heat accumulation is the major cause that leads to change in material properties affecting seal performance, hence heat dissipation is required. The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance. Properties of Carbon graphite and silicon carbide were used in the Simulation and simulation was performed using ANSYS Mechanical Module 14.5 and CFD FLUENT. Simulated values for the mating ring made of single material and the composite ring was observed and compared. The interface temperature of the mating ring is effectively decreased, due to increase in heat dissipation. Keywords – Frictional heat, Interface temperature, Leakage, Mating ring, Mechanical seal, Thermal conductivity and Thermal effects.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Dyplast Products
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Joe Hughes
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Technical Bulletin 1128A Mechanical Insulation In Typical Refrigeration Appli...Joe Hughes
As operating temperatures of mechanical equipment and piping systems drop, increased diligence must be exercised to optimize the insulation system’s performance and mitigate risks of future deterioration. When specifying and installing an insulation system for pipes or equipment operating at refrigerant temperatures (e.g. -70°F to 32°F) cutting corners or rationalizing compromises is imprudent since the operating costs and risks far outweigh any reduced capital costs; and it is important to note that the best systems are typically not the most expensive systems.
History of drum liners, benefits of using drum liners, break down of typical drum liner markets, styles of drum liners, typical liner manufacturing processes.
Practice:
Well made, clamped, and temperature stabilized circular O-rings should be used in the design of
reliable, reusable and long life seals in vacuum sealing applications. Benefits:
Leak free flanges as well as low/undetectable outgassing of the elastomeric materials can be achieved at pressure levels as low as 10-8 Torr by using well made O-rings in a static vacuum seal environment. The use of O-rings has provided ease for running environmental tests on the ground using space simulation chambers.
General Specification for Thermofoil Heater, All-Polyimide, Space ApplicationsBelilove Company-Engineers
Purpose. This specification establishes the requirements for thermofoil heaters of an all- polyimide (adhesive-less) construction for high reliability space applications. It defines the process, test verification, and inspections required by product used in space flight applications.
Transformer replacement before failure can be motivated by several legitimate reasons. These include changes in the load or the voltage level, an increased risk of failure due to transformer ageing, environmental and fire safety regulations or just the aim to improve the energy performance. This last motivation is less common. This is unfortunate, because replacing a transformer with a new one with higher energy performance will in many cases lead to a lower Life Cycle Cost of the unit. This Application Note will demonstrate how to assess whether it is worthwhile to leave a transformer in place for another year, or whether it is sound practice to replace it with a more performant and reliable one immediately. The primary factor is that of life-cycle costing. The methodology proposed is to calculate the Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) for the upcoming year of both the existing and the new transformer. The cost of the load losses, which depend upon the load profile of the transformer, and the risk of failure, which depends on the ageing state of the transformer, are the most difficult terms of the EAC to estimate accurately. In the majority of cases, the EAC is dominated by the energy losses, as we will demonstrate in a calculation example.
Mechanical Seal for Negative Temperature Hydrocarbon ServicesRisman Hatibi
The process of selecting mechanical seal types and associated support systems for negative temperature applications
requires a thorough evaluation of all aspects associated with functionality and ultimately long term reliability of these installations.
Recent Trends in Transformers ManufacturingFirasat Mulla
The ''Best Presentation" award winning ppt is here. This power point presentation emphases on advancements in transformer design and manufacturing. The advancement is considered on following aspects,
1. Design modelling
2. Material used
3. Added features in manufacturing methodologies.
LCL Filter for Grid Connected VSC Converter
Comprehensive analysis and modeling of the three-phase LCL filter for VSC converters, suitable for wind energy or photovoltaic applications.
Performance of Six-Pulse Line-Commutated Converter in DC Motor Drive ApplicationZunAib Ali
This paper presents the speed control of DC motor using six pulse controlled rectifier. The
conventional Proportional Integral (PI) control is used for firing angle control. The armature current is fed
back and compared with reference current representing desired speed values. The proposed system is
simulated using SimPowerSystem and Control System Matlab toolbox. The time domain plot of reference
and actual armature current are shown in results section. The results are satisfactory with deleterious effect
on input current. The frequency plot of input current is provided to show the harmonic contents, generated
as a result of control operation.
Sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Modulation For Two Level Voltage Source Conve...ZunAib Ali
Complete detail of Sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Modulation For Two Level Voltage Source Converter
Space Vector Modulation includes:
Switching states, space vector, space vector diagram, space vector and switching states relationship, Dwell time, switching sequence
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Mounting Considerations for International Rectifier’s Power Semiconductor Packages
1. www.irf.com coverAN-1012
Application Note AN-1012
Mounting Considerations for International
Rectifier’s Power Semiconductor Packages
By Pamela Dugdale and Arthur Woodworth, International Rectifier
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction .....................................................................................................1
Making Good Thermal Contact .......................................................................1
Correct Mounting Procedures .........................................................................2
General Rules.................................................................................................3
Screw Mounting ..............................................................................................3
Clip Mounting..................................................................................................4
Pop Riveting ...................................................................................................5
Soldering.........................................................................................................5
Additional Information for Other Packages .....................................................5
Mounting SOT-227..........................................................................................5
Links to Suppliers of Thermal Management and Mounting Assessories.........6
It is important that power semiconductors are correctly mounted if full functionality is to be
achieved. Incorrect mounting may lead to both thermal and mechanical problems. The aim of this
Application Note is to describe good practice in the mounting of power semiconductors.
2. 1
Application Note AN-1012
Mounting Considerations For International Rectifier’s Power
Semiconductor Packages
by Pamela Dugdale and Arthur Woodworth, International Rectifier
Introduction
It is important that power semiconductors are
correctly mounted if full functionality is to be
achieved. Incorrect mounting may lead to both
thermal and mechanical problems. The aim of
this Application Note is to describe good practise
in the mounting of power semiconductors.
Making Good Thermal Contact
One of the major considerations when mounting
all power semiconductor packages is the
dissipation of heat. This is because the junction
temperature of the die and the glass transition
temperature of the plastic limit the performance
of the device. Indeed there are maximum
allowable temperatures above which the device
functionality cannot be guaranteed. The way in
which a device is mounted can have a large
effect on the thermal contact between the header
and the heat sink and hence on the ability of the
package to dissipate heat. This is often referred
to as the contact thermal resistance and is quoted
in datasheets. A full discussion of all of the
components that make up the thermal resistance
of a power semiconductor package is given in
International Rectifier Application Note AN-997
“Mounting Guidelines for the Super-247”. In the
present note we shall concentrate on the thermal
resistance between the case and the heat sink as
this is the most dependent on the mounting
technique.
Package Case
Heatsink
Air Gap
Figure 1. Cross section showing the source of
the thermal contact resistance between a
package case and the heat sink.
The physical source of the contact resistance is a
result of the fact that surfaces are never perfectly
flat. The recommended flatness for the mounting
surface is 0.02mm in 10mm. Particular attention
should be paid to ensuring that no damage occurs
during the manufacture of mo unting holes. Even
for two well-prepared surfaces contact only
actually occurs at several points separated by
large air gaps. This is shown in Figure 1. As air
is a very good thermal insulator this is
undesirable and increases the thermal resistance.
There are two ways of reducing the volume of air
trapped between the surfaces. One is to increase
the force holding the two surfaces together and
the other is to improve the quality of the contact
area by filling in the gaps. In the case of the
former this can be done by either applying a
force above the die with a clip or by increasing
the torque on the screw, which mounts the tab to
the heatsink. The way in which the thermal
resistance varies as a function of the torque on
the mounting screw or the clip force is shown in
Figs. 2 and 3. Over tightening the mounting
screw may lead to deformation of the
semiconductor package and hence an increase in
the thermal resistance. This is shown in Fig. 2
which gives the thermal resistance as a function
of torque for the PowIRtab™, showing a
minimum at 1.1Nm for dry mounting and 0.8Nm
for wet mounting. Other package types behave in
a similar way. Details of how to correctly mount
down a semiconductor to avoid this and other
problems are given in this application note.
3. 2
Application Note AN-1012
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5
Torque / Nm
ThermalResistanceC/W
Dry Mounting
With Heatsink Compound
Figure 2. Contact thermal resistance as a
function of mounting screw torque for a
PowIRtab™ package mounted to a heat sink
showing both dry mounting and mounting using
heat sink compound.
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 100 200 300 400
Force / N
ThermalResistanceC/W
Dry Mounting
With Heatsink Compound
Figure 3. Contact thermal resistance as a
function of clip force for a PowIRtab™ package
mounted to a heat sink showing both dry
mounting and mounting using heat sink
compound.
The second technique requires the use of a heat
sinking compound. This is usually a silicone
grease loaded with electrically insulating,
thermally conductive material such as alumina.
The purpose of the grease is to fill the gaps
without increasing the distance between the two
surfaces. If the layer of grease is too thick then
the thermal resistance will be increased. To
determine the correct amount of grease for a
particular application a series of experiments
should be performed. Several power packages
and heat sinks should be assembled using
different amounts of grease applied evenly to one
side of each mounting surface. This can be
achieved using a small rubber roller. When the
amount is correct a very small amount of grease
should appear around the perimeter of the device
as it is slowly torqued or clip mounted to the heat
sink. Excess compound should be carefully
removed.
An alternative to grease is the use of thermally
conductive pads. These are conformal under
pressure and tend to fill the air voids in the same
way as grease. The main advantage of this
approach is the ease of handling, however as
many of these pads are silicone based the
thermal resistance of this solution tends to be
higher than it would be if grease were used. In
addition to this, the silicone pads provide
electrical isolation, which can be either an
advantage or disadvantage depending on the
specific application. An alternative approach is
to use a phase change material. These materials
are solid until they are heated to temperatures in
the range 50o
C to 60o
C at which point they start
to flow, filling the air gaps. Such materials are
available on their own or as coatings on silicone
or other thermally conductive pads. For the case
when electrical isolation is not required, the
phase change material is available as a thin
coating on aluminium foil. The relative
performance of thermal grease, phase change
materials and silicone conductive pads and is
given in Table 1. These results were measured by
International Rectifier engineers at the Assembly
R&D lab.
Interface
Material
Electrical
Properties
Thermal Resistance
Junction to Heat
Sink
Heat sink
Compound
Non -
Conducting
0.7o
C/W
Phase Change
Thermal
Compound
Non -
Conducting
1.2o
C/W
Aluminium Foil
Coated in
Phase Change
Compound
Conducting 1.2o
C/W
Thermal
Interface Pad
Isolating 1.6o
C/W
Thermal
Interface Pad
Conducting 1.6o
C/W
Table 1. Performance of thermal interface
materials.
Correct Mounting Procedures
In this section the correct mounting procedures
for the TO220 package will be discussed. This
will include advice on clip mounting, screw
mounting and the requirements for isolation. By
4. 3
Application Note AN-1012
using the TO-220 as an example most of the
common issues relating to the mounting of
power packages will be covered. Problems that
are specific to the other power packages,
including the International Rectifier PowIRtab™
and Super packages, will be discussed in the next
section.
General Rules
• The TO-220 package should always be
fastened to the heat sink before
soldering the leads to the PCB.
• When bending the leads they must be
clamped tightly between the package
and the bending point to avoid strain on
the package. The leads must be bent at a
minimum distance of 2mm from the
plastic for standard packages, and 3mm
from the plastic for the TO-273. The
TO-274 is not normally lead formed
because on the design of the leg.
• The leads should be bent no more than
90o
and should never be bent more than
once.
• The radius of curvature should not be
less than the thickness of the leads and
ideally should be greater than 2 times
the thickness of the leads.
• Lateral lead forming is not advisable.
The pin spacing of the leads should be
adhered to when mounting to a PCB.
• It is recommended that in the case
where a device is rigidly secured to a
PCB and also to a heat sink mounted on
the PCB, a bend is put in the leads to
allow for differences in thermal
expansion.
• Care should be taken not to cause any
mechanical damage to the package or
any surface finishes.
• Heat sink compound or some other
thermal interface material should be
used.
Screw Mounting
• For the TO-220 a M3 screw should be
used. Self-tapping screws should not be
used.
• It is recommended that a rectangular
washer is inserted between the screw
head and the mounting tab. Care must
be taken to ensure that the washer does
not damage the plastic body of the
package during the mounting process.
• The recommended mounting torque is
1.1Nm. This should not be exceeded.
• When electrical isolation is required
insulating pads and insulating bushes
should be used.
Figures 4 and 5 show the suggested mounting
hardware for the TO-220.
M3SCREW
RECTANGULARWASHER
DEVICE
MICAINSULATOR
HEATSINK
INSULATINGBUSH
PLAINWASHER
SPRINGWASHER
M3NUT
Figure 4. Screw mounting through a heat sink
using a nut.
MICAINSULATOR
DEVICE
RECTANGULAR WASHER
INSULATING BUSH
M3SCREW
HEATSINK
Figure 5. Screw mounting into a tapped heat
sink.
5. 4
Application Note AN-1012
Clip Mounting
This section is applicable to the TO-220 and
Super220™ (TO-273) packages.
• Using clip mounting ensures that the
force is applied above the silicon and
that the thermal contact is good.
Figure 6. The effect of the position of the applied
force.
• Increasing the force supplied by the clip
will ensure reduced thermal resistance.
This is shown in Figure 3. However the
increased cost of stronger clips is not
always worth the performance
improvements and a minimum force of
20N and typically up to 50N is
recommended.
• Isolation is safely achieved by the use
of an insulating pad and without the use
of bushes.
• Isolation between the bond wires and
the mounting clip is provided by the
mould compound. The minimum
thickness of plastic between a bond
wire and the clip is greater than the
thickness of the plastic on the header of
a fullpak device. This provides 4kV dc
isolation which is equivalent to 2.5kV
rms ac.
• For heat sinks less than 5mm in
thickness saddle clips should be used.
These produce contact forces of
between 15N and 50N.
Figure 7. Saddle clip mounting of a
Super220™ package.
• For heat sinks greater than 5mm in
thickness, U clips are used. These
produce contact forces of between
15N and 50N.
Figure 8. U-Clip mounting of a Super-220™
package.
• There are a number of proprietary clip
solutions where the clip is anchored in a
feature in an extruded heat sink. Forces
of between 25N and 50N can be
achieved.
Figure 9. Customized Clip Mounting of a Super-220
Application of force off-centre (i.e. bolting a device to heatsink) leads to
uneven themal contact. Using clip mounting ensures that the force is
applied above the silicon and that the thermal contact is good.
Interface material
6. 5
Application Note AN-1012
Pop Riveting
• It is recommended that press rivets
made of a soft material are used rather
than pop rivets.
• The hole in the heat sink should be
smaller than the device mounting hole,
within acceptable tolerances. This
ensures that the rivet squeezes more
tightly on the heat sink than on the
device,
Soldering
A separate application note covers soldering
down power semiconductor packages “Surface
Mounting of Larger Devices.” In general devices
that are being mounted to aluminium heat sinks
must be either screw or clip mounted. A new
technology, PowersitesTM
, allows solderable
power semiconductor packages to be mounted to
aluminium heat sinks.
Additional Information for Other Package
Types
• Full-Pak devices do not require
isolation pads or bushes as the package
is isolated by design
• The Super220™ (TO-273) does not
have a hole for screw mounting and
should be mounted using clips. The
‘hole – free’ design allows the package
to carry more current. Full instructions
for mounting the Super220™ (TO-273)
package are given in AN-1000
“Mounting Guidelines for the Super-
220”
• The Super247™ (TO-274) does not
have a hole for screw mounting and
should be mounted using clips. The
‘hole – free’ design allows the package
to carry more current. Full instructions
for mounting the Super247™ (TO-274)
package are given in AN-997
“Mounting Guidelines for the Super-
247”
• Mounting instructions for the PowIRtab
package are given in AN-1010
“PowIRtab™ Mounting Guidelines.”
• This is a high current package suitable
for mounting to bus bars.
Mounting SOT227
The SOT227 is a power module with some
special mounting requirements.
• The package has two mounting holes
and four connection terminals.
• Fasten the device to the heat sink before
connecting the leads.
• The maximum allowable torque is
1.3Nm on the terminals and on the
mounting base.
• M4 screws should be used with lock
washers. These are included with the
packages.
• The separation of the centre of the
mounting holes is 30mm ± 0.2mm. Full
details of the dimensions are given on
the datasheet.
• The first mounting screw should be
tightened to one third of the maximum
torque, the second screw should then be
tightened to the same torque. Full
tightening of both of the screws can
then be completed.
• The case to sink thermal resistance at
the recommended mounting torque is
0.05C/W for a greased surface.
7. 6
Application Note AN-1012
Links to Suppliers of Thermal Management and Mounting Accessories
Company Name Link Suppliers of……
Aavid Thermal
Technologies
www.aavid.com Interface materials,
clips, heatsinks.
Austerlitz Electronic
GmbH
www.austerlitz-
electronic.com
Interface materials,
clips, heatsinks.
Bergquist www.bergquistcompany.com Interface materials
Chomerics www.chomerics.com Interface materials,
PowerSitesTM
,
heatspreaders.
Fischerelektronik www.fischerelektronik.de Heatsinks and clips.
Fujipoly www.fujipoly.com Interface materials
Kunze-Folien www.kunze-folien.de Interface materials,
clips and customized
heat sinks.
R-Theta www.r-theta.com Heat sinks
Redpoint Thermalloy www.thermalloy.com Interface materials,
clips and heatsinks.
Thermagon Inc www.thermagon.com Interface materials
Warth International www.warth.co.uk Interface materials and
clips.